Palestinian political violence
Palestinian political violence refers to actions carried out by
Palestinian groups that have been involved in politically motivated violence include the
Palestinian political violence has targeted Israelis, Palestinians, Lebanese, Jordanians,, and assassinations.
Israeli statistics state that 3,500 Israelis have been killed as a result of Palestinian political violence since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.
History
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: The history ends about a decade ago; there have been substantial events since then..(October 2023) |
Overview and context
In protest against the
British-mandated Palestine (1917–1947)
Violence against the Jews in Palestine followed the Balfour Declaration in November 1917 which stimulated Jewish migrants to settle in Palestine. At this time the Arabs were both geographically and demographically dominant compared to the Jewish population, where the majority of Arabs were distributed throughout the highlands of Judea, Samaria and Galilee and the Jewish population was scattered in small towns and rural communities. The Arabs realized that the Jewish community, due to their lower numbers, was vulnerable to attrition and less able to take casualties. Therefore, they adopted a "war of attrition" tactic which was advantageous to the more numerous Arab community.[42]
Many of the deaths were inflicted during short time spans and in a few locations. For instance, in April 1920 about 216 Jews became casualties (killed or wounded) in a single day in Jerusalem. By May 1921, the casualty rate for Jews was approaching 40 per day and in August 1929 it had risen to 80 per day. During the 1929 riots, one percent of the Jewish population of Jerusalem became casualties, in Safed 2 percent and in Hebron 12 percent.[42] During the 1920–1929 attacks on Jews were organized by local groups and encouraged by local religious leaders. As the Jewish community did not count on the British authorities to protect them, they formed the Haganah which were predominantly defensive in the 1920s.[42] During the Arab Revolt in the 1936–1939 period, violence was coordinated and organized by the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and was directed against both Jews and the British. Due to the rising level of Arab violence, the Haganah started to pursue an offensive strategy.[42]
UN Partition Plan to establishment of PLO (1947–1964)
Around 400 Palestinian "infiltrators" were killed by Israeli Security Forces each year in 1951, 1952 and 1953; a similar number and probably far more were killed in 1950. 1,000 or more were killed in 1949. At least 100 were killed during 1954–1956. In total upward of 2,700 and possibly as many as 5,000 'infiltrators' were killed by the IDF, police, and civilians along Israel's borders between 1949 and 1956. Most of the people in question were refugees attempting to return to their homes, take back possessions that had been left behind during the war and to gather crops from their former fields and orchards inside the new Israeli state.[43] Meron Benivasti states that the fact that the "infiltrators" were for the most part former inhabitants of the land returning for personal, economic and sentimental reasons was suppressed in Israel as it was feared that this may lead to an understanding of their motives and to the justification of their actions.[43]
Throughout the period 1949–56 the Egyptian government opposed the movement of refugees from the Gaza strip into Israel, but following the IDF's Gaza Raid on February 28, 1955, the Egyptian authorities facilitated militant infiltration but still continued to oppose civilian infiltration.[44] At first, Palestinians were trying to go back to their houses or to retrieve property [citation needed] but after 1950 these acts became much more violent and included killings of civilians in nearby cities.[citation needed]
After Israel's Operation Black Arrow in 1955 which came as a result of a series of massacres in the city of Rehovot, the Palestinian fedayeen were incorporated into an Egyptian unit.[45] John Bagot Glubb, a British general who commanded the Arab Legion, claimed in his 1957 autobiography A Soldier with the Arabs that he convinced the Legion to arm and train the fedayeen for free.[46] Between 1951 and 1956, 400 Israelis were killed and 900 wounded by fedayeen attacks.;[47][48] according to the Anti-Defamation League "[i]n 1955 alone, 260 Israeli citizens were killed or wounded by fedayeen".[49]
The
Six-Day War and aftermath
Our basic aim is to liberate the land from the Mediterranean Seas to the Jordan River. We are not concerned with what took place in June 1967 or in eliminating the consequences of the June War. The Palestinian revolution's basic concern is the uprooting of the Zionist entity from our land and liberating it.
— Yasser Arafat, 1970[52]
Due to Israel's defeat of Arab armies in the Six-Day War, the Palestinian leadership came to the conclusion that the Arab world was unable to challenge Israel militarily in open warfare. Simultaneously, the Palestinians drew lessons from movements and uprisings in Latin America, North Africa and Southeast Asia which led them to move away from guerilla warfare in rural areas towards terrorist attacks in urban environments with an international reach. This led to a series of aircraft hijackings, bombings and kidnappings which culminated in the killings of Israeli athletes during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. The military superiority of Israel led Palestinian fighters to employ guerrilla tactics from bases in Jordan and Lebanon.[51]
In the wake of the Six-Day War, confrontations between Palestinian guerrillas in Jordan and government forces became a major problem within the kingdom. By early 1970, at least seven Palestinian guerrilla organizations were active in Jordan, one of the most important being the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) led by George Habash. Based in the Jordanian refugee camps, the fedayeen developed a virtual state within a state, receiving funds and arms from both the Arab states and Eastern Europe and openly flouting the law of the country. The guerrillas initially focused on attacking Israel, but by late 1968, the main fedayeen activities in Jordan appeared to shift to attempts to overthrow the Jordanian monarchy.[28]
Black September
Various clashes between the fedayeen and the army occurred between the years 1968–1970. The situation climaxed in September 1970, when several attempts to assassinate king Hussein failed. On September 7, 1970, in the series of
A bitterly fought 10-day civil war known as
Battles between Palestinian guerrilla forces and the Jordanian army continued during the closing months of 1970 and the first six months of 1971. In November 1971, members of the Palestinian
Relocation to Lebanon and Lebanese Civil War
In the aftermath of Black September in Jordan, many Palestinians arrived in
After Black September, the PLO and its offshoots waged an international campaign against Israelis. Notable events were the
First Intifada (1987–1993)
The
There were two attacks that represented new developments in terms of political violence inside Israel in this period. The first
During this period, the Abu Nidal Organization became subsumed by infighting and mass executed hundreds of its members and their families during 1987–1988. The number of executed is estimated at 600 people, mostly Palestinians, across several separate locations in Syria, Lebanon and Libya.[62]
Oslo Accords to Camp David Summit (1993–2000)
The years between the intifadas were marked by intense diplomatic activity between Israel and Palestinians as well as the creation of the
Second Intifada (2000–2005)
According to
In October 2000 a
Suicide bombings and attacks on civilians
A spate of suicide bombings and attacks, aimed mostly at civilians (such as the
In 2004, 31 people were killed and 159 others were wounded in a simultaneous attack against multiple tourist destinations in Egypt.[70] Of the dead, 15 were Egyptians, 12 were from Israel, two from Italy, one from Russia, and one was an Israeli-American. According to the Egyptian government, the bombers were Palestinians led by Iyad Saleh, who had tried to enter Israel to carry out attacks there but were unsuccessful.[71]
2005–2013
In the mid-2000s
After the
Hamas has made use of guerrilla tactics in the Gaza Strip and to a lesser degree the West Bank.[74] Hamas has adapted these techniques over the years since its inception. According to a 2006 report by rival Fatah party, Hamas had smuggled "between several hundred and 1,300 tons" of advanced rockets, along with other weaponry, into Gaza. Some Israelis and some Gazans both noted similarities in Hamas's military buildup to that of Hezbollah in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war.[74]
Hamas has used
During the
In 2012, terror attacks against Israelis in the West Bank increased compared to 2011. The number of terror attacks in the West Bank increased from 320 in 2011 to 578 in 2012.
In 2013, Hamas stated that the "kidnapping of IDF soldiers to trade for Palestinian prisoners is at the heart of Palestinian culture".[80]
2023 Israel-Hamas war
On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched
On 13 October 2023, Israeli Defense Minister
Government involvement
In 2011, Israeli PM Benyamin Netanyahu stated that the incitement promulgated by the Palestinian Authority was destroying Israel's confidence, and he condemned what he regarded as the glorification of the murderers of the
Isi Leibler wrote in the Jerusalem Post that Mahmoud Abbas and his chief negotiator Saeb Erekat deny Israel's right to exist and promote vicious hatred against Jews, in statements made in Arabic. He claimed that the state-controlled Palestinian media praised the murders committed by Palestinians. Abbas al-Sayed who perpetrated the Passover suicide attack at the Park Hotel in Netanya which killed 30 civilians was described by Abbas as a "hero" and "symbol of the Palestinian Authority".[88]
Following the
The United Nations body UNESCO stopped funding a children's magazine sponsored by the Palestinian Authority that commended Hitler's killing of Jews. It deplored this publication as contrary to its principles of building tolerance and respect for human rights and human dignity.[90]
Palestinian Media Watch reported that the Palestinian Authority spent more than $5 million a month paying salaries to Palestinians and Israeli Arabs imprisoned in Israel for terror crimes. They also stated that groups in a summer camp for children sponsored by PA Prime Minister
After Israel agreed to hand over the bodies of dead Palestinian suicide bombers and other militants as part of what the Israeli Government described as 'a humanitarian gesture' to PA chairman Mahmoud Abbas to help the peace process, the Palestinian Authority planned a national rally to honour them and to provide full military funerals. The bodies included the suicide bombers that perpetrated the
Palestinian President
Involvement of women and children
In the 1930s, the emergence of organized youth cadres was rooted in the desire to form a youth paramilitary. It was believed that armed youth might bring an end to
As a youngster,
Child suicide bombers
As part of the
According to Amnesty International: "Palestinian armed groups have repeatedly shown total disregard for the most fundamental human rights, notably the right to life, by deliberately targeting Israeli civilians and by using Palestinian children in armed attacks. Children are susceptible to recruitment by manipulation or may be driven to join armed groups for a variety of reasons, including a desire to avenge relatives or friends killed by the Israeli army."[102]
Human shields
According to the
Involvement of women
Women in particular have increasingly associated political violence with expanded citizenship rights due to the perceived failure of nonmilitaristic tactics to achieve political goals, primary amongst these, the achievement of Palestinian autonomy.[105]
The profile of the female Palestinian suicide bombers has been the subject of study by Katherine VanderKaay, who presented her profiling of the subjects at the American Psychological Association's annual meeting. While the first suicide bombing undertaken by a Palestinian took place in 1994, the first female suicide bomber from among Palestinian society did not emerge until January 2002. The bomber was Wafa Idris, a 28-year-old paramedic and a supporter of secularist parties.[106][107]
Violence against civilians
According to B'Tselem, the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 500 Israeli civilians were killed by Palestinians from September 29, 2000, to March 31, 2012, in Israel, and another 254 Israeli civilians were killed in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.[108]
B'tselem reported that the main argument used to justify violence against civilians is that "all means are legitimate in fighting for independence against a foreign occupation". B'Tselem criticized this argument, saying it is completely baseless, and contradicts the fundamental principle of international humanitarian law.
"According to this principle, civilians are to be protected from the consequences of warfare, and any attack must discriminate between civilians and military targets. This principle is part of international customary law; as such, it applies to every state, organization, and person, even those who are not party to any relevant convention."[109]
B'Tselem further noted that Palestinian spokespersons distinguish between attacks inside Israel proper and attacks directed at settlers in the
"The illegality of the settlements has no effect at all on the status of their civilian residents. The settlers constitute a distinctly civilian population, which is entitled to all the protections granted civilians by international law. The Israeli security forces' use of land in the settlements or the membership of some settlers in the Israeli security forces does not affect the status of the other residents living among them, and certainly does not make them proper targets of attack. B'Tselem strongly opposes the attempts to justify attacks against Israeli civilians by using distorted interpretations of international law. Furthermore, B'Tselem demands that the Palestinian Authority do everything within its power to prevent future attacks and to prosecute the individuals involved in past attacks."[109]
Rocket attacks on Israel
The weapons, often generically referred to as Qassams, were initially crude and short-range, mainly affecting the Israeli city of Sderot and other communities bordering the Gaza Strip. In 2006, more sophisticated rockets began to be deployed, reaching the larger coastal city of Ashkelon, and by early 2009 major cities Ashdod and Beersheba had been hit by Katyusha and Grad rockets.
Attacks have been carried out by all Palestinian armed groups,
Defenses constructed specifically to deal with the weapons include fortifications for schools and bus stops as well as an alarm system named Red Color. Iron Dome, a system to intercept short-range rockets, was developed by Israel and first deployed in the spring of 2011 to protect Beersheba and Ashkelon, but officials and experts warned that it would not be completely effective. Shortly thereafter, it intercepted a Palestinian Grad rocket for the first time.[119]
The attacks were a stated cause of the
Some analysts see the attacks as a shift away from reliance on
Denial of service attacks on the emergency services
There have been a number of reports in the Israeli press about denial of service attacks by Palestinians on the Magen David Adom and other emergency call lines.[121][122][123][124][125][126][127] A spokesman said that they had received up to 2400 harassing calls per day to the Beersheba MDA office[123] deputy Mayor of Sderot said that after investigation that Palestinians were blocking the ability[122] of citizens to seek for help after mortar and missile attacks. According to the MDA director in the Negev some callers identified themselves as Palestinians and said that they had been paid to make the calls.[123] The director said the calls were intended to block the MDA's ability to provide emergency services particularly during major events such as mortar[124] attacks.[123] As of 2006[123][125] filtering systems had been developed and deployed to handle with this type of calls, according to MDA 2008 report one filtering system recognized more than 129,000 phone calls as abusive calls.[128]
Threats of chemical and biological weapons
In a testimony given to the congress, it had been reported that Hamas was seeking to acquire chemical and biological weapons during 1990–1993.[129]
In a statement by Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on The Worldwide Threat in 2000: Global Realities of Our National Security, it was stated that Hamas was pursuing a capability to conduct attacks with toxic chemicals.[130]
The plot for Passover massacre included four kilograms of cyanide, bought and prepared for a chemical attack.[131][citation needed]
In 2003, one report by the CSIS stated The Palestinian terrorist group that allegedly recruited a Canadian to carry out attacks in North America may be developing chemical weapons.[132]
On June 26, 2006, Yedioth Ahronot published a report stating that Fatah's armed wing said it had developed biological, chemical weapons, which would be used if Israel invaded Gaza. 'We say to Olmert, Peretz: Your threats of invasion do not frighten us. We will surprise you with new weapons you have not faced until now,' Al-Aqsa Brigades says.[133][134]
On June 29, 2006, the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, claimed to have launched a single rocket with a chemical warhead against the southern part of Israel. An Israeli military spokeswoman said the army had not detected that any such rocket was fired, nor was there any report of such a weapon hitting Israel.[135][136]
Israeli news reports have stated that chemical weapons, and missiles with chemical warheads from Libya have been transferred to Palestinians in Gaza, [citation needed] with some allegedly transferred via Sudan, although Sudanese officials have denied the accusations.[137]
Stone-throwing
Palestinian stone-throwing is a violent political statement celebrated in the literature of the Palestinian national liberation movement. Stone throwing was the primary tactic of the First Intifada (1987 – 1993.) It encompasses the practice of throwing stones by hand and using powerful slings variously aimed at Israel security personnel, Israeli civilians, and at both civilian and military vehicles. It has resulted in the death of both Israelis and Arabs unknowingly targeted by stone-throwers.[citation needed]
Internal violence
B'Tselem reports that from September 29, 2000, to March 31, 2012, there were 669 Palestinians killed by Palestinians. Of those, 134 were killed for suspected collaboration with Israel.[31][138]
Concerning the killing of Palestinians by other Palestinians, a January 2003 Humanist magazine article reports:[139]
For over a decade the PA has violated Palestinian human rights and civil liberties by routinely killing civilians—including collaborators, demonstrators, journalists, and others—without charge or fair trial. Of the total number of Palestinian civilians killed during this period by both Israeli and Palestinian security forces, 16 percent were the victims of Palestinian security forces.
... According to Freedom House's annual survey of political rights and civil liberties, Freedom in the World 2001–2002, the chaotic nature of the Intifada along with strong Israeli reprisals has resulted in a deterioration of living conditions for Palestinians in Israeli-administered areas. The survey states:
"Civil liberties declined due to: shooting deaths of Palestinian civilians by Palestinian security personnel; the summary trial and executions of alleged collaborators by the Palestinian Authority (PA); extrajudicial killings of suspected collaborators by militias; and the apparent official encouragement of Palestinian youth to confront Israeli soldiers, thus placing them directly in harm's way."
Internal Palestinian violence has been called an Intrafada.[140]
Palestinian attitudes
The PLO officially "declared its rejection and condemnation of terrorism in all its forms" in 1988.[141]
1995–2000
A study conducted by Mkhaimer Abusada of Al-Azhar University explored attitudes towards the use of political violence. Four questions were posed on the subject of political violence to over a thousand respondents randomly selected from localities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The first question was: "Do you support the continuing resort of some Palestinian factions to armed operations against Israeli targets in Gaza and Jericho?" Overall, 56% of respondents responded negatively. Those affiliated with leftist groups showed the highest levels of support for armed attacks against Israelis (74%), while those affiliated with parties supporting the peace process showed the lowest levels (24%). The Islamic opposition was split, with slightly over half in favor, and slightly less than half opposed.[142]
In September 1995, survey participants were asked whether they supported, opposed or had no opinion with regard to "armed attacks against Israeli army targets", "armed attacks against Israeli settlers", and "armed attacks against Israeli civilian targets". The majority supported the use of armed attacks against Israeli military targets and settlers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Support crossed all party lines and groups, and was highest among the Islamic opposition (91% and 84%) and the leftists (90% and 89%), though a significant majority of those who supported the peace process also supported armed attacks on military targets and settlers (69% and 73%). To explain the apparent paradox in the latter position, Abusada quotes Shikaki (1996) who "contends that Palestinian support for the use of armed attacks against Israeli military targets and settlers does not indicate 'opposition to the peace process but Palestinian insistence that the process entails an end to occupation and settlements.'"[142] Palestinian support for armed attacks against Israeli civilian targets in Israel was 20% overall, with support being highest among those affiliated with the Islamic opposition (42%) and the leftists (32%), and lowest among supporters of the peace process (12%) and the National Independents (10%).[142]
2000–04
A July 2001 poll conducted by the Palestinian Center for Policy & Survey Research (PSR) found that 58 percent of Palestinians supported armed attacks against Israeli civilians inside Israel and 92 percent supported armed confrontations against the Israeli army in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[143] A May 2002 poll by the center found that support for bombings of civilians inside Israel dropped to 52%, but support for armed attacks against Israeli settlers remained "very high" at 89 percent. Support for armed attacks against soldiers stood at 92 percent.[144] A poll after the 2003 Maxim restaurant suicide bombing, in which 20 Israelis were killed, concluded that 75 percent of Palestinians supported the attack, with support higher "in the Gaza Strip (82%) compared to the West Bank (70%), in refugee camps (84%) compared to towns and villages (69%), among women (79%) compared to men (71%), among the young (78%) compared to the old (66%), among students (81%) compared to professionals (33%), and among supporters of Hamas (92%) compared to supporters of Fateh (69%)".[145]
The firing of rockets from Beit Hanoun into Israel was acceptable to about three-quarters of the Palestinian public in the occupied territories, and was higher in the West Bank (78%) compared to the Gaza Strip (71%), among students (83%) compared to merchants (63%), and among supporters of Hamas (86%) compared to supporters of Fatah (73%). While firing rockets from Beit Hanoun was supported by a majority of Palestinians (75%), 59% of the residents of Beit Hanoun rejected this practice. 83% of Palestinians favored a mutual cessation of violence.[146]
A report by the
A 2004 study by Victoroff et al. was conducted on a group of 52 boys, all 14 years old, from the
2005–2012
A March 2008 report by Palestinian Center for Policy & Survey Research (PSR) noted that the level of support for armed attack against Israeli civilians inside Israel increased significantly with 67% supporting and 31% opposed, compared to support by 40% in 2005 and 55% in 2006. A February 2008 suicide bombing that killed one Israeli woman in
The
In 2012, the number of militant attacks in the
Casualties
Palestinian deaths by other Palestinians since 1982.
Conflict | Killed |
---|---|
Operation Pillar of Defense
|
8[154] |
Gaza War
|
75[citation needed] |
Internal violence 2007–present | 600[155] |
Battle of Gaza (2007) | 130[citation needed] |
Second Intifada | 714[156] |
First Intifada | 1,100[citation needed] |
War of the Camps |
Groups
- Hamas
- Founded in 1987 by Ahmed Yassin and Mohammad Taha as an outgrowth of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas' goal is the establishment of a Palestinian state.[157]
- Armed wing is the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades; the sole target of its suicide bombings and missile attacks is Israel.[157]
- Took part in 2006 elections and won. After the 2007 Battle of Gaza the Hamas government was disbanded by Mahmoud Abbas but remained de facto rulers of the Gaza Strip.
- Currently led by Khaled Mashaal and Ismail Haniyeh
- Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) (founded 1970s)
- Formed by Fathi Shaqaqi as a branch of Egyptian Islamic Jihad
- Goal is the destruction of the state of Israel and replacement with an Islamist state[citation needed]
- Armed wing is the Al-Quds Brigades (Jerusalem brigades)
- Currently led by Ramadan Shallah, the Secretary General and Abd Al Aziz Awda
- The Popular Resistance Committees
- Islamist
- Founded in 2000 by Jamal Abu Samhadana who led the group until he was killed in 2006.
- Hamas linked group, based in the Gaza Strip
- Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (founded June 1964)
- Formed as the political representation of the Palestinian people
- Currently led by Mahmoud Abbas
PLO
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (founded 1967)
- Left-wing
- Joined the PLO in 1968 and became the second-largest PLO faction, after Arafat's al-Fatah, but withdrew in 1974, accusing the group of moving away from the goal of abolishing the State of Israel. It was led by
- Armed wing is the Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades and Jihad Jibril Brigades[161]
- Currently led by Ahmad Sa'adat
- Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) (founded 1969)
- Declaration of Principlessigned in 1993. Broke from the APF – along with the PFLP – over ideological differences. Has made limited moves towards merging with the PFLP since the mid-1990s.
- Abu Nidal organization (ANO), also known as Fatah - the Revolutionary Council(FRC), (founded 1974)
- Split from PLO; part of the so-called rejectionist front, the ANO is a secular, nationalist group. Was led by Abu Nidal, widely regarded as the most ruthless of the Palestinian leaders, until his death in August 2002. According to Kameel Nasr, Arab and Israeli Terrorism, The group was infiltrated and influenced by Israeli security.
- Palestine Liberation Front(PLF)
- Minor Left wing faction
- Founded in 196 by Abu Abbas
- Arab Liberation Front (ALF)
- Minor faction tied to the Iraqi Ba'ath Party
- Founded in 1969, first leader was Zeid Heidar
- Currently led by Rakad Salem
- As-Sa'iqa (VPLW)
- Palestinian branch of the Syrian Ba'ath Party
- Founded in 1966 as alternative to Fatah, organisation boycotts Palestinian National Authority and is opposed to Oslo Accords
- Organisation was not active during the Second Intifada
- Currently led by Farhan Abu Al-Hayja.
- Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (PPSF)
- Minor Socialist faction formerly led by Samir Ghawshah
- Palestinian Arab Front (PAF)
- Minor Arab Nationalistfaction
- Minor
- Originally part of the ALF, split from the ALF in 1993
- Supports the Palestinian right of return and creation of Palestinian state within 1967 borders
- Currently led by Jameel Shihadeh.
- Fatah (founded early 1960s)[162]
- Palestinian nationalistpolitical party
- Reverse acronym for "Harekat at-Tahrir al-Wataniyyeh al-Falastiniyyeh" ("Palestinian National Liberation Movement" in Arabic)
- Also known as the Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine
- Founded by Yasser Arafat in 1959. Took control of the PLO in 1968, with Arafat as chairman.
- Currently led by Mahmoud Abbas
Fatah associates
- Tanzim (founded 1995)
- Means "organization" in Arabic
- Loosely organized Fatah militia
- Led by Marwan Barghouti until his arrest in 2002.
- Force 17 (early 1970s–2007)
- Elite unit of the PLO once under Yasser Arafat's direct guidance.
- Acts as a versatile unit for combat and intelligence-gathering.
- Dismantled in 2007 and incorporated into the Palestinian Presidential Guard.
- Fatah Special Operations Group (Fatah-SOG)
- Founded in the early 1970s by Col. Abdullah Abd al-Hamid Labib
- Also known as the Martyrs of Tel Al Za'atar, Hawari, and Amn Araissi.
- Recently inactive (as of 2004)
- Ahmed Abu Reish Brigade
- Extremist offshoot of Fatah.
- Was involved in the July 17, 2004, kidnappings in the Gaza Strip.
- Possibly linked to the Popular Resistance Committees
- Led by Ahmed Abu Reish
- Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade
- Responsible for many suicide bombingsand shootings of Israeli civilians
- Responsible for executing suspected conspirators and leaders of opposition against Arafat
- Funded by Fatah and the Palestinian Authority[citation needed]
- Offshoot of this group, Fatah Hawks, has carried out guerrilla attacks against Israeli military personnel in the Gaza Strip.
- Responsible for many
- Black September Organization (1970–1973)
- Began as a small cell of Fatah men determined to take revenge upon King Hussein and the Jordanian army for Black September in Jordan. Recruits from the PFLP, as-Sa'iqa, and other groups also joined.
- Carried out Munich massacre.
- Carried out Attack on the Saudi embassy in Khartoum
- In 1973 two members of the Black September attacked, with sub-machine guns and grenades, at the passenger lounge at Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece. Three civilians have been killed and 55 have been wounded. After the attack the gunmen took hostages, for more than two hours, before surrendering to the Greek police. Most of the casualties and injured were Greeks and Americans.[163]
- Began as a small cell of Fatah men determined to take revenge upon King Hussein and the Jordanian army for
Splinter
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command(PFLP-GC) (founded 1968)
- Splinter group from the PFLP, founded by Ahmed Jibril. Declared its focus would be military, not political. Was a member of the PLO, but left in 1974 for the same reasons as PFLP.
Al-Qaeda associates
- Army of Islam(Jaysh al-Islam)
- Also known as the Tawhid and Jihad Brigades and al-Qaeda in Palestine
- The group are an armed Gaza clan named Doghmush who are affiliated with al-Qaeda and Abu Qatada
- Abdullah Azzam Brigades
- Jund Ansar Allah (2008–)
- al-Qaeda-affiliated group in the Gaza Strip, founded in November 2008 by Abdel Latif Moussa
- In August 2009, the group proclaimed the creation of an Islamic emirate in Gaza and led an armed rebellion against Hamas.
- The group's leader Abdel Latif Moussa was killed during that rebellion.
- Fatah al-Islam (2006–)
- al-Qaeda-affiliated group involved in a conflict with the Lebanese army in 2007 over control of Palestinian refugee camps, which caused the death of nearly 500 people.
- The group was established in 2006 by Shaker al-Abssiwho led the group until killed by Lebanese forces in 2007.
- Abu Mohamad Awad succeeded al-Abbsi as the group's leader.
- Jund al-Sham (1999–2008)
- Radical Islamist group set up by Palestinians and Syrians which operated in different areas of the Middle East.
- The group's leader Abu Youssef Sharqieh was captured by Lebanese forces during the 2007 conflict in Palestinian refugee camps.
- The group was disbanded in 2008 as its members joined Lebanese al-Qaeda affiliated group Osbat al-Ansar.
- Jaljalat (2006–)
- A Hamas-splinter organisation founded in 2006 by Mahmoud Taleb, a former al-Qassam Brigades commander, after he opposed Hamas joining the 2006 elections
- The group is affiliated with both Jund Ansar Allah and al-Qaeda
- Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin(2008–)
- al-Qaeda-affiliated group in the Gaza Strip, founded in November 2008 by Abu al-Walid al-Maqdisi
- al-Qaeda-affiliated group in the Gaza Strip, founded in November 2008 by
Sabireen Movement
The Sabireen Movement's leadership converted to Shia Islam in 2014. It is at odds with Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and supports Hezbollah, Iran and Syria.
Notable attacks
This article may contain embedded lists. by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (November 2023) |
- 1979 Nahariya attack
- 2000 Ramallah lynching
- 2008 Dimona suicide bombing
- 2011 Itamar attack
- Avivim school bus massacre
- Beit Lid massacre
- Coastal Road massacre
- Dizengoff Street bus bombing
- Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing
- Har Nof synagogue massacre
- Hebrew University massacre
- Jaffa Road bus bombings
- Jerusalem bus 19 suicide bombing
- Karkur junction suicide bombing
- Kiryat Menachem bus bombing
- Lod Airport massacre
- Ma'ale Akrabim massacre
- Ma'alot massacre
- Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
- Mercaz HaRav massacre
- Night of the Gliders
- Passover massacre
- Pi Glilot bombing
- Sabena Flight 571
- Savoy Hotel Attack
- Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
- Shawarma restaurant bombing
International attacks
See also
- Crime in Israel
- Death of Daniel Wultz
- Fatah–Hamas conflict
- Islamic terrorism
- Israeli casualties of war
- Israeli settler violence
- List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine
- Martyrdom in Palestinian society
- Outline of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
- Palestinian casualties of war
- Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial
- Violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
- Zionist political violence
References
- ^ "State Dept. List of Terrorist organizations". State.gov. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
- ^ "Currently listed entities". Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. August 7, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
- ^ Terrorism Act 2000 (11, Schedule 2). 2000. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2018. Archived January 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Lists associated with Resolution 1373". New Zealand Police. July 20, 2014. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
- ^ "List of organisations recognized as terrorist groups" (PDF). europa.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
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That violence and mass mobilization are intrinsically linked to nationalism is frequently, and rightly, asserted in the literature.....It is precisely these dynamics and patterns that are revealed in the case of the Palestinians, no less so because they are stateless....It goes without saying that violence has been the chosen means of most postcolonial and national liberation movements, but the fact that it was directly linked to self-image and identity was specifically clear to the founders of Fateh.
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External links
- Media related to Israeli-Palestinian conflict at Wikimedia Commons