Renaissance in Poland

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Renaissance
The School of Athens (1509–1511) by Raphael
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The Renaissance in Poland (

Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise to the Polish Brethren), and living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (szlachta), who gained dominance in the new political system of Golden Liberty
.

Overview

The

Filip Callimachus, merchants such as the Boner family and the Montelupi family,[1] and other prominent personalities who immigrated to Poland since the late 15th century in search of new opportunities. Most of them settled in Kraków
, the Polish capital until 1611.

Jan Kochanowski, poet and prose writer, with his beloved daughter

The Renaissance values of the dignity of man and power of his reason were applauded in Poland.

cartographer whose maps of that region appeared in Ptolemy's Geography; Marcin Kromer who in his De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri... described both the history and geography of Poland; Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, a philosopher concerned with governance; Mikołaj Rej who has popularized the use of Polish in poetry; and Jan Kochanowski, whose poems in Polish elevated him to the ranks of the most prominent Polish poets.[2][3][4]

Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Young Poles, especially sons of nobility (

Cyrillic books in the world were published in Kraków, in 1491, by printer Szwajpolt Fiol.[3]

Art

King Sigismund I the Old and bishop Piotr Tomicki kneeling before St. Stanislaus, a leaf from the Hours of Sigismund I by Stanisław Samostrzelnik, 1535

Incentives for development of art and

Danzig (which attracted mostly architects from Germany and the Netherlands) – likely gained the most in the era, but many other cities also spotted new Renaissance constructions.[2]

Renaissance painting was introduced in Poland by many immigrant artists, such as

Stefan Batory).[2] The works of the portraitists created an impressive gallery, particularly representative of those who could afford to be immortalized in them.[2]

Portrait of Queen Anna Jagiellon of Poland by Martin Kober, 1576

The centre of musical culture was the royal residence at Kraków, where the royal court welcomed many foreign and local performers.

Wacław z Szamotuł, recognized as one of the outstanding Renaissance composers.[2]

Notable Polish Renaissance artists

Graves of the last Jagiellons in the Sigismund's Chapel, hailed as "the most beautiful example of the Tuscan Renaissance north of the Alps"[10][11]

Among the most prominent Polish Renaissance writers and artists, whose accomplishments have become a salient part of Polish curriculum are poets

Hans (Süss) von Kulmbach, Mateo Gucci, Santi Gucci, Bartolomeo Berecci, Bernardo Morando, Giovanni Battista di Quadro
and others.

Literature

The first

bilingual, the szlachta's speech being a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating among Polish, Latin, and a mixture of the two (macaronic language).[3]

Literature progressed beyond being dominated by religious themes.

romance.[3]

Science and technology

Scientific scholars of the period include

Józef Struś, doctor, scientist, mayor of Poznań; and many others.[14]

Architectural trends and periods

Polish

Mannerist style. In the third period (1600–1650), Mannerism became popular, with first notable examples of Baroque (see also, Baroque in Poland
).

First period

Wawel Castle's courtyard exemplifies first period of the Polish Renaissance

In 1499

Bartolomeo Berrecci and by Benedykt of Sandomierz. As a result of their work the Royal Castle was transformed into a Renaissance residence in Florentine style. In the same period other castles and residences were built or rebuilt in the new style, including Drzewica (built in 1527–1535), Szydłowiec (rebuilt 1509–1532), Ogrodzieniec (rebuilt 1532–1547) and most notably, Pieskowa Skała, rebuilt 1542–1580.[16]

In the first period of the Polish Renaissance, churches were still build mostly in the Gothic style. In this time, only new chapels surrounding the old churches were sometimes built in the new style. The most prominent of them, the Sigismund's Chapel at the Wawel Cathedral, was built in 1519–33 by Bartolomeo Berecci.[17]

Second period

Poznań Town Hall, rebuilt from Gothic style by Giovanni Battista di Quadro, 1550–55

The Renaissance style became most common throughout Poland in its second period. In the northern part of the country, especially in Pomerania and in Danzig (Gdańsk), there worked a large group of Dutch-born artists. Renaissance style in other parts of Poland varied under local conditions, producing different substyles in each region. Also, some elements of the new Mannerist style were present. Architecture of this period is divided into three regional substyles: "Italian" – mostly in the southern part of Poland, with the most famous artist there being Santi Gucci, the "Dutch" – mostly in Pomerania, and the "Kalisz–Lublin style" (Polish: styl kalisko-lubelski) (or the "Lublin Renaissance") in central Poland – with most notable examples built in Kalisz, Lublin, and Kazimierz Dolny.[18]

All over Poland, new castles were constructed, bearing the new quadrilateral shape enclosing a courtyard, with four towers at the corners. Prominent examples include: the castle at Płakowice (16th century), the castle at Brzeg, (rebuilt from a Gothic stronghold in 1544–60), the castle at Niepołomice (rebuilt after a fire in 1550–71), the castle at Baranów Sandomierski (built in 1591–1606 by Santi Gucci), and the castle at Krasiczyn.[19]

Many cities erected new buildings in the Renaissance style. New

Cloth Hall (Sukiennice) in Kraków was built. City halls were built or rebuilt in: Tarnów, Sandomierz, Chełm (demolished) and in Poznań. Also, entire towns were often redesigned. Examples of Renaissance urban planning survived into modern times in Szydłowiec and Zamość
.

Green Gate in Gdańsk

Examples of Pomeranian Renaissance which developed under the influence of Northern Europe rather than Italy[citation needed] were: Green Gate in Gdańsk (built in 1564–1568 by Hans Kramer), Upland Gate in Gdańsk (finished by Willem van den Blocke in 1588), Great Arsenal in Gdańsk (built in 1602–1606 by Anthonis van Obbergen), and the Old City Hall in Gdańsk (built in 1587–1595, probably by Anthonis van Obbergen).

Characteristic laicization of life during Renaissance and Reformation resulted in only minor development in sacral architecture. Mainly chapels were being built in the Renaissance style, but some churches were also rebuilt including: Cathedral in Płock (rebuilt after fire by architects Bernardino de Gianotis, Cini, Filippo di Fiesole and later again by Giovanni Battista di Quadro); and, the Collegiate in Pułtusk (rebuilt by John Batista of Venice). Only a few new churches were founded, such as the collegiate church of St. Thomas in Zamość.[20]

Third period

"Armenian houses" in Zamość

A fire at

Mannerist architecture in Poland is a complex of houses in Kazimierz Dolny and in Zamość.[21]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Montelupi". encyklopedia.interia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89357-257-0 Cultural Background
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89357-257-0 Literary Background
  4. ^ "Mikołaj Rej i Jan Kochanowski - najwybitniejsi przedstawiciele polskiego odrodzenia". Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  5. ISBN 0-415-09279-5
    .
  6. ISBN 0-521-47799-9
    .
  7. ISBN 0-8020-3711-9
    .
  8. ISBN 1-56324-575-2
    .
  9. ^ Gerhard Rempel. "The Tartar yoke". mars.wnec.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  10. ISBN 978-3-540-72129-1
    .
  11. ^ The much admired Sigismund Chapel, called "the pearl of the Renaissance north of the Alps" by foreign scholars.Joseph Slabey Rouček (1949). Slavonic encyclopaedia. Philosophical Library. p. 24.
  12. ISBN 0801422868
    . Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  13. ISBN 978-9004226470
    . Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  14. ISBN 9781524596644
    . Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  15. ^ Harald Busch, Bernd Lohse, Hans Weigert, Baukunst der Renaissance in Europa. Von Spätgotik bis zum Manierismus, Frankfurt af Main, 1960
    Wilfried Koch, Style w architekturze, Warsaw 1996
    Tadeusz Broniewski, Historia architektury dla wszystkich Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, 1990
    Mieczysław Gębarowicz, Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego renesansu w Polsce, Toruń 1962
  16. ^ "PIESKOWA SKAŁA – CASTLE". Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  17. ISBN 9780741417572
    . Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Odkrywamy Lublin: Szlakiem renesansu". Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  19. ^ "KRASICZYN – THE CASTLE AND PARK COMPLEX". Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  20. ^ "THE COMPLEX OF THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH (CURRENTLY HAVING THE STATUS OF A CATHEDRAL) OF THE RESURRECTION OF OUR LORD AND OF ST THOMAS THE APOSTLE". Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Lubelskie". Retrieved 21 May 2020.

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