Métis French
| Métis French | |
|---|---|
| Le français métis | |
| Native to | Métis people |
Native speakers | (undated figure of <100)[1][2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Métis "mixed" | |
|---|---|
| People | Métis |
| Language | Michif Métis French Hand Talk |
| Country | Michif Piyii |
Métis French (
Features
Métis French is a variety of
Cree
.
Like Michif, Métis French is spoken in Manitoba and North Dakota and adjacent provinces or states. As a general rule, Métis individuals speak one or the other, rarely both. Métis French and Michif share a common
Cree based in Michif, French-based in Métis French. Examples of this loaning can be found in words such as cacúare French pronunciation: [qɑˈkwɑʁ] from the Cree word, kakwe "to try/attempt" which maintains its Cree meaning with the additional colloquial use of "to wander" as in il á cacúu là English: "he wandered there" which suggests that the subject wandered with little control of his own feet; in the word ttonne French pronunciation: [tʼɔn] meaning "wolf" or "loyal" (in a pack-like sense) when used as an adjective from the word for wolf in Beaver, ch'one or in the words jaganache French pronunciation: [ʒagɑ̃ʃ] meaning "white/non-Métis" person from the Ojibwe word zhaganash and minapæ French pronunciation: [mɛ̃nape]
from the Cree word for "good person", miyo-nâpêw though in Métis French it is closer to the word "mec" (guy) and implies that the word refers someone that the speaker knows personally.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩
|
ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
Stop
|
voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩
|
k ⟨c/qu⟩ | q ⟨c⟩ | |
| voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩
|
ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||
| ejective | pʼ ⟨pp⟩ | tʼ ⟨tt⟩
|
kʼ ⟨cq⟩ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | ʁ ⟨r⟩ | |
| voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨s/z⟩ | ʒ ⟨j⟩ | χ ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Approximant | voiceless | l ⟨l⟩
|
j ⟨y⟩ | |||
| voiced | w ⟨ou⟩ | |||||
Vowels
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
- Michif
- Bungi
References
Citations
- ^ "Aboriginal peoples and language". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. "Michif and other languages of the Canadian Métis". metismuseum.ca. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ Bakker 1997, p. 85
Bibliography
- Bakker, Peter (1997). A language of our own: the genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195357080.
- Douaud, Patrick C. (1980). "Métis: A case of triadic linguistic economy". Anthropological Linguistics. 22 (9): 392–414. JSTOR 30027800.
- Douaud, Patrick C. (January 1983). "An example of suprasegmental convergence". International Journal of American Linguistics. 49 (1): 91–93. doi:10.1086/465770.
- Douaud, Patrick C. (1985). Ethnolinguistic profile of the Canadian Métis. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series 99. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. ISBN 978-1-77282-262-5.
- Edwards, John R. (1998). Language in Canada. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563284.
- Jackson, Michael (1974). "Aperçu de tendances phonétiques du parler français en Saskatchewan". Revue canadienne de linguistique (in French). 19 (2): 121–133. .
- Lincoln, Neville J. (1963). Phonology of the Métis French dialect of St. Paul, Alberta (Thesis). University of Alberta in Edmonton.
- Lussier, Antoine S. (1980). "Un métis écrit une lettre". In Lussier, A.; Sealy, B. (eds.). The other natives: Les Métis (in French). Vol. 3. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation Press. pp. 167–70.
- Papen, Robert (1979), Le parler français des métis de Batoche (in French), Département de linguistique, Université du Québec à Montréal
- Papen, Robert (1984). "Quelques remarques sur un parler français méconnu de l'Ouest canadien: le métis". Revue québécoise de linguistique (in French). 14 (1). Université du Québec à Montréal: 113–139. doi:10.7202/602530ar.
- Papen, Robert (1993). "La variation dialectale dans le parler français des Métis de l'Ouest canadien". Francophonies des Amériques (in French). 3 (3): 25–38. .
- Papen, Robert (1998). "Le parler français des Métis de l'Ouest canadien". In Brasseur, P. (ed.). Français d'Amirique: Variation, criolisation, normalisation (in French). Avignon: Centre d'études canadiennes, Université d'Avignon. pp. 147–161. ISBN 9782951196308.
- Pappen, Robert (1998). "French: Canadian varieties". In Edwards, John R. (ed.). Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–176. ISBN 9780521563284.
- Papen, Robert (2004). "Sur quelques aspects structuraux du français des Métis de l'Ouest canadien". In Coveney, A.; Sanders, C. (eds.). Variation et francophonie (in French). Paris: L’Harmattan. ISBN 9782747568043.
- Papen, Robert (2004). "Les troub' : une analyse linguistique d'un texte oral en français des Métis". Cahiers franco-canadiens de l'Ouest (in French). 14 Numéro spécial sur les Métis.
- Préfontaine, R. (1980). "Le parler métis". In Lussier, A.; Sealy, B. (eds.). The other natives: Les Métis (in French). Vol. 3. Winnipeg: Manitoba Métis Federation Press. pp. 162–66.
- Thogmartin, Clyde (1974). "The phonology of three varieties of French in Manitoba". Orbis. 23 (2): 335–49.
- Wittmann, Henri (1995). "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois". In Fournier, Robert; Wittmann, Henri (eds.). Le français des Amériques (in French). Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières. pp. 281–334.
| Modern Governments | |
|---|---|
| Historic Governments |
|
| Organizations | |
| History |
|
| Society | |
| Culture |
|
