Alexander Haig
Alexander Haig | |
---|---|
Deputy National Security Advisor | |
In office June 1970 – January 4, 1973 | |
President | Richard Nixon |
Preceded by | Richard V. Allen |
Succeeded by | Brent Scowcroft |
Personal details | |
Born | Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. December 2, 1924 Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
Died | February 20, 2010 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. | (aged 85)
Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
Political party | Republican |
Spouse |
Patricia Fox (m. 1950) |
Children | 3, including Brian |
Education | University of Notre Dame United States Military Academy (BS) Columbia University (MBA) Georgetown University (MA) |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Branch/service | United States Army |
Years of service | 1947–1979 |
Rank | General |
Battles/wars | Korean War Vietnam War |
Awards |
|
Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. (
Haig was born and raised in Pennsylvania. He graduated from the
In 1969, Haig became an assistant to national security advisor Henry Kissinger. He became vice chief of staff of the Army, the Army's second-highest-ranking position, in 1972. After the 1973 resignation of H. R. Haldeman, Haig became President Nixon's chief of staff. Serving in the wake of the Watergate scandal, he became especially influential in the final months of Nixon's tenure, playing a role in persuading Nixon to resign in 1974. Haig continued to serve as chief of staff for the first month of President Ford's tenure. From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, commanding all NATO forces in Europe. He retired from the army in 1979 and pursued a career in business.
After Reagan won the
Early life and education
Haig was born in
Initially unable to secure his desired appointment to the United States Military Academy, though one of his teachers opined that "Al is definitely not West Point material", Haig studied at the University of Notre Dame, where he earned a "string of A's" in an "intellectual awakening"[6] for two years before securing a congressional appointment to the U.S. Military Academy in 1944 at the behest of his uncle, who served as the Philadelphia municipal government's director of public works.[6]
Haig was enrolled in an accelerated wartime curriculum at West Point that deemphasized the humanities and social sciences, and he graduated in the bottom third of his class[7] (ranked 214 of 310) in 1947.[8] Although a West Point superintendent characterized Haig as "the last man in his class anyone expected to become the first general",[9] other classmates acknowledged his "strong convictions and even stronger ambitions".[8] Haig later earned an MBA from the Columbia Business School in New York City in 1955 and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. in 1961. His thesis at Georgetown University examined the role of military officers in making national policy.
Early military career
Korean War
As a young officer, Haig served as an aide to Lieutenant General
Pentagon assignments
Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations at the Pentagon (1962–64), and then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. He then was appointed military assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, continuing in that service until the end of 1965.[7] In 1966, Haig graduated from the United States Army War College.
Vietnam War
In 1966, Haig took command of a battalion of the 1st Infantry Division during the Vietnam War. On May 22, 1967, General William Westmoreland rewarded Haig with the Distinguished Service Cross, the U.S. Army's second-highest medal for valor, in recognition of his actions during the Battle of Ap Gu in March 1967.[12] During the battle, Haig, then a member of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, became pinned down by a Viet Cong force that outnumbered U.S. forces by three to one. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down, leading to two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat. An excerpt from Haig's Distinguished Service Cross citation states:
When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force ... the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong ... HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)[13]
Haig was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart during his tour in Vietnam[12] and was eventually promoted to colonel as commander of 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam.
Return to West Point
Following his one-year tour of Vietnam during the Vietnam War, Haig returned to the United States to become regimental commander of the Third Regiment of the Corps of Cadets at West Point under the newly appointed commandant, Brigadier General Bernard W. Rogers. Both had previously served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as assistant division commander and Haig as brigade commander.
Security adviser and vice chief of staff (1969–1973)
In 1969, he was appointed military assistant to the assistant to the president for national security affairs,
In this position, Haig helped
White House Chief of Staff (1973–1974)
Nixon administration
In May 1972, after only four months as VCSA, Haig returned to the Nixon administration at the height of the Watergate affair as White House Chief of Staff. Retaining his Army commission, he remained in the position until September 21, 1974, ultimately overseeing the transition to the presidency of Gerald Ford following Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974.
Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate[1] and was essentially seen as the "acting president" during Nixon's last few months in office.[7] During July and early August 1974, Haig played an instrumental role in persuading Nixon to resign. Haig presented several pardon options to Ford a few days before Nixon resigned. In this regard, in his 1999 book Shadow, author Bob Woodward describes Haig's role as the point man between Nixon and Ford during the final days of Nixon's presidency. According to Woodward, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from Nixon to Ford.[17] Indeed, about one month after taking office, Ford did pardon Nixon, resulting in much controversy.
However, Haig denied the allegation that he played a key role in arbitrating Nixon's resignation by offering Ford's pardon to Nixon. One of the most crucial moments occurred a day before Haig's departure to Europe to begin his tenure as NATO Supreme Allied Commander. Haig was telephoned by J. Fred Buzhardt, who once served as special White House counsel for Watergate matters.[18][19] In the call, Buzhardt discussed with Haig President Ford's upcoming speech to the nation about pardoning Nixon, informing Haig that the speech contained something indicating Haig's role in Nixon's resignation and Ford's pardon of Nixon. According to Haig's autobiography (Inner Circles: How America Changed the World), Haig was furious and immediately drove straight to the White House to determine the veracity of Buzhardt's claims. This was due to his concern that Ford's speech would expose Haig's role in negotiating Nixon's resignation supposedly in exchange for a pardon issued by the new president.[18][19]
On August 7, 1974, two days before Nixon's resignation, Haig met with Nixon in the Oval Office to discuss the transition. Following their conversation, Nixon told Haig "You fellows, in your business, have a way of handling problems like this. Give them a pistol and leave the room. I don't have a pistol, Al."[20]
Ford administration
Following Nixon's resignation, Haig remained briefly as White House Chief of Staff under Ford. Haig aided in the transition by advising the new president mostly on policy matters on which he had been working under the Nixon presidency and introducing Ford to the White House staff and their daily activities. Haig recommended that Ford retain several of Nixon's White House staff for 30 days to provide an orderly transition. Haig and Kissinger also advised Ford on Nixon's détente policy with the Soviet Union following the SALT I treaty in 1972.
Haig found it difficult to get along with the new administration and wanted to return to the Army for his last command. It had also been rumored that Ford wanted to be his own chief of staff. At first Ford decided to replace Haig with Robert T. Hartmann, Ford's chief of staff during his tenure as vice president.[19][18][21] Ford soon replaced Hartmann with United States Permanent Ambassador to NATO Donald Rumsfeld. Author and Haig biographer Roger Morris, a former colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council early in Nixon's first term, wrote that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well.[22]
Haig resigned from his position as White House Chief of Staff and returned to active duty in the United States Army in September 1974.[18]
NATO Supreme Allied Commander (1974–1979)
In December 1974, Haig was appointed as the next Supreme Allied Commander Europe by President Ford, replacing General Andrew Goodpaster and returning to active duty in the United States Army. Haig also became the front-runner to be the 27th U.S. Army Chief of Staff, following the death of General Creighton Abrams from complications of surgery to remove lung cancer on September 4, 1974. However it was General Frederick C. Weyand who ultimately filled Abrams's position as Chief of Staff.[18] From 1974 to 1979 Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, the commander of NATO forces in Europe, as well as commander-in-chief of United States European Command. During his tenure as SACEUR, Haig focused on transforming SACEUR in order to face the future global challenge following the end of the Vietnam War and the rise of Soviet influence within Eastern Europe.
Haig focused on strengthening the relationship between the United States and NATO member nations and their allies. As a result, several fleets of United States Air Force aircraft, such as the F-111 Aardvark from the Strategic Air Command, were relocated to US Air Force bases located in Europe.[18] Haig also stressed the importance of increasing the training of US troops deployed in Europe following his tour of the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, on which Haig saw poorly-disciplined and ill-trained troops. As a result, Haig conducted routine inspections during NATO troops' training and often went to the training site and participated in the training itself. Haig also recommended the revitalization of equipment in the US installations in Europe and US troops deployed in Europe, in order to strengthen deterrence from possible attack.[18]
Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day—a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist organizations. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the target of an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing his car and wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.[23] Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the Red Army Faction (RAF). In 1993 a German court sentenced Rolf Clemens Wagner, a former RAF member, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt.[23] During Haig's last month as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, he oversaw the talks and negotiation between the United States and NATO member nations of a new policy following the signing of SALT II treaty on June 18, 1979, by President Jimmy Carter and Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev. However Haig also drew concern regarding the treaty, which he believed benefited the Soviet position by giving them a way to build up their military arsenal.[18]
Haig retired from his position as Supreme Allied Commander Europe in July 1979 and was succeeded by General Bernard W. Rogers, who previously served as Army Chief of Staff.[18] Haig's retirement ceremony took place at NATO Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe on July 1, 1979, and was attended by Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, NATO Secretary General Joseph Luns and U.S. Ambassador to NATO William Tapley Bennett Jr.[18]
Civilian positions
In 1979, Haig joined the
Secretary of State (1981–1982)
Haig was the second of three career military officers to become secretary of state (
Initial challenges
On December 11, 1980, president-elect Reagan was prepared to publicly announce nearly all of his candidates for the most important cabinet-level posts. Singularly absent from the list of top nominees was his choice for Secretary of State, presumed by many at the time to be Alexander Haig. Haig's prospects for Senate confirmation were clouded when Senate Democrats questioned his role in the Watergate scandal. In Haig's defense, North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms claimed to have phoned former president Nixon personally to inquire whether any material on Nixon's unreleased White House tapes could embarrass Haig. According to Helms, Nixon replied, "Not a thing."[27] Haig was eventually confirmed after hearings he described as an "ordeal," during which he received no encouragement from Reagan or his staff.[28]
Several days earlier, on December 2, 1980, as Haig faced these initial challenges to the next step in his political career, four U.S. Catholic missionary women in
In justifying the arms shipments, the new administration claimed that the Salvadoran government of José Napoleón Duarte had taken "positive steps" to investigate the murder of four American nuns, but this was disputed by U.S. Ambassador Robert E. White, who said that he could find no evidence the junta was "conducting a serious investigation." White was dismissed from the Foreign Service by Haig because of his complaints. White later asserted that the Reagan administration was determined to ignore and even conceal the complicity of the Salvadoran government and army in the murders.[31]
Throughout the
I'd like to suggest to you that some of the investigations would lead one to believe that perhaps the vehicle the nuns were riding in may have tried to run through a roadblock, or may have accidentally been perceived to have been doing so, and there may have been an exchange of fire, and then perhaps those who inflicted the casualties sought to cover it up.
— Alexander Haig, Alexander Haig, House Foreign Affairs committee testimony, quoted by UPI, March 19, 1981[33]
The outcry that immediately followed Haig's insinuation prompted him to emphatically withdraw his speculative suggestions the very next day before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.[34] Similar public relations miscalculations, by Haig and others, continued to plague the Reagan administration's attempts to build popular support at home for its Central American policies.
Reagan assassination attempt
In 1981, following the March 30
Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the president, the vice president, and the secretary of state in that order, and should the president decide he wants to transfer the helm to the vice president, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the vice president and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.
The
I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, "Who is in line should the president die?"
— Alexander Haig, "Alexander Haig" interview with 60 Minutes II April 23, 2001
Falklands War
In April 1982, Haig conducted
1982 Lebanon War
Haig's report to Reagan on January 30, 1982, shows that Haig feared the Israelis might start a war against Lebanon.[39] Critics accused Haig of "greenlighting" the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Haig denied this and said he urged restraint.[40]
Resignation
Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a "nuclear warning shot" in Europe might be effective in deterring the
1988 Republican presidential primaries
Haig ran unsuccessfully for the
Later life, health, and death
In 1980 Haig had a double heart bypass operation.[48]
After leaving the Reagan White House, Haig took a seat on the
Haig was the host for several years of the television program
On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former secretaries of defense and state to discuss U.S. foreign policy with Bush administration officials.[55] On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former secretaries of state and defense. The meeting included briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush.[56] Haig's memoirs—Inner Circles: How America Changed The World—were published in 1992.
On February 19, 2010, a hospital spokesman revealed that the 85-year-old Haig had been hospitalized at
President Barack Obama said in a statement that "General Haig exemplified our finest warrior–diplomat tradition of those who dedicate their lives to public service."[7] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton described Haig as a man who "served his country in many capacities for many years, earning honor on the battlefield, the confidence of presidents and prime ministers, and the thanks of a grateful nation."[59]
Family
Alexander Haig was married to Patricia (née Fox), with whom he had three children: Alexander Patrick Haig, Barbara Haig, and
Publications
Articles
- "Introduction". JSTOR 20671913(pp. 299–301)
- "Stalemate: The Public Reaction to Poland". JSTOR 20671920(pp. 467–511)
- "U.S. Foreign Policy: A Discussion with Former Secretaries of State Dean Rusk, William P. Rogers, Cyrus R. Vance, and Alexander M. Haig, Jr.". International Studies Notes, Vol. 11, No. 1, Special Edition: The Secretaries of State, Fall 1984. JSTOR 44234902(pp. 10–20)
- "Reply". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 2, Summer 1985. JSTOR 165716(pp. 23–24)
- "The Challenges to American Leadership". JSTOR 43648931(pp. 24–29)
- "Nation Building: A Flawed Approach". JSTOR 24595446(pp. 7–10)
Books
- Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs. New York, NY: ISBN 978-0025473706. 367 pages.
- Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: A Memoir. New York, NY: LCCN 91-50409. 650 pages.
Contributed works
- "Foreword". Soviet Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev by Thomas Streissguth. Minneapolis, MN: Oliver Press, 1992. LCCN 92-19903(pp. 7–8)
Awards and decorations
Valorous Unit Award | ||
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation
|
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation
|
Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation
|
SHAPE Badge |
Other honors
In 1976, Haig received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[62] In 2009, Haig was recognized for their generous gift in support of academic programs at West Point by being inducted into the Eisenhower Society for Lifetime Giving.[63]
Notes
References
- ^ a b Alexander Haig. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ a b "Premier Speakers Bureau". Archived from the original on January 14, 2010.
- ^ "World Business Review (TV Series 1996–2006)", IMDb, retrieved October 20, 2020
- ^ Hohmann, James (February 21, 2010). "Alexander Haig, 85; soldier-statesman managed Nixon resignation". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
- ^ "Haig's Future Uncertain After a Shaky Start". Anchorage Daily News. April 11, 1981. Retrieved December 22, 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ ISBN 9781400079025.
- ^ a b c d e f g Weiner, Tim (February 20, 2010). "Alexander M. Haig Jr., 85, Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
- ^ a b Jackson, Harold (February 20, 2010). "Alexander Haig obituary". The Guardian.
- ^ "Al Haig, the long goodbye". February 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Alexander M. Haig Jr. "Lessons of the forgotten war".
- ^ "UT Biography". Archived from the original on May 11, 2013.
- ^ a b "West Point Citation". Archived from the original on May 16, 2006.[verification needed]
- ^ "Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross, US Army Recipients – Vietnam".
- ^ "Personnel - White House Appointment of Military Personnel to Staff" (PDF). Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. p. 11.
- ISBN 9781634240574.
- ^ "4-Star Diplomat in White House Alexander Meigs Haig Jr". The New York Times. May 5, 1973.
- ^ The Final Days, by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, 1976, New York, Simon & Schuster; Shadow, by Bob Woodward, 1999, New York, Simon Schuster, pp. 4–38.
- ^ ISBN 978-0446515719.
- ^ ISBN 978-0684852638.
- )
- OCLC 650210649.
- ^ Haig: The General's Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, pp. 320–25.
- ^ a b "German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig". The New York Times. November 25, 1993.
- ^ Maykuth, Andrew (February 21, 2010). "Philadelphia dominated Haig's formative years". Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ^ Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941–1991, John Algeo, p.231
- ^ Financial Times, London, March 21, 2009
- ^ "Reagan selects half of Cabinet-level staff". Gadsden Times. Associated Press. December 11, 1980.
- ^ Chace, James (April 22, 1984). "The Turbulent Tenure of Alexander Haig". The New York Times.
- ISBN 0807898805.
- ^ LeoGrande 1998, p. 89.
- ^ Bonner, Raymond (November 9, 2014). "Bringing El Salvador Nun Killers to Justice". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "Alexander Haig". The Economist. February 25, 2010.
- ^ "Church Women Ran Roadblock, Haig Theorizes". Pittsburgh Press. UPI. March 19, 1981. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ISBN 0520059069.
- ^ "The 'anonymous official op-ed' is less than it seems". September 6, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- ^ "Alexander Haig". Time. April 2, 1984. p. 22 of 24 page article. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ Tweedie, Neil (December 28, 2012). "US wanted to warn Argentina about South Georgia". Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ^ O'Sullivan, John (April 2, 2012). "How the U.S. Almost Betrayed Britain". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-06-087600-5p. 66 Saturday, January 30
- ^ "Alexander Haig". Time. April 9, 1984. Archived from the original on March 11, 2009.
- ^ Waller, Douglas C. Congress and the Nuclear Freeze: An Inside Look at the Politics of a Mass Movement, 1987. Page 19.
- ^ 1982 Year in Review: Alexander Haig Resigns
- ^ Ajemian, Robert; George J. Church; Douglas Brew (July 5, 1982). "The Shakeup at State". Time. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
- ^ Short History of the Department of State, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen (November 21, 1987). "Haig, the Old Warrior, in New Battles". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
- ^ "Haig Calls Meeting to Discuss Campaign". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. February 12, 1988. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
- ^ Clifford, Frank (February 13, 1988). "Haig Drops Out of GOP Race, Endorses Dole". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
- ^ Harold Jackson (February 20, 2010). "obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ^ Bart, Peter (September 28, 2009). "First Look: Famous Firings a Tough Ax to Follow". Variety.
- ^ Bart, Peter (June 16, 1997). "'Red Dawn': Shooting it the McVeigh way". Variety.
- ^ "Businessweek June 16, 1991". Businessweek.com. June 16, 1991. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ^ "New Atlanticist". Acus.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ^ "World Business Review with Alexander Haig". Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "Business Wire AOL-Time Warner announces its board of directors". Business Wire. January 12, 2001. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "President George W. Bush poses for a photo Thursday, January 5, 2006, in the Oval Office with former secretaries of state and secretaries of defense from both Republican and Democratic administrations, following a meeting on the strategy for victory in Iraq". The White House. January 5, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "Bush discusses Iraq with former officials".
- ^ "Haig, top adviser to 3 presidents, hospitalized". Associated Press. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
- ^ "Alexander M. Haig, Jr". West Point Association of Graduates. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
- ^ "Alexander Haig, former secretary of state, dies at 85". Washington Times. February 20, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
- ^ Krebs, Albin (January 25, 1982). "NOTES ON PEOPLE; A Haig Inaugurated". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
- ^ "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
- American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ "The Dedication of the Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Room". West Point.
Further reading
- Colodny, Len and Robert Gettlin. Silent Coup: The Removal of a President. New York City: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
- Haig, Alexander. Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs. New York City: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1984.
- Haig, Alexander and Charles McCarry. Inner Circles: How America Changed the World. Grand Central Publishing, 2 January 1994.
- ISBN 0-671-50688-9
- Morris, Robert. Haig: The General's Progress. LCCN 81-82835. 490 pages.
External links
- The Day Reagan was Shot Archived October 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine article on Haig
- The Falklands: Failure of a Mission critique of Haig's mediation efforts
- Portrait of Alexander Haig by Margaret Holland Sargent
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Alexander Haig at IMDb
- ANC Explorer