Plínio Salgado
Plínio Salgado | |
|---|---|
 Plínio Salgado in 1959 | |
| President of the Brazilian Integralist Action | |
| In office February 28, 1934 – December 2, 1937 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| In office March 18, 1963 – February 2, 1975 | |
| Constituency | São Paulo |
| In office February 2, 1959 – March 18, 1963 | |
| Constituency | Paraná |
| State Deputy of São Paulo | |
| In office July 15, 1927 – October 24, 1930 | |
| Constituency | At-large |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 22, 1895 São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Died | December 8, 1975 (aged 80) São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Political party | |
| Spouses | Maria Amélia Pereira
(m. 1918; died 1919)Carmela Patti Salgado
(m. 1934) |
| Occupation | Author, journalist, politician, and theologian |
Plínio Salgado (Portuguese: [ˈplĩɲu sawˈɡadu]; January 22, 1895 – December 8, 1975) was a Brazilian politician, writer, journalist, and theologian. He founded and led Brazilian Integralist Action, a political party inspired by the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini.
Initially a supporter of the
Early life
Born in the small conservative town of São Bento do Sapucaí in the São Paulo state, Plínio Salgado was the son of Colonel Francisco das Chagas Salgado, a local political leader, and Ana Francisca Rennó Cortez, a teacher. A very active child at school, he had special interest for mathematics and geometry. After the loss of his father, at the age of 16, which is said to have made him a bitter young man, his interests shifted towards psychology and philosophy.
At the age of 20, Salgado founded and directed the weekly newspaper Correio de São Bento.[1] In 1918, he began his political life by taking part in the foundation of a party called Partido Municipalista.[1] This party congregated town leaders from municipalities in the Paraíba Valley region, and advocated municipal autonomy.
Also in that year, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira, and on July 6, 1919, his only daughter Maria Amélia Salgado was born. Fifteen days after giving birth to the couple's daughter, Salgado's wife, Maria Amélia died. Filled with sorrow, Plínio left his original study of
Through his articles in Correio de São Bento, Salgado became known by fellow journalists in
He published his first novel, The Stranger in 1926.[1] After that, alongside Cassiano Ricardo, del Picchia and Cândido Mota Filho, he launched the Green-Yellow movement, a nationalistic group inside Modernist movement.[1] The following year, also alongside del Picchia and Ricardo, Salgado launched the Anta movement, which exalted the indigenous peoples, particularly the Tupi, as the true carriers of the Brazilian identity.[1]
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That same year, he published his book Literature and Politics, in which he defended nationalistic ideas with a strong anti-liberal and pro-latifundia stance, inspired by Alberto Torres and Oliveira Viana.[1] His shift to far right-wing politics led Ricardo to launch the Flag movement, a social-democratic breakaway from the Green-Yellow and Anta movements.[2][3][4]
Integralism
In 1930, Salgado supported the presidential candidacy of
In the newspaper A Razão, founded by Alfredo Egidio de Souza Aranha, Salgado developed an intense campaign against the constitutionalization of Brazil.[1] As such, he drew the ire of anti-dictatorship activists, who burned down the newspaper's office just before the outbreak of the Constitutionalist Revolution.[1]
At the height of the Vargas dictatorship, Salgado created the Society for Political Studies, which gathered together intellectuals sympathetic to Fascism.[1] Months later, he released the October Manifesto, which provided the guidelines of a new political party, the Brazilian Integralist Action.[1]
Salgado adapted virtually all
Integralist Action drew its support from lower
On 1937, Salgado launched his presidential candidacy for the general elections scheduled to take place in January 1938.[1] Aware of Vargas' intention to cancel the election and remain in power, he supported his Estado Novo coup, hoping to make Integralism the doctrinal basis of the new regime,[1] as Vargas had promised him the office of the Minister of Education.[5] The President, however, banned the Integralist party, treating it the same way he had treated other political parties after transforming Brazil into a one-party state.[1]
In 1938, Integralist militants tried twice, in the months of March and May, to promote uprisings against Vargas.[1] Despite denying involvement in the events,[5] Salgado was arrested after the May uprising and was imprisoned in the 17th-century Santa Cruz Fortress in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. About a month later, he was sent to a six-year exile in Portugal.[1] During that period, he persistently sought to rehabilitate himself with the Brazilian regime, praising it in several manifestos, including its decision to declare war against Germany and Italy.[5]
Later career
Salgado returned to Brazil in 1945, with the end of the
Salgado was elected to represent
In 1964, he was one of the speakers at the March of Family with God for Freedom rally in
Salgado died in São Paulo on 9 December 1975, aged 80.[6] He is buried at Morumbi Cemetery.[7]
Bibliography
- João Fábio Bertonha (2023). Plínio Salgado: A Brazilian Fascist (1895–1975) Routledge Studies in Fascism and the Far Right. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1000983395– via Google Books.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac (in Portuguese) Plínio Salgado biography at UOL Educação.
- ^ GONÇALVES, Leandro Pereira. Plínio Salgado: um católico integralista entre Portugal e o Brasil (1895-1975). Rio de Janeiro: FGV Publishing, 2018.
- FGV, 2001.
- ^ "O integralismo brasileiro nunca deixou de existir". 3 May 2019.
- ^ Fundação Getúlio Vargas' Centre for Research and Documentation on the Contemporary History of Brazil.
- ^ "Plinio Salgado, Led Brazilian Fascists". The New York Times. 9 December 1975. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Vilela Barbuy, Victor Emanuel (22 January 2015). "Cento e vinte anos de Plínio Salgado" [One hundred and twenty years of Plínio Salgado]. Frente Integralista Brasiliera (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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