Close-mid front rounded vowel

Close-mid front rounded vowel
ø
IPA Number	310
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ø
Unicode (hex)	U+00F8
X-SAMPA	2
Braille
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IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ
IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel,^[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨ø⟩, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, borrowed from Danish, Norwegian, and Faroese, which sometimes use the letter to represent the sound. This sound is represented by the letter ⟨ø⟩ in most of Scandinavia; by the digraphs ⟨eu⟩ and ⟨œu⟩ (using the ⟨œ⟩ ligature) in French; and by ⟨ö⟩ in many languages like German-derived languages, Estonian, Swedish, Finnish, and Icelandic. The symbol is commonly referred to as "o, slash" in English.

For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see

. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Close-mid front compressed vowel

The close-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ø⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated

⟩ as ⟨e͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [e] and labial compression) or ⟨eᵝ⟩ ([e] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ø͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

For the close-mid front compressed vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see

. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features

• Its
  high vowel) and a mid vowel
  .
• Its
  near-front
  .
• Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Asturian	Some Western dialects[2]	fuöra	[ˈfwøɾɐ]	'outside'	Realization of ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong ⟨uo⟩. May also be realized as [ɵ] or [œ].
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect[3]	[ example needed ]			Contrasts close [y], near-close [ø̝], close-mid [ø] and open-mid [œ] front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩.
	Northern[4]	[ example needed ]			Allophone of /e/ before /l/.[4]
Breton[5]		eur	[øːʁ]	'hour'
Chechen		оьпа / öpa	[øpə]	'hamster'
Danish	Standard[6]	købe	[ˈkʰøːpə]	'buy'	Also described as near-close [ø̝ː].[7] See Danish phonology
Djeoromitxi[8]		[tᶴiˈʔø]		'man'
Dutch	Standard Belgian[9][10]	neus	[nøːs]ⓘ	'nose'	Also described as central [ɵː].[11] In the Standard Northern variety, it is diphthongized to [øʏ̯].[10][12] See Dutch phonology
	Many accents[10]				Present in many Eastern and Southern varieties.[13] See Dutch phonology
English	Broad New Zealand[14][15]	bird	[bøːd]	'bird'	Possible realization of /ɵː/. Other speakers use a more open vowel [ø̞ː ~ œː].[14][16] See New Zealand English phonology
	Cardiff[17]				Lower [ ɜ̝ː] in other Welsh accents and in RP.[18][19][20]
	Port Talbot[21]
	Geordie[22][23]				Can be mid central unrounded [ ɜ̝ː] instead.[22]
	South African[24]				Used in General and Broad accents; may be mid [ South African English phonology
Estonian[25]		töö	[tøː]	'work'	See Estonian phonology
Faroese	Suðuroy dialect[26]	bygdin	[ˈpɪktøn]	'bridges'	Realization of unstressed /i/ and /u/.[26] The stressed vowel typically transcribed with ⟨øː⟩ in IPA transcriptions of Faroese is open-mid [œː].[27] See Faroese phonology
French[28][29]		peu	[pø]ⓘ	'few'	See French phonology
German	Standard[30][31]	schön	[ʃøːn]ⓘ	'beautiful'	See Standard German phonology
	Southern accents[32]	Hölle	[ˈhølə]	'hell'	Common realization of /œ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[32] See Standard German phonology
Hungarian[33]		nő	[nøː]	'woman'	See Hungarian phonology
Iaai[34]		møøk	[møːk]	'to close eyes'
Kurdish[35]	Palewani (Southern)	سۆر /sör	[søːɾ]	'wedding'	See Kurdish phonology
Lemerig[36]		lēlqön̄	[lɪlk͡pʷøŋ]	'forget'
Limburgish	Most dialects[37][38]	beuk	[ˈbø̌ːk]	'beech'	Central [ɵː] in Maastricht;[39] the example word is from the Hamont-Achel dialect.
Lombard	Lombardy [40]	nöf / noeuv	[nøːf]	'new'	One of the phonetic pronunciations of the classic lombard orthography trigraph 'oeu', along with [ø], modern orthography uses 'ö' to distinguish it from the [œ] phoneme that is rendered by letter 'œ'.
Low German[41]		sön / zeun	[zøːn]	'son'	May be realized as a narrow closing diphthong in certain dialects.[41]
Löyöp[42]		nö‑qöy	[nø k͡pʷøj]	'place haunted by spirits'
Luxembourgish[43]		blöd	[bløːt]	'stupid'	Occurs only in loanwords.[43] See Luxembourgish phonology
Portuguese	Micaelense[44]	boi	[bø]	'ox'	Allophone of /o/. See Portuguese phonology
	Some European speakers[45]	dou	[d̪øw]	'I give'
Ripuarian	Cologne[46]	Mösch	[møɕ]	'sparrow'	Can also appear long, as in pröve [pʁøː¹və] 'test'.
Saterland Frisian[47]		Göäte	[ˈɡøːtə]	'gutter'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ʏ/ ([ʏ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩ is actually near-close [ø̝ː].[47]
Wariʼ[48]		camö	[kaˈmø]	'capybara'	Rare; for some speakers, it is evolving into [e] in open syllables and [y] in closed ones.[48]
West Frisian	Hindeloopers[49]	beuch	[bøːx]	[translation needed]	Diphthongized to [øy̑] in Standard West Frisian.[49] See West Frisian phonology

Close-mid front protruded vowel

Close-mid front protruded vowel
ø̫
øʷ
eʷ

Catford notes^[

, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨øʷ⟩ or ⟨eʷ⟩ (a close-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see

near-close front protruded vowel

. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Acoustically, the sound is in between the more typical compressed close-mid front vowel [ø] and the unrounded close-mid front vowel [e].

Features

• Its
  high vowel) and a mid vowel
  .
• Its
  near-front
  .
• Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Norwegian[50][51]		søt	[sø̫ːt]	'sweet'	The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has also been described as central [ɵː].[52] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish	Central Standard[53]	öl	[ø̫ːl̪]ⓘ	'beer'	May be diphthongized to [øə̯]. See Swedish phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. vowel height
   , many linguists use "high" and "low".
2. ISSN 2341-1147
   .
3. ^ ^{a b} Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
4. ^ ^{a b} Rowley (1990), p. 422.
5. ^ Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.
6. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
7. ^ Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48).
8. ^ Ribeiro (2008), p. 31.
9. ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–134.
11. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
12. ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
13. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–135.
14. ^ ^{a b} Wells (1982), p. 607.
15. ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.
16. ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 591.
17. ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
18. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 380–381.
19. ^ Tench (1990), p. 136.
20. ^ Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
21. ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
22. ^ ^{a b} Wells (1982), p. 375.
23. ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
24. ^ ^{a b} Lass (2002), p. 116.
25. ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
26. ^ ^{a b} Þráinsson (2004), p. 350.
27. ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
28. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
29. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
30. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
31. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 95, 107.
32. ^ ^{a b} Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
33. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
34. ^ Maddieson & Anderson (1994), p. 164.
35. ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
36. ^ François (2013), p. 207.
37. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
38. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
39. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
40. ISBN 978-0-19-965655-4
    .
41. ^ ^{a b} Prehn (2012), p. 157.
42. ^ François (2013), p. 226.
43. ^ ^{a b} Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
44. ^ Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores (in Portuguese)
45. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
46. ^ Neuer kölnischer Sprachschatz (1956), p. 627.
47. ^ ^{a b} Peters (2017), p. ?.
48. ^ ^{a b} Everett & Kern (1997), p. 395.
49. ^ ^{a b} van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
50. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
51. ^ While Vanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Haugen (1974:40)) state explicitly that it is protruded.
52. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
53. ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.

References

• Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press,
  ISBN 978-0199229314
• Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372,
  doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
• ISBN 0-203-97876-5
• ISBN 978-3-484-30160-3
• Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602,
  ISBN 3-11-017532-0
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103,
  ISBN 1-85359-032-0
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,
  ISBN 9004103406
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge,
  ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
• Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129,
  ISBN 1-85359-032-0
• Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag,
  ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
• Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,
  ISBN 0-521-63751-1
• Everett, Daniel; Kern, Barbara (1997), Wari': The Pacaas Novos Language of Western Brazil, London: Routledge,
  ISBN 978-0415009997
• Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76,
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• François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu", in Mailhammer, Robert (ed.), Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244
• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74,
  doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77,
  ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166,
  S2CID 145782045
• Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press,
  ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
• Haugen, Einar (1974) [1965], Norwegian-English Dictionary, The University of Wisconsin Press,
  ISBN 0-299-03874-2
• Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71,
  S2CID 145733117
• Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970), Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji)
  (PDF), Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve, retrieved 28 October 2017
• Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89,
  ISBN 0-521-65236-7
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• Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press,
  ISBN 9780521791052
• Maddieson, Ian; Anderson, Victoria (1994), "Phonetic Structures of Iaai" (PDF), UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II, Los Angeles: UCLA: 163–182
• Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112,
  ISBN 3-11-017532-0
• Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124,
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• Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230,
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• Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
• Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press,
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• Prehn, Maike (2012). Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon (PDF) (PhD). Amsterdam: LOT.
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• Ribeiro, Michela Araújo (2008), Dicionário Djeoromitxi-Português: Registro da diversidade lingüística do povo Jabuti (Master's dissertation), Guajará-Mirim: Federal University of Rondônia
• Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437,
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• Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94,
  S2CID 242632087
• Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141,
  ISBN 1-85359-032-0
• Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452,
  ISBN 0-521-23127-2
• Þráinsson, Höskuldur (2004), Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag,
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• Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
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  ISBN 3-484-73048-X
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• Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225,
  doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
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  doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
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  ISBN 3-7743-0243-X
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External links

• List of languages with [ø] on PHOIBLE