Lod

Coordinates: 31°57′7″N 34°53′17″E / 31.95194°N 34.88806°E / 31.95194; 34.88806
Extended-protected article
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Lydda
)
For other uses, see Lod (disambiguation).

Lod
  • לוד
  • اللِّد
City
Lod is located in Israel
Lod
Lod
Coordinates: 31°57′7″N 34°53′17″E / 31.95194°N 34.88806°E / 31.95194; 34.88806
Country Israel
DistrictCentral
SubdistrictRamla Subdistrict
Founded5600–5250 BCE (Initial settlement)
1465 BCE (Canaanite/Israelite town)
Government
 • MayorYair Revivo
Area
 • Total12,226 dunams (12.226 km2 or 4.720 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total85,351
 • Density7,000/km2 (18,000/sq mi)

Lod (

Ancient Greek: Λύδδα), is a city 15 km (9+1⁄2 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv and 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Jerusalem in the Central District of Israel. It is situated between the lower Shephelah on the east and the coastal plain on the west. The city had a population of 85,351 in 2019.[1]

Lod is an ancient city, and

Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr located in the city is believed to have housed his remains.[3][7]

Following the Arab conquest of the Levant, Lod served as the capital of Jund Filastin; however, a few decades later, the seat of power was transferred to Ramla, and Lod slipped in importance.[3][8] Under Crusader rule, the city was a Catholic diocese of the Latin Church and it remains a titular see to this day.[citation needed]

Lod underwent a major change in its population in the mid-20th century.

expelled from Arab countries.[12][13]

Today, Lod is one of Israel's mixed cities, with an Arab population of 30%.[14] Lod is one of Israel's major transportation hubs. The main international airport, Ben Gurion Airport, is located 8 km (5 miles) north of the city. The city is also a major railway and road junction.[3]

Religious references

The Hebrew name Lod appears in the Hebrew Bible as a town of Benjamin, founded along with Ono by Shamed or Shamer (1 Chronicles 8:12; Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:35). In Ezra 2:33, it is mentioned as one of the cities whose inhabitants returned after the Babylonian captivity. Lod is not mentioned among the towns allocated to the tribe of Benjamin in Joshua 18:11–28.[15]

The name Lod derives from a tri-consonental not extant in Northwest Semitic, but only in Arabic (“to quarrel; withhold, hinder”). An Arabic etymology of such an ancient name is unlikely (the earliest attestation is from the Achaemenid period).[16]

In the New Testament, the town appears in its Greek form, Lydda,[17][18][19] as the site of Peter's healing of Aeneas in Acts 9:32–38.[20]

The city also finds reference in an Islamic

Day of Judgment.[21]

In those sources, (al-)Ludd [51, 54] (Pr: SWP, M, O: mostly Lidd, il-Lidd) < OT Ld, Greek Λύδδα (-α is a purely Greek insertion) reflects a qull-formation of L-D-D.It is aptly rejected by al-Hilou who also states that the root with the same meaning is extant in Ancient 10 Marom 2022b, 109–113. 11 Nos. 1, 2; compare toponyms recorded in the 1596/7 mufaṣṣal defters by Hütteroth/Abdulfattah 1977.

<This is the Authors’ Version of the Paper. The official, paginated, Version of Record (VOR) was published as: Marom, R. and Zadok, R., “Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)toponyms in Haseki Sultan’s Endowment Deed (1552),” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 139.2 (2023), pp. 258-289> 9South Arabian12. However, such a root is not listed in Beeston et al. 1982. The Arabic derivation offered by Yaqūt from the causative stem with the meaning “strongly broken” is morphologically unlikely13. Thanks to the continuous occupation and scriptural references the Philippi's law, e.g. a vowel shift in Biblical Hebrew from *i to *a in closed, stressed syllables, did not apply here14

History

Antiquity

The first occupation was in the Neolithic period.[22][23]Occupation continued in the Chalcolithic.[24][25][26]Pottery finds have dated the initial settlement in the area now occupied by the town to 5600–5250 BCE.[27]


Early Bronze

In the Early Bronze, it was an important settlement in the central coastal plain between the Judean Shephelah and the Mediterranean coast, along Nahal Ayalon.[28] Other important nearby sites were Tel Dalit, Tel Bareqet, Khirbat Abu Hamid (Shoham North), Tel Afeq, Azor and Tel Aviv.

Two architectural phases belong to the late EB I in Area B.[29] The first phase had a mudbrick wall, while the late phase included a circulat stone structure. Later excavations have produced an occupation later, Stratum IV.[30] It consists of two phases, Stratum IVb with mudbrick wall on stone foundations and rounded exterior corners. In Stratum IVa there was a mudbrick wall with no stone foundations, with imported Egyptian potter and local pottery imitations.

Another excavations revealed nine occupation strata. Strata VI-III belonged to Early Bronze IB. The material culture showed Egyptian imports in strata V and IV.[31]

Occupation continued into Early Bronze II with four strata (V-II). There was continuity in the material culture and indications of centralized urban planning.


Middle Bronze

North to the tell were scattered MB II burials.[32]

Late Bronze

The earliest written record is in a list of Canaanite towns drawn up by the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III at Karnak in 1465 BCE.[33]


Classical era

From the fifth century BCE until the

Roman period, the city was a centre of Jewish scholarship[34] and commerce.[35]

According to British historian

Simon Maccabaeus, enlarged the area under Jewish control, which included conquering the city.[36]

Roman era

Depiction of Lydda in the Umm ar-Rasas mosaics, 8th century CE

The Jewish community in Lod during the Mishnah and Talmud era is described in a significant number of sources, including information on its institutions, demographics, and way of life. The city reached its height as a Jewish center between the First Jewish-Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt, and again in the days of Judah ha-Nasi and the start of the Amoraim period. The city was then the site of numerous public institutions, including schools, study houses, and synagogues.[4]

In 43 BC, Cassius, the Roman governor of Syria, sold the inhabitants of Lod into slavery, but they were set free two years later by Mark Antony.[37][38]

During the First Jewish–Roman War, the Roman

Cestius Gallus, razed the town on his way to Jerusalem in 66 CE. According to Josephus, "[he] found the city deserted, for the entire population had gone up to Jerusalem for the Feast of Tabernacles. He killed fifty people whom he found, burned the town and marched on".[4] Lydda was occupied by Emperor Vespasian in 68 CE.[39]

In the period following the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, Rabbi Tarfon, who appears in many Tannaitic and Jewish legal discussions, served as a rabbinic authority in Lod.[40]

During the

Ḥanukkah. Other rabbis disagreed with this ruling.[42] Lydda was next taken and many of the Jews were executed; the "slain of Lydda" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the Talmud.[43]

In 200 CE, emperor

bishop is Aëtius, a friend of Arius.[37]

Byzantine period

Tomb of Saint George, first mentioned about 530 by the pilgrim Theodosius[37]
Madaba Map, 6th century CE, showing Lod above and left (NW) of the red "[ΚΛΗ]ΡΟϹ ΔΑΝ" ("the lot of Dan") inscription (left margin, touching on damaged area)

In December 415, the

St. George, a soldier in the guard of the emperor Diocletian, who was born there between 256 and 285 CE.[47]

The

Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr is named for him.[33]
The 6th-century
Madaba map shows Lydda as an unwalled city with a cluster of buildings under a black inscription reading "Lod, also Lydea, also Diospolis".[48] An isolated large building with a semicircular colonnaded plaza in front of it might represent the St George shrine.[49]

Early Muslim period

Khan el-Hilu, Lod

After the

White Mosque in Ramla, al-Ludd lost its importance and fell into decay.[8]

The city was visited by the local Arab geographer

Antichrist."[52]

Crusader and Ayyubid period

The Crusaders occupied the city in 1099 and named it St Jorge de Lidde.[35] It was briefly conquered by Saladin, but retaken by the Crusaders in 1191. For the English Crusaders, it was a place of great significance as the birthplace of Saint George. The Crusaders made it the seat of a Latin Church diocese,[53] and it remains a titular see.[37] It owed the service of 10 knights and 20 sergeants, and it had its own burgess court during this era.[54]

In 1226, Ayyubid Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi visited al-Ludd and stated it was part of the Jerusalem District during Ayyubid rule.[55]

Mamluk period

Konrad von Grünenberg
, 1487

Sultan

Mamluk empire.[56] Mujir al-Din described it as a pleasant village with an active Friday mosque.[56][57] During this time, Lydda was a station on the postal route between Cairo and Damascus.[56][58]

Ottoman period

Lod, c.1890-1900
Lydda, 1903

In 1517, Lydda was incorporated into the

Hasseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem, established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana), the wife of Suleiman the Magnificent.[59]

By 1596 Lydda was a part of the

nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Gaza. It had a population of 241 households and 14 bachelors who were all Muslims, and 233 households who were Christians.[60] They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, sesame, special product ("dawalib" =spinning wheels[56]), goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and market toll, a total of 45,000 Akçe. All of the revenue went to the Waqf.[61]

In 1051 AH/1641/2, the Bedouin tribe of al-Sawālima from around Jaffa attacked the villages of Subṭāra, Bayt Dajan, al-Sāfiriya, Jindās, Lydda and Yāzūr belonging to Waqf Haseki Sultan.[62]

The village appeared as Lydda, though misplaced, on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.[63]

Missionary

mulberry, sycamore, and other trees, surrounded every way by a very fertile neighbourhood. The inhabitants are evidently industrious and thriving, and the whole country between this and Ramleh is fast being filled up with their flourishing orchards. Rarely have I beheld a rural scene more delightful than this presented in early harvest ... It must be seen, heard, and enjoyed to be appreciated."[64]

In 1869, the population of Ludd was given as: 55 Catholics, 1,940 "Greeks", 5 Protestants and 4,850 Muslims.

railway station in the entire region was established in the city.[66] In the second half of the 19th century, Jewish merchants migrated to the city, but left after the 1921 Jaffa riots.[66]

In 1882, the

The Crusading church has lately been restored, and is used by the Greeks. Wells are found in the gardens...."[65]

British Mandate

Lydda, 1920
Lydda, 1932

From 1918, Lydda was under the administration of the

Second World War, the British set up supply posts in and around Lydda and its railway station, also building an airport that was renamed Ben Gurion Airport after the death of Israel's first prime minister in 1973.[66][67]

At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Lydda had a population of 8,103 inhabitants (7,166 Muslims, 926 Christians, and 11 Jews),[68] the Christians were 921 Orthodox, 4 Roman Catholics and 1 Melkite.[69] This had increased by the 1931 census to 11,250 (10,002 Muslims, 1,210 Christians, 28 Jews, and 10 Bahai), in a total of 2475 residential houses.[70]

In 1938, Lydda had a population of 12,750.[71]

In 1945, Lydda had a population of 16,780 (14,910 Muslims, 1,840 Christians, 20 Jews and 10 "other").

ensuing war
, Israel captured Arab towns outside the area the UN had allotted it, including Lydda.

State of Israel

Main article: 1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle
View of a Lod street, 2005

The

Nimr al Khatib 1,700.[78][79]

In 1948, the population rose to 50,000 as Arab refugees fleeing other areas made their way there.[66] All but 700[80] to 1,056[12] were expelled by order of the Israeli high command, and forced to walk 17 km (10+1⁄2 mi) to the Jordanian Arab Legion lines. Estimates of those who died from exhaustion and dehydration vary from a handful to 355.[81][82] The town was subsequently sacked by the Israeli army.[83] Some scholars, including Ilan Pappé, characterize this as ethnic cleansing.[84] The few hundred Arabs who remained in the city were soon outnumbered by the influx of Jewish refugees who immigrated to Lod from August 1948 onward, most of them from Arab countries.[12] As a result, Lod became a predominantly Jewish town.[74][85]

After the establishment of the state, the biblical name Lod was readopted.[86]

  • Lydda five months after Operation Danny. December 1948.
    Lydda five months after Operation Danny. December 1948.
  • Lydda, 1948
    Lydda, 1948
  • Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr, after the battle. 1948
    Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr
    , after the battle. 1948
  • Palmach 3 inch mortar in front of Lydda mosque. 1948
    Palmach 3 inch mortar in front of Lydda mosque. 1948

The Jewish immigrants who settled Lod came in waves,

first from Morocco and Tunisia, later from Ethiopia, and then from the former Soviet Union.[87]

Since 2008, many urban development projects have been undertaken to improve the image of the city. Upscale neighbourhoods have been built, among them Ganei Ya'ar and Ahisemah, expanding the city to the east. According to a 2010 report in the Economist, a three-meter-high wall was built between Jewish and Arab neighbourhoods and construction in Jewish areas was given priority over construction in Arab neighborhoods. The newspaper says that violent crime in the Arab sector revolves mainly around family feuds over turf and honour crimes.[88] In 2010, the Lod Community Foundation organised an event for representatives of bicultural youth movements, volunteer aid organisations, educational start-ups, businessmen, sports organizations, and conservationists working on programmes to better the city.[89]

Israeli forces in Lod, 11 May 2021

In the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, a state of emergency was declared in Lod after Arab rioting led to the death of an Israeli Jew.[90] The Mayor of Lod, Yair Revivio, urged Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu to deploy Israel Border Police to restore order in the city.[91][92] This was the first time since 1966 that Israel had declared this kind of emergency lockdown.[93][94] International media noted that both Jewish and Palestinian mobs were active in Lod, but the "crackdown came for one side" only.[95][96][97][98][99]

Demographics

Al Nur Mosque

In the 19th century, Lod was an exclusively Muslim-Christian town, with an estimated 6,850 inhabitants, of whom approximately 2,000 (29%) were Christian.[100]

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the population of Lod in 2010 was 69,500 people.[101]

According to the 2019 census, the population of Lod was 77,223, of which 53,581 people, comprising 69.4% of the city's population, were classified as "Jews and Others", and 23,642 people, comprising 30.6% as "Arab".[1]

Education

According to CBS, 38 schools and 13,188 pupils are in the city. They are spread out as 26 elementary schools and 8,325 elementary school pupils, and 13 high schools and 4,863 high school pupils. About 52.5% of 12th-grade pupils were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.[citation needed]

Economy

Reception hall, Ben Gurion International Airport

The airport and related industries are a major source of employment for the residents of Lod. A

NIS
4,754, a real change of 2.9% over the course of 2000. Salaried men had a mean monthly wage of NIS 5,821 (a real change of 1.4%) versus NIS 3,547 for women (a real change of 4.6%). The mean income for the self-employed was NIS 4,991. About 1,275 people were receiving unemployment benefits and 7,145 were receiving an income supplement.

Art and culture

In 2009-2010,

Petach Tikva art museum that focuses on Lod.[102]

Archaeology

Archaeologists working on mosaic floor

A well-preserved mosaic floor dating to the Roman period was excavated in 1996 as part of a salvage dig conducted on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Municipality of Lod, prior to widening HeHalutz Street. According to Jacob Fisch, executive director of the Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority, a worker at the construction site noticed the tail of a tiger and halted work.

Lod Mosaic Archaeological Center. The floor, with its colorful display of birds, fish, exotic animals and merchant ships, is believed to have been commissioned by a wealthy resident of the city for his private home.[105]

The Lod Community Archaeology Program, which operates in ten Lod schools, five Jewish and five Israeli Arab, combines archaeological studies with participation in digs in Lod.[106]

Sports

The city's major football club, Hapoel Bnei Lod, plays in Liga Leumit (the second division). Its home is at the Lod Municipal Stadium. The club was formed by a merger of Bnei Lod and Rakevet Lod in the 1980s. Two other clubs in the city play in the regional leagues: Hapoel MS Ortodoxim Lod in Liga Bet and Maccabi Lod in Liga Gimel.

Hapoel Lod played in the top division during the 1960s and 1980s, and won the State Cup in 1984. The club folded in 2002. A new club, Hapoel Maxim Lod (named after former mayor Maxim Levy) was established soon after, but folded in 2007.

Notable people

Etti Ankri
Oshri Cohen

Twin towns-sister cities

Lod is

twinned
with:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Commenge, Catherine. "Lod Newe Yarak: a roman pottery kiln and Pottery Neolithic A remains".
  3. ^ a b c d e "Lod | City, Israel, Palestine, & History | Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  4. ^
    OCLC 663773367.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  5. S2CID 218824016
    , retrieved 27 June 2022, By 1099 crusading armies had captured the city of Lydda, the site of St George's martyrdom and tomb.
  6. JSTOR 44169945
    .
  7. ISSN 0766-5598
    .
  8. ^ a b Le Strange, 1890, p. 308
  9. ^
    S2CID 162633906
    . The Palestinian quarters of Safad, Tiberias, Haifa, Jaffa, and West Jerusalem and the Jewish quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem were in a state of sociological catastrophe, with no community to speak of to even bury the dead and mourn the old existence... By late 1949 only one of the five towns that had been effectively mixed on the eve of the war, namely, Haifa, still had a Palestinian contingent. Even there, however, the urban mix had been transformed beyond recognition. The 3,000 remaining Palestinians, now representing less than 5 percent of the original community, had been uprooted and forced to relocate to downtown Wadi Ninas... More relevant for our concerns here are Acre, Lydda, Ramle, and Jaffa, which, although exclusively Palestinian before the war of 1948, became predominantly Jewish mixed towns after. All of them had their residual Palestinian populations concentrated in bounded compounds, in one case (Jaffa) surrounded for a while by barbed wire. As late as the summer of 1949, all of these compounds were subjected to martial law.
  10. ^ Shapira, Anita, “Politics and Collective Memory: the Debate Over the 'New Historians' in Israel,” History and Memory 7 (1) (Spring 1995), pp. 9ff, 12–13, 16–17.
  11. ^ Blumenthal, 2013, p. 420
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-07164-3
  13. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 414-461.
  14. ^ Uploads (p. 18), Jerusaleminstitute.org. Accessed 1 November 2022.
  15. ^ Exell, J. S. and Spencer-Jones, H. (eds), Pulpit Commentary on 1 Chronicles 8, biblehub.com. Accessed 8 February 2020.
  16. ^ Marom, Roy (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
  17. ^ Bible Dictionary, "Lydda"
  18. ^ International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, "Lod; Lydda"
  19. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 216
  20. ^ "Lod," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. "And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, he came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda", Acts 9:32–38
  21. ^ "Signs of the Appearance of the Dajjal". Missionislam.com. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  22. ^ Yannai and Marder 2000
  23. ^ Brink 1999, 2002, Brink et al. 2015
  24. ^ Brink 1999, 2002, Brink et al. 2015
  25. ^ Paz, Rosenberg and Nativ 2005:131–154
  26. ^ Yannai and Marder 2000
  27. ^ Schwartz, Joshua J. Lod (Lydda), Israel: from its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.-640 A.D.. Tempus Reparatum, 1991, p. 39.
  28. ^ Amir Golani (2022) Early Bronze Age Remains at Tel Lod, 'Atiqot 108
  29. ^ Keplan 1977
  30. ^ Brink 1999, 2002; Brink et al. 2015
  31. ^ Paz, Rosenberg and Nativ 2005:131–154
  32. ^ Segal 2012
  33. ^ a b "Excursions in Terra Santa". Franciscan Cyberspot. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
  34. ^ Rozenfeld, 2010, p. 52
  35. ^ a b "Lod," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.
  36. ^ Gilbert, Martin. Dearest Auntie Flori: The Story of the Jewish People. New York: Harper Collins 2002, p. 82; also see Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 14: 208
  37. ^ a b c d Lydda, Catholic-hierarchy.org. Accessed 1 November 2022.
  38. ^ Josephus, "Jewish War", I, xi, 2; "Antiquities", XIV xii, pp. 2–5.
  39. ^ Michael Avi-Yonah, s.v. "Lydda," Encyclopaedia Judaica. Accessed 1 November 2022.
  40. ISBN 978-1-134-62559-8
    – via Google Books.
  41. ^ Holder, 1986, p. 52
  42. ^ Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b
  43. ^ Pes. 50a; B. B. 10b; Eccl. R. ix. 10
  44. ^ Cecil Roth, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1972, p. 619.
  45. ^ Smallwood, 2001, p. 241
  46. ISBN 978-965-208-107-0
  47. ^ Frenkel, Sheera and Low, Valentine. "Why Lod, the other land of St George, isn't for the faint-hearted", The Times, 23 April 2009.
  48. ^ The Madaba Mosaic Map, Jerusalem 1954, pp. 61–62
  49. ISBN 978-90-390-0011-3
    . Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  50. ^ Le Strange, 1890, p. 28
  51. ^ Le Strange, 1890, p. 303
  52. ^ Le Strange, 1890 p. 493
  53. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Lydda" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  54. ^ Pringle, 1998, p. 11
  55. ^ Le Strange, 1890, p. 494
  56. ^ a b c d e Petersen, 2001, p. 203
  57. ^ Moudjir ed-dyn, 1876, Sauvaire (translation), pp. 210-213
  58. ^ al-Ẓāhirī, 1894, pp. 118-119
  59. ^ Singer, 2002, p. 49
  60. ^ Petersen, 2005, p. 131
  61. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 154
  62. ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis: 13-14.
  63. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 171 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ Thomson, 1859, pp. 292-3
  65. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 252
  66. ^ a b c d Shahin, 2005, p. 260
  67. ^ "Ben Gurion Airport". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  68. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, p. 21
  69. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 46
  70. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 21
  71. ^ Village Statistics (PDF). 1938. p. 59.
  72. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 30
  73. ^ "Lod," 2 January 1949, IS archive Gimel/5/297 in Yacobi, 2009, p. 31.
  74. ^ a b Monterescu and Rabinowitz, 2012, pp. 16-17.
  75. ^ Sa'di and Abu-Lughod, 2007, pp. 91-92.
  76. ^ For one account, interspersed with interviews with IDF soldiers, see Ari Shavit, My Promised Land: The Triumph and Tragedy of Israel. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2013, pp. 99–132.
  77. ^ Tal, 2004, p. 311.
  78. ^ Sefer Hapalmah ii (The Book of the Palmah), p. 565; and KMA-PA (Kibbutz Meuhad Archives – Palmah Archive). Quoted in Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  79. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 205 Morris writes: "[...] dozens of unarmed detainees in the mosque and church in the centre of the town were shot and killed."
  80. Bechor Sheetrit, the Israeli Minister for Minority Affairs at the time, cited in Yacobi, 2009, p. 32
    .
  81. ^ Spiro Munayyer, The Fall of Lydda( اللد لن تقع), Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 1998), pp. 80–98. See also Yitzhak Rabin's diaries, quoted here [1].
  82. ^ Holmes et al., 2001, p. 64.
  83. ^ Morris, Benny "Operation Dani and the Palestinian Exodus from Lydda and Ramle in 1948", Middle East Journal 40 (1986), p. 88.
  84. ^ For the use of the term "ethnic cleansing", see, for example, Pappé 2006.
    • On whether what occurred in Lydda and Ramle constituted ethnic cleansing:
    • Morris 2008, p. 408: "although an atmosphere of what would later be called ethnic cleansing prevailed during critical months, transfer never became a general or declared Zionist policy. Thus, by war's end, even though much of the country had been 'cleansed' of Arabs, other parts of the country—notably central Galilee — were left with substantial Muslim Arab populations, and towns in the heart of the Jewish coastal strip, Haifa and Jaffa, were left with an Arab minority."
    • Spangler 2015, p. 156: "During the Nakba, the 1947 [sic] displacement of Palestinians, Rabin had been second in command over Operation Dani, the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian towns of towns of Lydda and Ramle."
    • Schwartzwald 2012, p. 63: "The facts do not bear out this contention [of ethnic cleansing]. To be sure, some refugees were forced to flee: fifty thousand were expelled from the strategically located towns of Lydda and Ramle ... But these were the exceptions, not the rule, and ethnic cleansing had nothing to do with it."
    • Golani and Manna 2011, p. 107: "The expulsion of some 50,000 Palestinians from their homes ... was one of the most visible atrocities stemming from Israel's policy of ethnic cleansing."
  85. ^ Yacobi, 2009, p. 29.
  86. ^ Yacobi, 2009, p. 29: "The occupation of Lydda by Israel in the 1948 war did not allow the realization of Pocheck's garden city vision. Different geopolitics and ideologies began to shape Lydda's urban landscape ... [and] its name was changed from Lydda to Lod, which was the region's biblical name"; also see Pearlman, Moshe and Yannai, Yacov. Historical sites in Israel. Vanguard Press, 1964, p. 160. For the Hebrew name being used by inhabitants before 1948, see A Cyclopædia of Biblical literature: Volume 2, by John Kitto, William Lindsay Alexander. p. 842 ("... the old Hebrew name, Lod, which had probably been always used by the inhabitants, appears again in history."); And Lod (Lydda), Israel: from its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.E.-640 C.E., by Joshua J. Schwartz, 1991, p. 15 ("the pronunciation Lud began to appear along with the form Lod")
  87. ^ "Polishing a Lost Gem to Dazzle Tourists", New York Times. 8 July 2009.
  88. ^ Pulled Apart. The Economist, 14 October 2010.
  89. ^ Ron Friedman, Pushing for a better tomorrow in 8,000-year-old Lod, The Jerusalem Post, 8 April 2010. Accessed 25 March 2020.
  90. ^ "IDF enters Lod as city goes into emergency lockdown". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
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Bibliography

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lod.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lod.
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