Moroccans

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This article is about citizens and nationals of Morocco. For other uses, see Moroccan (disambiguation). For information on the population of Morocco, see Demographics of Morocco.

Moroccans
المغاربة (al-Maġāriba)
Non-denominational Islam, Shia Islam, Judaism, Christianity[30][31][32][33][34]

Moroccans (

Arabic: المغاربة, romanized: al-Maġāriba) are the citizens and nationals of the Kingdom of Morocco. The country's population is predominantly composed of Arabs and Berbers (Amazigh). The term also applies more broadly to any people who share a common Moroccan culture and identity, as well as those who natively speak Moroccan Arabic or other languages of Morocco.[35][36]

In addition to the approximately 37 million residents of Morocco, there is a large Moroccan diaspora. Considerable Moroccan populations can be found in France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands; with smaller notable concentrations in other Arab states as well as Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.[37]

Ethnic groups

Main articles: Demographics of Morocco, Arabs, and Berbers
Ethnic groups in Morocco (2012)[38]
  1. Arabs (67%)
  2. Berbers (31%)
  3. Sahrawis (2%)

The Higher Planning Commission, the country’s state statistics bureau, does not collect data on ethnic demographics, citing the historical difficulty of distinguishing between Arabs and Berbers, even among Berber speakers.[39][40]

Moroccans are primarily of

Sahrawis make up 2%.[43] However, according to Encyclopædia Britannica, 44% of Moroccans are Arab, 24% are Arabized Berbers, 21% are Berbers, and 10% are Mauritanian Moors.[44]
Socially, there are two contrasting groups of Moroccans: those living in the cities and those in the rural areas. Among the rural, several classes have formed such as landowners, peasants, and tenant farmers. Moroccans live mainly in the north and west portions of Morocco. However, they prefer living in the more fertile regions near the Mediterranean Sea.

The Arab population of Morocco is a result of the inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from the

Nile Valley.[47] According to Ibn Khaldun, whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment.[47] These tribes, who arrived in the region of Morocco around the 12th-13th centuries, and later the Ma'qil in the 14th century, contributed to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization of Morocco over time,[48] especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions which were the main sites of Arabization up to that point.[49][36]

Ethnic map of Morocco (1973)[50]

The Berber population mainly inhabits the mountainous regions of Morocco where some preserve Berber culture, and are split into three groups;

anti-Jewish riots in Oujda, and many fled to Israel, Europe, and North America, and by 1967 250,000 Jews left Morocco.[51]

History

Main article: History of Morocco

Early Arab era (670–1031)

Main articles:
Caliphate of Córdoba

In 670 AD, the first

Himyarite descendant Salih ibn Mansur in 710.[57] After the outbreak of the Berber Revolt in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the Emirate of Sijilmasa and the Barghawata Confederation.[58]

After the

Caliphate of Cordoba under the Umayyads took over parts of Morocco.[61]

Berber dynasties (1053–1549)

Main articles:
Marinid Sultanate

From the 11th century onwards, a series of dynasties of

Muslims and Jews fled to Morocco.[66] Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century did not greatly affect the interior of Morocco. According to Elizabeth Allo Isichei, "In 1520, there was a famine in Morocco so terrible that for a long time other events were dated by it. It has been suggested that the population of Morocco fell from 5 to under 3 million between the early sixteenth and nineteenth centuries."[67]

Arab dynasties (1549–present)

Main articles:
'Alawi dynasty

The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a Berber rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb.[46] These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to Morocco, contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization in the region.[48] The Arab tribes of Maqil migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to Mauritania.

From 1549, a series of

'Alawi dynasty,[69] who remain in power since the 17th century. Both dynasties are Sharifian.[70]

Under the Saadian dynasty, the country repulsed

Songhay Empire in 1591. However, managing the territories across the Sahara proved too difficult. After the death of al-Mansur the country was divided among his sons.[70]

In 1666, Morocco was reunited by the Arab

'Alawi dynasty, who have been the ruling house of Morocco ever since. Morocco was facing aggression from Spain and the Ottoman Empire lies pressing westward. The 'Alawis succeeded in stabilizing their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. Against the opposition of local tribes Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727) began to create a unified state.[71]

Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation in 1777.

Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, signed in 1786, stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty.[76][77]

Genetic composition

Main article: Genetic studies on Moroccans
Population Language n E
G
I
 J1
L
N
 R1
T
 Reference
Morocco AA (Semitic) 51 73 — — 20 — — 4 — Onofri et al. 2008[78]
Arabs (Morocco) AA (Semitic) 87 52.8 — — 26.4 — — — — Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2013[79]
Arabs (Morocco) AA (Semitic) 28 14.3 — 3.6 60.7 — — 17.8 — Underhill et al. 2000[80]
Arabs (Morocco) AA (Semitic) 49 72.7 — 0.0 20.4 — — 0 — Semino et al. 2004[81]
Berbers (North Morocco) AA (Berber) 63 87 — — 11.1 — — — — Bosch et al. 2001[82]
Berbers (Marrakesh) AA (Berber) 29 92.9 — — — — — — — Semino et al. 2000[83]
Berbers (Middle Atlas) AA (Berber) 69 87.1 — — 5.8 — — — — Cruciani et al. 2004[84]
Berbers (South Morocco) AA (Berber) 62 98.5 — 0 10.0 0 0 — 0 Bosch et al. 2001[82]
Berbers (Central Morocco
) 		AA (Berber) 40 93.8 — 0 11.1 0 0 — 0 Bosch et al. 2001[82]
better source needed
] 		AA (Berber) 54 — — — — — — — — Dugoujon 2005[85]
Sahrawi (Morocco
) 		AA (Semitic) 89 59.5 — — 20.2 — — — — Fregel et al. 2009[86]
Jews (Morocco) AA (Semitic) 19 21.1 26.3 — 31.5 — — 10.5 — Francalacci et al. 2008[87]

Geographic distribution

Morocco

Main article: Demographics of Morocco

Morocco has a population of around 37,076,584 inhabitants (2021 estimate).

Christians.[92] Also, prior to independence, Morocco was home to 250,000 Spaniards.[93] Morocco's once prominent Jewish minority has decreased significantly since its peak of 265,000 in 1948, declining to around 3,500 in 2022.[94]

Ethnic groups

Ethnolinguistic map of Morocco (1973)[95]

In Morocco,

ethnic identity is deeply intertwined with language and culture, with the population primarily comprising two major groups: Arabs and Berbers.[96][97] However, the Higher Planning Commission, the country’s state statistics bureau, does not collect data on ethnic demographics, citing the historical difficulty of distinguishing between Arabs and Berbers, even among Berber speakers.[98][99]

Rifians in the Rif, the Zayanes in the Middle Atlas, and the Shilha people in the Anti-Atlas.[101] Since the 7th century, the influx of Arab migrants from the Arabian Peninsula has contributed to shaping Morocco’s demographic, cultural, and genetic landscape.[107] Additionally, a considerable portion of the population includes Haratin, Sahrawis, and Gnawa, descendants of West African or mixed-race enslaved peoples, as well as Moriscos, European Muslims expelled from Spain and Portugal in the 17th century.[108][109]

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, 44% of Moroccans are Arab, 24% are Arabized Berbers, 21% are Berbers and 10% are Mauritanian Moors.[110] Additionally, Minority Rights Group International estimates that around 90,000 Sahrawis reside in internationally recognized Morocco, compared to approximately 190,000 in the disputed Western Sahara.[109]

Moroccan diaspora

Main article: Moroccan diaspora

Morocco has a large diaspora, most of which is located in France, which has reportedly over one million Moroccans of up to the third generation. There are also large Moroccan communities in Spain (about 700,000 Moroccans),[111] the Netherlands (360,000), and Belgium (300,000).[112] Other large communities can be found in Italy, Canada, the United States and Israel, where Moroccan Jews are thought to constitute the second biggest Jewish ethnic subgroup.[113] Morocco is also the country with the largest Berber population in the world,[114][115] with estimates typically ranging between 40–60% of the population.[116][117]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Morocco
Taburida in Morocco

The culture of Morocco is a blend of Arab, Berber, Jewish, and Western European cultures.[118] Through Moroccan history, the country had many cultural influences (Europe, Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa). The culture of Morocco shares similar traits with those of neighboring countries, particularly Algeria and Tunisia and to a certain extent Spain.[119]

Each region possesses its own uniqueness, contributing to the national culture. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diversity and the preservation of its cultural heritage.[citation needed]

The traditional dress for men and women is called djellaba (جلابة), a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly known as a fez. Women wear kaftans decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear balgha (بلغة). These are soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel.[citation needed]

Jemaa el-Fnaa in the evening

Moroccan style is a new trend in decoration, which takes its roots from

riad
renovation in Marrakech. Dar is the name given to one of the most common types of domestic structures in Morocco; it is a home found in a medina, or walled urban area of a city. Dar exteriors are typically devoid of ornamentation and windows, except occasional small openings in secondary quarters, such as stairways and service areas. These piercings provide light and ventilation.
halwa
are popular, as well as other confections. Cuisines from neighbouring areas have also influenced the country's culinary traditions. Additionally, Moroccan craftsmanship has a rich tradition of jewellery-making, pottery, leather-work and woodwork.

Fantasia in Morocco

The music of Morocco ranges and differs according to the various areas of the country. Moroccan music has a variety of styles from complex sophisticated orchestral music to simple music involving only voice and drums. There are three varieties of folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. Chaabi (الشعبي) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. Gnawa is a form of music that is mystical. It was gradually brought to Morocco by the Gnawa and later became part of the Moroccan tradition. Sufi brotherhoods (tariqas) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy.

Cuisine

Main article: Moroccan cuisine
Moroccan Couscous

Moroccan cuisine is considered one of the most diversified cuisines in the world.[120] This is a result of the centuries-long interaction of Morocco with the outside world.[121] The cuisine of Morocco is mainly a fusion of Moorish, European and Mediterranean cuisines. Spices are used extensively in Moroccan cuisine. While spices have been imported to Morocco for thousands of years, many ingredients such as saffron from Tiliouine, mint and olives from Meknes, and oranges and lemons from Fez, are home-grown.

Chicken is the most widely eaten meat in Morocco. The most commonly eaten red meat in Morocco is beef;

Lamb is also consumed, but as Northwest African sheep breeds store most of their fat in their tails, Moroccan lamb does not have the pungent flavour that Western lamb and mutton
have. Poultry is also very common, and the use of seafood is increasing in Moroccan food. In addition, there are dried salted meats and salted preserved meats such as kliia/khlia and "g'did" which are used to flavor tagines or used in "el ghraif", a folded savory Moroccan pancake.

Among the most famous Moroccan dishes are

dates especially during the month of Ramadan. Pork consumption is forbidden in accordance with Sharia
, religious laws of Islam.

A big part of the daily meal is bread. Bread in Morocco is principally from durum wheat semolina known as khobz. Bakeries are very common throughout Morocco and fresh bread is a staple in every city, town and village. The most common is whole grain coarse ground or white flour bread. There are also a number of flat breads and pulled unleavened pan-fried breads. The most popular drink is "atai", green tea with mint leaves and other ingredients.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Morocco
Linguistic map of Morocco

Morocco's official languages are Modern Standard Arabic and Berber.[124]

The majority of the population speaks Moroccan Arabic.[125] According to the 2024 Moroccan census, 92.7% of the population spoke Arabic, whereas 24.8% spoke Berber languages.[126] The census also indicated that 99.2%, or almost the entire literate population of Morocco, could read and write in Arabic, while only 1.5% of the population could read and write in Berber. The census also reveals that 80.6% of Moroccans consider Arabic to be their native language, while 18.9% regard any of the various Berber languages as their mother tongue.[126][127]

Hassaniya Arabic is spoken in the southern part of the country, spoken by over 200,000 people.[128] Morocco has recently included the protection of Hassaniya in the constitution as part of the July 2011 reforms.

French is taught universally and still serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics; it is also used in education, sciences, government and most education fields.

Spanish is also spoken in the northern and southern parts of the country as a secondary foreign language after French. Meanwhile, English is increasingly becoming more popular among the educated, particularly in the science fields.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Morocco
Anglican church
built in 1894

In 2010, the Pew Forum estimated that 99% of Morocco's population was Muslim, with all other religious groups making up less than 1%.

non-denominational Muslims. With a deep-rooted history in Morocco, Islam remains the dominant faith. Since Islamic culture profoundly influences Moroccan society, many Moroccans are considered nominal or cultural Muslims.[130] The rhythm of life for Moroccans is dictated by religious celebrations throughout the year, such as Ramadan and Eid Al Adha. During these celebrations, most of them being public holidays, Moroccans focus on praying and spending time with their family. Moroccans also celebrate al-Mawlid al-Nabawi, the birthday of Muhammad, and the Islamic New Year
.

State of Israel in 1948, Morocco had approximately 265,000 Jews, making it home to the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.[131] Today, the historic Jewish community of Morocco is estimated to number around 2,000.[132] The majority of Moroccan Jews emigrated, primarily to Israel and France. As of 2019, Israel was home to approximately 472,800 Jews of Moroccan descent, accounting for around 5% of the country's total population.[133]

Catholics lived in the country, and Catholicism held a strong historical legacy and influence.[137]
Today,
INSEE, 5% of people of Moroccan origin in France identified as Christian.[143]

See also

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