George Shultz

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George Shultz
Deputy
Preceded byAlexander Haig
Succeeded byJames Baker
62nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byJohn Connally
Succeeded byWilliam E. Simon
19th Director of the Office of Management and Budget
In office
July 1, 1970 – June 11, 1972
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byBob Mayo (Bureau of the Budget)
Succeeded byCaspar Weinberger
11th United States Secretary of Labor
In office
January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byW. Willard Wirtz
Succeeded byJames Day Hodgson
Personal details
Born
George Pratt Shultz

(1920-12-13)December 13, 1920
New York City, U.S.
DiedFebruary 6, 2021(2021-02-06) (aged 100)
Stanford, California, U.S.
Resting placeDawes Cemetery, Cummington, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouses
  • Helena O'Brien
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1946; died 1995)​
  • ​
    (m. 1997)​
Children5
Education
AwardsPresidential Medal of Freedom (1989)
Signature
Military service
Branch/serviceUnited States Marine Corps
Years of service1942–1945
RankCaptain
Battles/wars

George Pratt Shultz (/ʃʊlts/ SHUULTS; December 13, 1920 – February 6, 2021) was an American economist, businessman, diplomat and statesman. He served in various positions under two different Republican presidents and is one of the only two persons to have held four different Cabinet-level posts, the other being Elliot Richardson.[1] Shultz played a major role in shaping the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration, and conservative foreign policy thought thereafter.

Born in New York City, he graduated from

University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, he accepted President Richard Nixon's appointment as United States Secretary of Labor. In that position, he imposed the Philadelphia Plan on construction contractors who refused to accept black members, marking the first use of racial quotas by the federal government. In 1970, he became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, and he served in that position until his appointment as United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1972. In that role, Shultz supported the Nixon shock, which sought to revive the ailing economy in part by abolishing the gold standard, and presided over the end of the Bretton Woods system
.

Shultz left the Nixon administration in 1974 to become an executive at

Sandinistas by using funds from an illegal sale of weapons to Iran. This aid led to the Iran–Contra affair
.

Shultz retired from public office in 1989 but remained active in business and politics. He had already been an executive of the

Bechtel Group, an engineering and services company, from 1974 to 1982. Shultz served as an informal adviser to George W. Bush and helped formulate the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war. He served on the Global Commission on Drug Policy, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Economic Recovery Council, and on the boards of Bechtel and the Charles Schwab Corporation
.

Beginning in 2013, Shultz advocated for a revenue-neutral

whistleblower about the fraudulent technology.[8][9]

Early life and career

Shultz was born December 13, 1920, in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz. He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey.[10] His great-grandfather was an immigrant from Germany who arrived in the United States in the middle of the 19th century. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz was not a member of the Pratt family associated with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust.[11]

After attending the local public school, he transferred to the Englewood School for Boys (now

cum laude, at Princeton University, New Jersey, in economics with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis, "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority", examined the Tennessee Valley Authority's effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research.[13] He graduated with honors in 1942.[10][11]

From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on active duty in the

U.S. Marine Corps. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of captain. He was attached to the U.S. Army 81st Infantry Division during the Battle of Angaur (Battle of Peleliu).[14]

In 1949, Shultz earned a PhD in

Graduate School of Business as a professor of industrial relations, and he served as the Graduate School of Business Dean from 1962 to 1968.[16] During his time in Chicago, he was influenced by Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman and George Stigler, who reinforced Shultz's view of the importance of a free-market economy.[17] He left the University of Chicago to serve under President Richard Nixon in 1969.[18]

Nixon administration

Shultz (right) with Richard Nixon and labor leaders at the signing of Executive Order 11491 on October 29, 1969
Treasury Secretary Shultz (back row, fourth from left) with the rest of the Nixon cabinet, June 1972
Roy L. Ash, Herbert Stein, and William E. Simon
.

Secretary of Labor

Shultz was President

Philadelphia Plan, which required Pennsylvania construction unions to admit a certain number of black members by an enforced deadline—a break with their past policy of largely discriminating against such members. This marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government.[19]

President Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers).[20]

Office of Management and Budget

Shultz became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1, 1970.[21] He was the agency's 19th director.[22]

Secretary of the Treasury

Shultz was United States Secretary of the Treasury from June 1972 to May 1974. During his tenure, he was concerned with two major issues, namely the continuing domestic administration of Nixon's "New Economic Policy", begun under Secretary John Connally (Shultz privately opposed its three elements), and a renewed dollar crisis that broke out in February 1973.[11][23]

Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting price controls begun in 1971. This phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later.[23]

Meanwhile, Shultz's attention was increasingly diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. In 1973, he participated in an international monetary conference in Paris that grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the

Nixon Shock). The conference formally abolished the Bretton Woods system, causing all currencies to float. During this period Shultz co-founded the "Library Group", which became the G7. Shultz resigned shortly before Nixon to return to private life.[23]

Shultz was instrumental in freedom for

Soviet Jewry.[24][25] [clarification needed
]

Business executive

In 1974, he left government service to become executive vice president of

Bechtel Group, a large engineering and services company. He was later its president and a director.[26]

Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects, including from Saudi Arabia. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50% increase in revenue.[27]

Reagan administration

Shultz is one of only two individuals to have served in four

United States government, the other having been Elliot Richardson.[28][29]

Secretary of State

On July 16, 1982, Shultz was appointed by President

Bechtel Group was raised by several senators during his confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some questions on the subject but was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.[31]

Shultz relied primarily on the Foreign Service to formulate and implement Reagan's foreign policy. As reported in the State Department's official history, "by the summer of 1985, Shultz had personally selected most of the senior officials in the Department, emphasizing professional over political credentials in the process [...] The Foreign Service responded in kind by giving Shultz its 'complete support,' making him one of the most popular Secretaries since Dean Acheson."[30] Shultz's success came from not only the respect he earned from the bureaucracy but the strong relationship he forged with Reagan, who trusted him completely.[32]

Diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber states that his 1993 memoir, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, "is the most detailed, vivid, outspoken, and reliable record we probably shall have of the 1980s until the documents are opened".[33]

Shultz with President Reagan outside the Oval Office, December 1986

Relations with China

Shultz inherited negotiations with the People's Republic of China over

communiqué on Taiwan in which the United States agreed to limit arms sales to Taiwan and China agreed to seek a "peaceful solution".[34]

Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union

By the summer of 1982, relations were strained not only between Washington and Moscow but also between Washington and key capitals in Western Europe. In response to the imposition of martial law in Poland the previous December, the Reagan administration had imposed sanctions on a pipeline between West Germany and the Soviet Union. European leaders vigorously protested sanctions that damaged their interests but not U.S. interests in grain sales to the Soviet Union. Shultz resolved this "poisonous problem" in December 1982, when the United States agreed to abandon sanctions against the pipeline and the Europeans agreed to adopt stricter controls on strategic trade with the Soviets.[35]

A more controversial issue was the NATO Ministers' 1979 "dual track" decision: if the Soviets refused to remove their SS-20 medium range ballistic missiles within four years, then the Allies would deploy a countervailing force of cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe. When negotiations on these intermediate nuclear forces (INF) stalled, 1983 became a year of protest. Shultz and other Western leaders worked hard to maintain allied unity amidst anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and the United States. In spite of Western protests and Soviet propaganda, the allies began deployment of the missiles as scheduled in November 1983.[35]

U.S.–Soviet tensions were raised by the announcement in March 1983 of the Strategic Defense Initiative, and exacerbated by the Soviet shoot-down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1. Tensions reached a height with the Able Archer 83 exercises in November 1983, during which the Soviets feared a pre-emptive American attack.[36]

Following the missile deployment and the exercises, both Shultz and Reagan resolved to seek further dialogue with the Soviets.[35][37]

When

Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.[38] The treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles in Europe, was a milestone in the history of the Cold War. Although Gorbachev took the initiative, Reagan was well prepared by the State Department to negotiate.[39]

Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the Brezhnev Doctrine was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated", Shultz reasoned.[38] The second event, according to Keren Yarhi-Milo of Princeton University, happened during the 19th Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press."[38] The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.[38]

Middle East diplomacy

In response to the escalating violence of the

October 1983 bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.[30] Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between Israel and Lebanon and convinced Israel to begin partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon's contravention of the settlement.[40]

During the First Intifada (see Arab–Israeli conflict), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period".[41] By December 1988, after six months of shuttle diplomacy, Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was picked up by the next Administration.[30]

Latin America

Shultz was known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become known as the

Sandinista government in Nicaragua was "a very undesirable cancer in the area".[43] He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table."[44]

Later life

Shultz (far left) in 2007 with Polish President Lech Kaczyński and his wife, Maria Kaczyńska, as well as former US First Lady Nancy Reagan (center, second from right)

After leaving public office, Shultz "retained an iconoclastic streak" and publicly opposed some positions taken by fellow

drug abuse itself." In 2011, he was part of the Global Commission on Drug Policy, which called for a public health and harm reduction approach towards drug use, alongside Kofi Annan, Paul Volcker, and George Papandreou.[46]

Shultz was an early advocate of the presidential candidacy of George W. Bush, whose father, George H. W. Bush, was Reagan's vice president. In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including Michael Boskin, John Taylor, and Condoleezza Rice, who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for president in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support Bush's candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.[47][48]

He then served as an informal advisor for

Bush administration's foreign policy.[49] Shultz supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing in support of U.S. military action months before the war began.[50]

In a 2008 interview with Charlie Rose, Shultz spoke out against the U.S. embargo against Cuba, saying that U.S. sanctions against the island country were "ridiculous" in the post-Soviet world and that U.S. engagement with Cuba was a better strategy.[51]

In 2003, Shultz served as co-chair (along with Warren Buffett) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger.[52]

In later life, Shultz continued to be a strong advocate for

nuclear arms control.[45] In a 2008 interview, Shultz said: "Now that we know so much about these weapons and their power, they're almost weapons that we wouldn't use, so I think we would be better off without them."[45] In January 2008, Shultz co-authored (with William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn) an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal that called on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.[53] The four created the Nuclear Threat Initiative to advance this agenda, focused on both preventing nuclear terrorist attacks and a nuclear war between world powers.[54] In 2010, the four were featured in the documentary film Nuclear Tipping Point, which discussed their agenda.[55]

In January 2011, Shultz wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to pardon Jonathan Pollard. He stated, "I am impressed that the people who are best informed about the classified material Pollard passed to Israel, former CIA Director James Woolsey and former Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Dennis DeConcini, favor his release".[56]

Shultz with Mike Pompeo and Condoleezza Rice in 2020

Shultz was a prominent advocate of efforts to fight

N. Gregory Mankiw, urged conservatives to embrace a carbon fee and dividend program.[6]

In 2016, Shultz was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the European Union ahead of the "Brexit" referendum.[57]

Theranos scandal

Further information: Theranos

From 2011 to 2015, Shultz was a member of the board of directors of Theranos, a health technology company that became known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary blood tests.[7][58][59] He was a prominent figure in the ensuing scandal. After joining the company's board in November 2011, he recruited other political figures, including former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of Defense William Perry, and former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn. Shultz also promoted Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes at major forums, including Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and was on record supporting her in major media publications. This helped Holmes in her efforts to raise money from investors.[60][61]

Shultz's grandson, Tyler Shultz, joined Theranos in September 2013 after graduating from

ABC Nightline, "it wasn't long before Theranos got wind of it and attempted to use George Shultz to silence his grandson."[66] Tyler went to his grandfather's house to discuss the allegations, but was surprised to encounter Theranos attorneys there, who pressured him to sign a document.[66] Tyler did not sign any agreements, even though George pressured him to: "My grandfather would say, like, things like 'Your career would be ruined if [Carreyrou's] article comes out.'"[66] Tyler and his parents spent nearly $500,000 on legal fees, selling their house to raise the funds, in fighting Theranos' accusations of violating the NDA and divulging trade secrets.[66]

When media reports exposed controversial practices there in 2015, the company moved their non-technical directors like Shultz to a "Board of Counselors" and replaced them with a technical board. In 2016 Theranos' "Board of Counselors" was "retired".[67] Theranos was shut down on September 4, 2018.[68] In a 2019 media statement, Shultz praised his grandson for not having shrunk "from what he saw as his responsibility to the truth and patient safety, even when he felt personally threatened and believed that I had placed allegiance to the company over allegiance to higher values and our family. ... Tyler navigated a very complex situation in ways that made me proud."[66]

Other memberships held

Shultz with Rex Tillerson and Condoleezza Rice in 2018

Shultz had a long affiliation at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he was a distinguished fellow and, beginning in 2011, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow; from 2018 until his death, Shultz hosted events on governance at the institution.[69][70] Shultz was chairman of JPMorgan Chase's international advisory council.[50] He was co-chairman of the conservative Committee on the Present Danger.[50]

He was an honorary director of the

Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) board of advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, and the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. He served as an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America and Citizens' Climate Lobby.[71] He was honorary chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute.[72] Shultz was a member of the advisory board of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization.[73]

Shultz served on the board of directors of the

Accretive Health.[76]

Together again with former Secretary of Defense William Perry, Shultz was serving on the board of Acuitus at the time of his death.[77] And he has been member of the advisory board of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation.

Family

While on a rest and recreation break in Hawaii from serving in the Marines in the

Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II, Shultz met military nurse lieutenant Helena Maria O'Brien (1915–1995). They married on February 16, 1946, and had five children: Margaret Ann Tilsworth, Kathleen Pratt Shultz Jorgensen, Peter Milton Shultz, Barbara Lennox Shultz White, and Alexander George Shultz.[10][78] O'Brien died of pancreatic cancer in 1995.[79]

In 1997, Shultz married

Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco philanthropist and socialite.[80] They remained married until his death. Shultz was a member of an Episcopal church.[81]

Death

Shultz died at age 100 at his home in Stanford, California, on February 6, 2021.[82][83][84] He was buried next to his first wife at Dawes Cemetery in Cummington, Massachusetts.[85]

President Joe Biden reacted to Shultz's death by saying, "He was a gentleman of honor and ideas, dedicated to public service and respectful debate, even into his 100th year on Earth. That's why multiple presidents, of both political parties, sought his counsel. I regret that, as president, I will not be able to benefit from his wisdom, as have so many of my predecessors."[86]

Honors and prizes

Honorary degrees

Honorary degrees were conferred on Shultz from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.[93]

Selected works

See also

References

  1. ^ "George P. Shultz". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Shultz, George; Becker, Gary (April 7, 2013). "Why We Support a Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax: Coupled with the elimination of costly energy subsidies, it would encourage competition". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  3. ^ a b Dizikes, Peter (October 1, 2014). "George Shultz: "Climate is changing," and we need more action; Former secretary of state – and former MIT professor – urges progress on multiple fronts". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Shultz, George (March 13, 2015). "A Reagan approach to climate change". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  5. ^
    Henry M. Paulson Jr.
    , a former secretary of the Treasury, says that taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels is "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles.
  6. ^ a b c "The conservative case for carbon dividends" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1-5247-3166-3. Archived
    from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  8. ^ Carreyrou, John (November 18, 2016). "Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—and His Family". The Wall Street Journal.
  9. ^ Randazzo, Sarah (November 29, 2021). "Holmes Testifies That Senior Lab Scientist Addressed Tyler Shultz's Concerns". The Wall Street Journal.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0313280122
    . Retrieved October 25, 2020 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ a b c Vellani, Robert (2003). "George P. Shultz". In Arnold Markoe; Kenneth T. Jackson (eds.). Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: Sports Figures. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. GALE|K3436600565. Retrieved February 7, 2012 – via Fairfax County Public Library.
  12. ^ Burnett, Paul. Problems and Principles: George P. Shultz and the Uses of Economic Thinking Archived June 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley. Accessed June 14, 2018. "I went to the public school for a while, then I went to a school called the Englewood School for Boys, now merged with the Dwight School. In my last two years, I went to the Loomis School in Windsor, Connecticut."
  13. ^ Shultz, George Pratt (1942). "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority". Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
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Academic offices
Preceded by Dean of the
Booth School of Business

1962–1969 		Succeeded by
Sidney Davidson
Political offices
Preceded by United States Secretary of Labor
1969–1970 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas Director of the Bureau of the Budget Director of the Office of Management and Budget
1970–1972 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Secretary of the Treasury
1972–1974 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Secretary of State
1982–1989 		Succeeded by
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