Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland
Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland dominated between 1550 and 1650, when it was finally replaced with
Conditions of development and features
The period between 1550 and 1650 was a Golden Age of the
Poland was a multinational (
The mannerist architecture and sculpture have two major traditions: Polish-Italian and Netherlandish (Dutch-Flemish), that dominated in northern Poland.[11] The Silesian mannerism of South-Western Poland was largely influenced by Bohemian and German mannerism, while the Pomeranian mannerism of North-Western Poland was influenced by Gothic tradition and Northern German mannerism. The Jews in Poland adapted patterns of Italian and Polish mannerism to their own tradition.[12]
The major inspiration for many structures in Poland was early renaissance constructions at
Triangle
The architecture of the 16th-century Polish mannerism is marked by common usage of richly embellished attics of palaces and houses, arcade courtyards and side towers.
Netherlandish (Dutch-Flemish) and Polish-Italian architectural traditions were not isolated and penetrate each other to create (among others) a unique composition of Krzyżtopór Palace.[19] This, one of the largest constructions of mannerism and early baroque in Poland, was intended as a fortified palace (type known in Poland under Italian name palazzo in fortezza).[19] The complex combined Dutch style fortifications with a palace built to Italian design (inspirations of Palazzo Farnese in Caprarola are visible in the plan of the complex), mannerist Polish decoration and some other, presumably Dutch elements (octagonal tower resembling Binnenhof's Torentje in The Hague, spires). The palace was destroyed during the Deluge and currently remains in ruins.
The Bohemian mannerism had also large influence on the architecture and sculpture in Poland.
Characteristic for
The sculpture is mainly represented in sepulchral art and decorations of facades. Free standing sculptures are rare, though before the Deluge gardens of many residencies were adorned with sculptures (e.g., Villa Regia Palace's garden in Warsaw was embellished with sculptures by Adriaen de Vries).[16][22] Also the free standing tomb monuments were uncommon. The tombs were generally constructed to be attached to the wall, exception is the Niedrzwicki Brothers Tomb in Koprzywnica. During the first stage of mannerism in Poland, the tomb monuments were constructed according to the early renaissance tradition, where the deceased was depicted sleeping.[24] They were generally made of sandstone, while the founder's figure was carved in red marble (e.g. Tarnowski Tomb in Tarnów Cathedral). In the beginning of the 17th century, Dutch and Flemish architects and sculptors (especially Willem van den Blocke and his son Abraham) popularised in Poland new type of tomb monument[25] originating from the Cornelis Floris workshop (e.g. not existing Tomb of duke Albert of Prussia in the Königsberg Cathedral). The founders were depicted kneeling, the construction was more spacious and it employ darker materials – brown marbles from Chęciny, black marbles from Dębnik or imported from the Spanish Netherlands (e.g. Tomb of Báthory brothers in Barczewo). Some of the most impressive Dutch style tombs in Poland were constructed far from the center of Netherlandish Mannerism in Poland - Gdańsk.[26] These were tombs of Jan Tarnowski in Łowicz (1603–1604) and of Ostrogski family in Tarnów (1612–1620).
Many of the mannerist structures in Poland are postwar reconstructions. They were destroyed by the Germans during the World War II (e.g., all mannerist constructions in Warsaw and many Jewish pray houses) or damaged in Allied aerial bombings (Gdańsk, Wrocław).[27] Also, many were not restored after the war (e.g., tomb monument of Wolski Brothers in Warsaw, by Jan Michałowicz, destroyed in 1944;[28] or Tarnów Synagogue, destroyed in 1939).[29]
List of notable mannerist structures in Poland
Northern Poland
Place | Building | Date of construction | Style and history | Image |
Chełmno | Town Hall | 1567–1572 | Netherlandish/Polish mannerism. The original building was built in 1298. The tower was added between 1584 and 1596.[30] Architecture of the building had many influences - horizontal attic embellished with volutes is characteristic for Polish mannerism, the elevated gables and soaring windows are in Netherlandish/Flemish style and tower decorated with corner rustication is typical for similar structures in Germany. | |
Gdańsk | Golden House | 1609–1618 | Netherlandish Mannerism (architect . | |
Golden Gate | 1612–1614 | Netherlandish Mannerism (constructed by Jan Strakowski to design by Abraham van den Blocke).[32] The attic was adorned with allegorical sculptures of citizen's virtues: Peace, Liberty, Fortune and Fame (west side), Harmony, Justice, Piety and Prudence (east side).[32] They were carved in 1648 by Peter Ringering to Jeremias Falck's design. | ||
Green Gate | 1564–1568 | Netherlandish Mannerism, inspired by the Antwerp City Hall (architect Regnier van Amsterdam).[31] It was built to serve as the formal residence of the Polish monarchs.[33] | ||
Neptune's Fountain | 1617 | Netherlandish Mannerism (design by Abraham van den Blocke).[34] The fountain was founded by the city councillors at Barthell Schachtmann's initiative.[35] The Neptune's statue was cast in Augsburg by Peter Husen and Johann Rogge. In 1634 the fountain was encompassed by a fence decorated with gilded Polish Eagles, also designed by Abraham van den Blocke.[35] | ||
Old Arsenal | 1602–1605 | Netherlandish Mannerism (architects Anthonis van Obbergen, Jan Strakowski and Abraham van den Blocke).[36] | ||
Schumann House | 1560 | Netherlandish Mannerism.[31] Built for Hans Conert the Younger by unknown architect. The building was known at that time as the King's House.[37] The top of the house is decorated with the sculpture of Zeus. Schumann House's architecture bears strong resemblance to Gildehuis der Kuipers (Coopers' House) and to Huis van de Schutters (Archer's House) in Antwerp. | ||
St. Mary's Church – Epitaph of Edward Blemke | 1591 | Netherlandish Mannerism (sculptor Willem van den Blocke).[38] The central relief depicts the resurrection in the Valley of Josaphat according to prophet Ezekiel's vision (the dynamic of skeletons' transformation from bones to corpse is exceptional).[38] The epitaph was crowned with a sculpture of death. Inspiration were epitaphs by Cornelis Floris - the construction bears resemblance to Epitaph of Dirk van Assendelft and his wife Adriana van Nassau in Grote Kerk in Breda (1555). | ||
Oliwa | Oliwa Cathedral – Kos Tomb | 1599–1620 | Netherlandish Mannerism (sculptor Willem van den Blocke). Established by Mikołaj Kos, landlord in Żukczyn.[39] Mikołaj and his son Andrzej were depicted wearing armours of Polish hussars.[39] | |
Szczecin | Pomeranian Dukes Castle
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1573−1582 | Pomeranian mannerism (architect Wilhelm Zachariasz Italus).[40] The original castle (built in 1346 by duke Barnim the Great) was rebuilt in the late renaissance style for duke John Frederick.[41] | |
Włocławek | Włocławek Cathedral – Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary | 1604–1611 | Polish mannerism. Originally built in 1503, it was reconstructed in the mannerist style by bishop Jan Tarnowski.[42] The architecture of the chapel, though inspired by Sigismund's Chapel was adapted and transformed according to Dutch patterns. The dome was hidden behind the balustrade and the walls were covered with a subtle corner rustication. |
Central Poland
Place | Building | Date of construction | Style and history | Image |
Drobin | Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and St. Stanisław – Kryski Tomb | 1572–1576 | Italian/Polish mannerism (circle of Santi Gucci). Medici Chapel in the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and the tomb of Pope Julius II in San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, designed by Michelangelo.[43]
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Gołąb | Church of St. Catherine and St. Florian | 1628–1638 | Polish mannerism (circle of Santi Gucci) with elements of Dutch mannierism (ferrule ornament).[44] The church was established by priest Szymon Grzybowski.[44] | |
Loreto House | 1634–1642 | Italian mannerism, an exact replica of the Loreto House in Italy.[44] Founded by Chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński.[44] The main decorating features are ceramic statues of prophets, created under strong influence of Michelangelo's works.[44] | ||
Kazimierz Dolny | Celej House | before 1635 | Polish mannerism (Lublin type, circle of Santi Gucci), the attic is decorated with folk motives (basilisks, dragons and birds among others)[45] Built for a wealthy merchant Bartłomiej Celej. | |
Church of St. John the Baptist and St. Bartholomew | 1586–1613 | Polish mannerism (architect Jakub Balin). The original 14th-century building burned in 1561.[46] The initiators of the reconstruction and the founders were the Firlejs.[46] The church was enhanced and covered with a cradle vault with lanterns. The gothic gables were rebuilt in the late renaissance style.[46] | ||
Mikołaj Przybyła Granary | 1591 | Polish mannerism. In the beginning of the 17th century there were about 60 granaries in the town.[47] | ||
Przybyła Houses | 1615 | Polish mannerism (Lublin type with folk motives).[48] Built for two brothers Mikołaj and Krzysztof Przybyła.[48] | ||
Lublin | Carmelite Church | 1635–1644 | Polish mannerism (Lublin type).[49] The church was founded by Katarzyna z Kretków Sanguszkowa for Discalced Carmelite Sisters.[49] The main gabled facade was decorated with arcade-pilaster divisions and frescoes. Nave elevations were divided with pilasters supporting the console cornice.[49] | |
Konopnica House | 1575 | Polish mannerism. The original late gothic house (built before 1512) was obtained by Sebastian Konopnica as a dowry of his wife Katarzyna z Kretków.[50] Konopnica, city mayor of Lublin, rebuilt the house in mannerist style.[50] Rich decorations of windows with medallions bearing effigies of Sebastian Konopnica and his wife Katarzyna are attributed to Pińczów workshop.[50] | ||
Pabianice | Manor house | 1565–1571 | Polish mannerism (architect Wawrzyniec Lorek). Built for canon Stanisław Dąbrowski.[51]
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Poznań | City Hall
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1550–1567 | Italian/Polish mannerism (architect Giovanni Battista di Quadro). The town hall was built during the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries.[52] In the 16th century the building was enhanced, roofs were covered with attics and facade was embellished with a three-story loggia.[52] | |
Poznań Cathedral – Tomb of bishop Izdbieński | 1557–1560 | Polish mannerism (sculptor Jan Michałowicz of Urzędów). It was established for Benedykt Izdbieński, bishop of Poznań by his heirs. The tomb was carved in sandstone and red marble and adorned with profuse floral decorations.[53] Characteristic for Michałowicz blend of Netherlandish and Italian influences is visible in the tomb.[53] | ||
Ridt House | 1576 | Polish mannerism (Greater Poland type, architect Giovanni Battista di Quadro).[54] The gothic building was purchased in 1566 by Zachariasz Ridt, a rich cloth and leather merchant.[54] Zachariasz, who was also a senior pastor of the Lutheran community in Poznań, rebuilt the house in mannerist style.[54] The tuscan order, decorational features of the gable (volutes and pillars) as well as division of facade surfaces with simple details are typical for Greater Poland mannerism. | ||
Siedlisko | Schönaich Castle | 1597–1618 | German mannerism (architect Melchior Duckhardt). The original wooden castrum in Sedlscho was replaced between 1550 and 1560 by a brick building.[55] It was later enlarged and reconstructed for Georg Schönaich, who also built a chapel (Protestant rood screen) with mannerist decorations.[55] | |
Uchanie | Church of the Assumption of Mary – Uchański Tomb | c. 1607 | Polish mannerism (sculptor Santi Gucci). | |
Warsaw | Jesuit Church | 1609–1626 | Polish mannerism (Lublin type, architect Jan Frankiewicz).[57] The church was founded by King Sigismund III Vasa and a chamberlain Andrzej Bobola (the Old) at Piotr Skarga's initiative, in 1609. | |
Negro House | 1622–1628 | Polish mannerism. The reconstruction of the gothic house (built before 1449) in the mannierist style was started by Jana Kluga and accomplished by Jakub Gianotti, who get a special tax exemption for this undertaking from the city municipalities.[58] The facade was adorned with two richly decorated portals and a medallion with effigy of Negro, attributed to Gucci's workshop.[59] This sculpture gave its name to the house.[59] One of the portals bears a mark of ownership (gmerk) with initials 'IG' of Jakub Gianotti.[59] | ||
Royal Castle | 1598–1619 | Polish mannerism/early baroque (architect Giovanni Battista Trevano - his plans were probably amended by Vincenzo Scamozzi).[60] The original castle, built between 1407 and 1410, was expanded for king Sigismund III Vasa by a group of Italian architects and sculptors, including Giacomo Rodondo, Paolo del Corte and Matteo Castelli. | ||
Zamość | Armenian Houses No. 30-26 | first half of the 17th century | Polish mannerism. No. 30 (green) - rebuilt in 1665–74 for Jan Wilczek and adorned with profuse floral-animal motives, No. 28 (dark yellow) - built in 1645–47 for Bazyli Rudomicz professor of the Zamojski Academy, No. 26 (red) - built in 1632–34 for Armenian merchant Gabriel Bartoszewicz.[61]
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Cathedral | 1587–1637 | Polish mannerism (Lublin type, architect Bernardo Morando).[62] It was constructed as a three-nave basilica with side chapels.[62] The main 20m high nave was covered with a cradle vault with lanterns. The naves are divided by thick corinthian pillars crowned with richly decorated entablature. Vaults were embellished with moldings (geometric, floral and figural motives).[62] | ||
Synagogue | 1610–1620 | Jewish mannerism. Sephardi Jews. The interior was richly decorated with stucco in Kalisian-Lublin style. The main part was a great pray hall (11.5 x 12.2 m).[63]
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Town Hall | 1591–1622 | Polish mannerism (architect Bernardo Morando). Between 1639 and 1651 it was rebuilt by Jan Jaroszewicz and Jan Wolff.[64] The building was enlarged and enhanced by adding another storey with high mannerist attic, while the horseshoe shaped staircase is an 18th-century addition.[64] The clock tower is 52 meters tall and consist of five levels on square and octagonal plan. |
Southern Poland
Place | Building | Date of construction | Style and history | Image |
Baranów Sandomierski | Leszczyński Castle | 1591–1606 | Polish mannerism (circle of Santi Gucci). Rafał Leszczyński and his son Andrzej as a fortified palace (palazzo in fortezza).[65] The architecture of the castle merge all the characteristics of Polish mannerism - side towers, arcade courtyard and richly decorated attic.
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Brzeg | Piast Castle Courtyard | 1556–1558 | Silesian mannerism (architect Francesco de Pario of Bissone). The original gothic castle was rebuilt for Jerzy II the Magnificent, duke of Brzeg and Legnica.[66] It was probably inspired by Wawel Castle courtyard.[67] The architecture of the castle's arcades bears strong resemblance to Opočno Castle in the Czech Republic and Schloss Güstrow in Germany. | |
Piast Castle Gate | 1554–1560 | Silesian mannerism. The gate was adorned with profuse mannerist reliefs and sculptures of Jerzy II and his wife Henry I the Bearded to Frederick II of Legnica.[67] The inspiration for this decoration were woodcuts from the 1521 Chronica Polonorum by Maciej Miechowita.[67]
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Jarosław | Orsetti House | 1570–1593, 1646 | Polish mannerism. Built for Stanisław Smiszowic, Jarosław's apothecary.[68] In 1633 the building was purchased by Wilhelm Orsetti and rebuilt in 1646.[68] | |
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska | Ecce Homo Chapel | 1605–1609 | Netherlandish Mannerism (architect Paul Baudarth). It was built on the plan of the Greek cross. The vault adorned with profuse stucco decorations in the style of Dutch mannerism.[69] | |
Kielce | Bishops' Palace
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1637–1644 | Italian/Netherlandish Mannerism (architect Tommaso Poncino).[14] The palace was established by Jakub Zadzik, bishop of Kraków. The building was inspired by the royal residences in Warsaw and modelled in the so-called Poggio–Reale style.[14] Steep roofs, towers and decorations are Netherlandish/Flemish style features. | |
Kraków | Ciborium in St. Mary's Basilica | 1552 | Polish mannerism (sculptor Giovanni Maria Padovano).[70] The St. Mary's Basilica's Ciborium was established by Kraków's goldsmiths Andrzej Mastelli and Jerzy Pipan.[70] It was made of sandstone and adorned with red Salzburg marble, alabaster and stucco. A cast bronze balustrade was created in 1595 by Michał Otto and decorated with Polish and Lithuanian coat of arms.[70] | |
Decjusz Villa | 1630 | Italian mannerism (architect Maciej Trapola).[71] The original villa, built between 1528 and 1535 for Justus Decjusz, was rebuilt for Sebastian Lubomirski.[71] Inspiration for this reconstruction was a renaissance treaty by Sebastiano Serlio.[71] | ||
Holy Trinity Church – Gonzaga-Myszkowski Chapel | 1603–1614 | Polish mannerism/early baroque (architect Santi Gucci), decorated with rustication. The chapel was modelled after the Sigismund's Chapel (1519–1533). It was founded by Zygmunt Gonzaga-Myszkowski (together with his brother Piotr, he was adopted in 1597 by Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua).[72] | ||
Prelate House | 1618–1619 | Polish mannerism (architects Maciej Litwinkowicz and Jan Zatorczyk).[73] The characteristics are late renaissance attic by Zatorczyk (1625) and sgraffito decoration imitating diamond-pointed rustication.[73] | ||
Wawel Cathedral – Stephen Báthory Tomb | 1594–1595 | Polish mannerism (sculptor Santi Gucci). Established by Queen Anna Jagiellon to commemorate her husband Stephen Báthory.[74] Made of sandstone, red marble and alabaster.[74] | ||
Krasiczyn | Krasicki Palace
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1580–1631 | Polish mannerism (architect | |
Książ Wielki | Mirów Palace | 1585–1595 | Polish mannerism (architect Santi Gucci). Founded by Piotr Myszkowski, bishop of Cracow as a fortified palace (palazzo in fortezza).[76] The palace is decorated with rusticated stonework.[76] | |
Lesko | Fortified Synagogue | 1626–1654 | Jewish mannerism.[77] The facade bears a Hebrew inscription that reads: He was afraid and said, "How awesome is this place! This is none other than the house of God; this is the gate of heaven." (Genesis 28:17)[78] | |
Oleśnica | Ducal Castle | 1585–1608 | German mannerism (architect Bernard Niuron).[79] The original gothic castle (built by duke Konrad I of Oleśnica) was successively enlarged and rebuilt by the powerful bohemian magnats the Poděbrads.[79] The reconstruction in mannerist style began in 1585. Duke Charles II built a new eastern and southern wings. He also rebuilt the so-called Widow Palace. The courtyard was emebllished with characteristic balconies and the main gate portal was adorned with Silesian and Poděbrad family crests.[79] | |
Pińczów | St. Anne's Chapel | 1600 | Polish mannerism (architect Santi Gucci). Jubilee of 1600.[80]
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Przemyśl | Carmelite Church | 1624–1630 | Polish mannerism (architect - probably Galleazzo Appiani).[81] The church was founded in 1620 by Marcin Krasicki, starost of Przemyśl and owner of Krasiczyn.[81] The construction started in 1630 and was conducted by master craftsman Ligęski of Przemyśl.[81] | |
Przemyśl Cathedral – Fredro Tomb | after 1622 | Polish mannerism. The tomb monument was constructed for Jan Fredro, castellan of Przemyśl and his wife Anna ze Stadnickich.[82] It was carved in limestone and alabaster in tuscan order.[82] The top of the tomb is decorated with a sculpture of archangel Michael. | ||
Rzeszów | Alabaster Altar in Bernardine Church | before 1637 | German mannerism. Commissioned by Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza and executed by Johann Pfister or Johann Behem.[83] The central bas-relief in alabaster depicts the Lamentation of Christ and is supplemented with seven wooden, waxed and gilded reliefs with scenes from the Passion (from bottom right): Christ in the Garden of Olives, Flagellation, Crowning with thorns, Fall under the cross, Christ being nailed to the Cross, Elevation of the Cross and Descent from the Cross and three alabaster reliefs in predella: the Archangel Gabriel, Saint Anne and the Annunciation.[83] | |
Staszów | Church of St. Bartholomew – Tęczyński Chapel | 1618–1625 | Polish mannerism (Pińczów workshop, circle of Santi Gucci). | |
Sucha Beskidzka | Komorowski Castle | 1608–1614 | Polish mannerism (architect - probably Paul Baudarth). The original defensive mansion built between 1554 and 1580 was enlarged and rebuilt for Piotr Komorowski.[85] | |
Tarnów | Tarnów Cathedral – Ostrogski Tomb | 1612–1620 | Netherlandish Mannerism (design by Willem van den Blocke). Established by | |
Ujazd | Krzyżtopór | 1621–1644 | Polish mannerism/early baroque (architect Wawrzyniec Senes of Sent). The palace was built for Krzysztof Ossoliński as a fortified palace with bastions on plan of a regular pentagon. Krzyżtopór has 4 towers (seasons of the year), 12 halls (months), 52 chambers (weeks of the year) and 365 windows (days of the year).[87] | |
Wrocław | House of the Griffins | 1587–1589 | German/Dutch mannerism (architect Friedrich Gross).[88] It is the largest merchant house in Wrocław (16.25m wide), originally built in about 1300.[88] The house was rebuilt for Daniel von Turnau und Kueschmalz and his wife Dorothea von Matte. The mannerist portal with founders' crests was carved by Gerhard Hendrik of Amsterdam.[88] The house was named after griffins decorating the attic.[88] | |
Żórawina | Holy Trinity Church | 1600–1608 | German/Dutch mannerism. The 14th-century church was reconstructed in mannerist style at Adam von Hanniwaldt's initiative. The undertaking was financially supported by Adam's brother Andreas, councillor at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. Among the artists employed in decoration of the church were eminent Netherlandish Mannerist sculptors.[89] |
Not existing structures
Place | Building | Date of construction | Style and history | Image |
Elbląg | Artus Court | 1578–1581 | Dutch mannerism (architect Hans Schneker of Lindau).[90] The building of the St. George Guild was established and financed by the members of the guild.[90] The official inauguration of the new abode occurred in 1583. It served as a place of meetings of merchants, receptions and performances.[90] The facade of the house represented typical for Dutch mannerism merge of stone and brick elements. | |
Warsaw | Town Hall | 1580 | Polish mannerism (architect Antoneo de Ralia). Warsaw New Town).[92]
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Villa Regia
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1626–1639 or 1637–1641 | Polish mannerism (architect It was constructed as a rectangular building with corner towers, a type of residence known as Poggio–Reale - Serlio. | ||
Łowicz | Houses | ? | Polish mannerism.[95] The facade of the houses represented typical for Polish mannerism elements. |
See also
- Renaissance in Poland
- Bartholomeus Strobel, the leading Mannerist painter in Poland
- Northern Mannerism
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- ISBN 83-06-01021-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Adam Miłobędzki. Architektura Polska XVII wieku. Arkady. p. 354.