Port Louis
Port Louis
Port-Louis ( Morisyen) | |
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Capital city | |
Port Louis Waterfront Champ de Mars Aerial view of Port Louis Port Louis Harbour | |
UTC+4 (MUT) | |
Website | Municipal Council |
Port Louis (French: Port-Louis,
History
Port Louis was used as a harbour by the Dutch settlers from 1606, when they started to refer to the area as Harbour of Tortoises.[3] In 1736, under French government, it became the administrative centre of Mauritius and a major reprovisioning halt for French ships during their passage between Asia and Europe, around the Cape of Good Hope.[4] The Port is named in honour of King
Raouf Oderuth, the Mauritian Artist provides a 1930s scene depicting the waterfront when motorised transportation hardly existed. Place D’Armes is still recognisable despite high-rise buildings, heavy traffic jams, and crowds of pedestrians.
Government
The local governance of Port Louis is overseen by a municipal council. The City Council of Port Louis was first established in 1830 and is currently one of five municipal councils responsible for the urban areas in Mauritius, as organized under Local Government Act 2011. Twenty-four councillors are elected democratically to administer the council. Councillors then elect a Lord Mayor and a Deputy Lord Mayor. Functions of the council are performed through Departments of Administration, Finance, Land Use and Planning, Public Infrastructure, Public Health, Welfare, Parks and Gardens, and the City Library. Services delivered by the local government include preschool, kindergarten, and vocational schools, health protection, housing regulation, road services, refuse collection, cemeteries, some environmental and consumer protection services, and economic promotion activities. Other services are provided to the city by the central government. These include police services through the Mauritius Police Force, which maintains two divisions responsible for the Port Louis area (Metropolitan Divisions North and South). There is also a specific Port Police, composed of the Harbour Police and Bulk Sugar Terminal Police. Their roles include providing security to cargo and facilities in the port area and enforcing laws related to harbour regulations, customs, quarantine, immigration, and drug trafficking.
Port Louis is divided into different suburbs including but not limited to:[5][6]
- Bell-Village
- Borstal
- Camp Yoloff
- Cassis
- Champ-de-Mars
- Cité La Cure
- Cité Vallijee
- Grande-Rivière-Nord-Ouest
- La Tour Koënig
- Pailles
- Plaine Lauzun
- Plaine-Verte
- Pointe-aux-Sables
- Roche-Bois
- Sainte-Croix
- Tranquebar
- Vallée-des-Prêtres
- Vallée-Pitot
Port Louis is electorally divided into 8 Wards each with 3 Councillors.[7]
Climate
Owing to its location in the rain shadow of the southeast trade winds, Port Louis features a tropical savanna climate (Aw) under Köppen's climate classification. Its wettest months are from December through April where on average 80 mm (3.1 in) (or more) of rainfall. The remaining months form Port Louis' dry season. The city also shows a noticeable but small range of average temperatures. Port Louis' coolest temperatures are seen mid-year where average high temperatures are around 27 °C or 80.6 °F. During the height of the wet season, the city sees its highest temperatures where average high temperatures are usually around 31 °C or 88 °F.
Climate data for Port Louis | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.4 (85.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
25.6 (78.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
21.6 (70.9) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 131 (5.2) |
160 (6.3) |
83 (3.3) |
87 (3.4) |
48 (1.9) |
24 (0.9) |
18 (0.7) |
19 (0.7) |
17 (0.7) |
15 (0.6) |
24 (0.9) |
85 (3.3) |
711 (27.9) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 68 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 248 | 226 | 217 | 240 | 248 | 210 | 217 | 217 | 240 | 279 | 270 | 279 | 2,891 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization.[8] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: BBC Weather[9] |
Economy
The economy of the city is mostly dominated by its financial centre, port facilities, tourism, and the manufacturing sector which includes textiles,
Finance industry
Port Louis is the financial centre of Mauritius, which has established itself as safe and trusted location for conducting business due to its strong democracy, political stability, and multilingual population. Located in Port Louis is the Stock Exchange of Mauritius. Also in Port Louis are over ten commercial banks that serve both domestic and offshore clients, insurance companies, pension funds, mutual funds, leasing companies, and foreign exchange dealers. The oldest bank based in Port Louis is the Mauritius Commercial Bank, which was founded in 1838. The Bank of Mauritius is the central bank of the country. Measuring 124 m (407 ft) from ground level to its pinnacle, the Bank of Mauritius Tower is the tallest building in the country.
Transportation
Port Louis is served by two major bus stations. Victoria Station is used by buses to and from the eastern and southern areas and the
List of bus routes operated in and around Port Louis
The following are the bus routes operated in and around Port Louis
Route number | Origin | Destination | Via: | Operated by: |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Port Louis/Victoria | Rose Hill | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin | RHT(Rose Hill Transport) |
1A | Port Louis/Victoria | Rose Hill | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Barkly, Roches Brunes, Stanley | RHT(Rose Hill Transport) |
1B | Port Louis/Victoria | Rose Hill | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Vandermeersch | RHT(Rose Hill Transport) |
2 | Port Louis/Victoria | Curepipe | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Rose Hill, Belle Rose, Shoprite, Phoenix, St Paul, Mesnil, Castel, Eau Coulee | UBS(United Bus Service) |
2A | Port Louis/Victoria | Forest Side | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Rose Hill, Belle Rose, Shoprite, Phoenix, St Paul, Mesnil, Castel, Eau Coulee, Curepipe | UBS |
3 | Port Louis/Victoria | Vacoas | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Rose Hill, Belle Rose, Quatre Bornes, La Louise, Candos, Bonne Terre | CNT |
3B | Port Louis/Victoria | Bord Cascades | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Rose Hill, Belle Rose, Quatre Bornes, La Louise, Candos, Bonne Terre, Quinze Cantons, Glen Park | CNT |
3C | Port Louis/Victoria | Bassin | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Rose Hill, Belle Rose, Quatre Bornes | CNT |
3D | Port Louis/Victoria | La Marie | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Rose Hill, Belle Rose, Quatre Bornes, La Louise, Candos, Bonne Terre, Quinze Cantons, Glen Park, Morc Pousson | CNT |
12 | Port Louis/Victoria | Sebastopol | La Butte, Camp Chapelon, Pailles, Montagne Ory, Moka Hospital, St Pierre, Verdun, Quartier Militaire, Melrose, Montagne Blanche | Individual Operators/MFBOCS(Moka/Flacq Bus Owners Cooperative Society) |
19 | Port Louis/Immigration | Creve Coeur | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Bois Pignolet, Notre Dame, Baillache, Long Mountain, Valton | MBT(Mauritian Bus Transport) |
20 | Port Louis/Immigration | Triolet | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Arsenal, Solitude | TBS(Triolet Bus Service) |
20A | Port Louis/Immigration | Pointe aux Piments | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Arsenal, Solitude, Triolet, Trou aux Biches | TBS |
21 | Port Louis/Immigration | Goodlands | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Arsenal, SSRN Hospital, Morc St Andre, Plaine des Papayes, Fond du Sac, The Vale, Petit Raffray | Individual Operators/BOCSN |
22 | Port Louis/Immigration | Grand Gaube | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Khoyratty, Calebasses, Pamplemousses, Belle Vue Harel, Forbach, Goodlands, Roche Terre | Individual Operators/BOCSN |
23 | Port Louis/Immigration | Riviere du Rempart | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Khoyratty, Calebasses, Pamplemousses, The Mount, Piton, Esperance Trebuchet, Poudre d'Or, Pointe des Lascars | CNT |
24 | Port Louis/Immigration | Riviere du Rempart | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Khoyratty, Calebasses, Pamplemousses, Mon Gout, Grande Rosalie, Petite Julie, Barlow, Amaury, Belle Vue Maurel | CNT |
27 | Port Louis/Immigration | Riviere du Rempart | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Khoyratty, Calebasses, Pamplemousses, Belle Vue Harel, Mapou, Piton, Gokoolah-Amitie, Belle Vue Maurel | CNT |
33 | Plaine Verte | Pailles | Desforges, Pope Hennessy, Labourdonnais, La Butte, Camp Chapelon, Les Guibies | UBS |
33A | Cite Vallijee | Terre Rouge | La Butte, Casernes, Labourdonnais, Pope Hennessy, Desforges, Plaine Verte, Cite Martial, Ste Croix, Le Hochet | UBS |
41 | Port Louis/Immigration | Vallee des Pretres | Desforges, Plaine Verte, Cite Martial, Carolines | UBS |
47 | Port Louis/Immigration | Cassis | New Trunk Road, Bell Village | UBS |
50 | Port Louis/Immigration | Tranquebar | Desforges, Pope Hennessy, Champs de Mars | UBS |
51/51A | Port Louis/Immigration | Pointe aux Sables | Victoria, La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, La Tour Koenig, Terrasson, Petit Verger | TBS |
52 | Port Louis/Immigration | Medine | Victoria, La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Richelieu, Petite Riviere, Canot, Bambous | CNT |
52A | Port Louis/Immigration | Albion | Victoria, La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Richelieu, Petite Riviere, Belle Vue | CNT |
52B | Port Louis/Immigration | Geoffroy NHDC | Victoria, La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Richelieu, Petite Riviere, Canot, Bambous | CNT |
63A | Port Louis/Immigration | Roches Noires | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Arsenal, SSRN Hospital, Pamplemousses, Mon Gout, Grande Rosalie, Petite Julie, Barlow, Amaury, Belle Vue Maurel, Riviere du Rempart | CNT |
69 | Port Louis/Victoria | Beaux Songes | La Butte, Plaine Lauzun, GRNW, Coromandel, Beau Bassin, Rose Hill, Belle Rose, Quatre Bornes, Palma | CNT |
70 | Port Louis/Immigration | Cite la Cure | Roche Bois, Cocoterie, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Pere Laval | Individual Operators/BOCSPL |
71 | Port Louis/Immigration | Poudre d'Or | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Le Hochet, Terre Rouge, Khoyratty, Calebasses, Pamplemousses, Belle Vue Harel, Labourdonnais, Cottage, Esperance Trebuchet | Individual Operators/BOCSN |
72 | Port Louis/Immigration | Jumbo Riche Terre | Roche Bois, New Trunk Road | UBS |
77 | Port Louis/Immigration | Baie du Tombeau(Extended to Terre Rouge on random days) | Roche Bois, Elizabethville, Jumbo | Individual Operators/BOCSPL & UBS |
78 | Port Louis/Immigration | Riche Terre | Nicolay, Abercrombie, Ste Croix, Pere Laval, Ste Croix | UBS |
82 | Port Louis/Immigration | Goodlands/St Antoine |
Light rail transit system
In 2012, the government decided to construct an approximately 25 km rail system between Curepipe and Port Louis, which had been under consideration for nearly three decades.[15] The project was initiated by a government-to-government agreement with the Singapore Cooperation Enterprise (SCE), along with private partners Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (SMRT) Corporation and the South African/Australian engineering firm Aurecon Ltd. The goal was to develop a preliminary plan of the system, and then solicit expressions of interest for a design-build-operate-finance scheme, with a concession period of 33 years.
Construction for the light rail transit transport system began in the Fall of 2017, with the government of Mauritius awarding the contract to the Mumbai-based design and construction firm Larsen & Toubro.
Port
Port Louis is home to the nation's main harbour, which is the only official port of entry and exit for sea vessels in Mauritius. Ships must be cleared in the port before visiting any other anchorage in the island nation.
The
The cruise ship terminal, opened in 2010 and named after Christian Decotter (past chairman of the Mauritius Tourism Advisory Board), illustrates the increasing role of tourism in the economy of Mauritius. Cruise ships of up to 300 metres can be accommodated at the facility, which includes two access bridges for passengers and vehicles. The facility was the first in the Indian Ocean to be capable of handling the largest cruise ships in the world. In 2012, passenger arrivals by sea included 11,510 tourists and 6,450 excursionists who arrived aboard 23 cruise ships.[22]
Berthing facilities are available at the Caudan Waterfront. Available are 20 berths with electrical and water connections, showers and toilets, laundry, and vehicle parking. Also available are dry dock and hull and sail repair facilities. Depths of the berths range from 2 to 4 meters, depending on the tide, and up to 30-metre ships can be accommodated.
Also based in the port is the National Coast Guard facility, at Quay A of Terminal I.
Airport
Port Louis is served by
Education
Primary and secondary schools in Port Louis include state-run and private institutions. Most private schools receive much of their support from the government, based on a formula where the government pays staff wages and operating expenses based on a grant formula. Other costs are covered by students and their families, such as books and uniforms. The government also provides private schools with loans at preferential interest rates to help upgrade facilities. The state-affiliated schools include those operated by MEDCO (Mauritius Educational Development Company), which is a partnership between the Government of Mauritius and the State Investment Corporation.
Port-Louis houses several secondary schools which include Alpha College, Bhujoharry College, Labourdonnais College, Port Louis Academy, Loreto College, Madad Ul Islam Girls College, Muslim Girls College, City College, Full Day School, Institute of Islamic and Secular Studies, London College, Ocep The Open College, and Port Louis High School, MEDCO Trinity Secondary School, MEDCO Trinity Secondary School, Port Louis North SSS, and Sir Abdool Razack Mohammed SSS, Goolam Mohammed Dawjee Atchia State College, MEDCO Cassis Secondary School, Renganaden Seeneevassen SSS, Port Louis SSS and Royal College Port Louis. The state also operates a vocational school for boys, Immaculee Conception SSV.
The major institute of tertiary education in Port Louis is the University of Technology, Mauritius, a public university with a technology focus. The École de Medecine Louis Pasteur prepares students for medical studies at Universite de Lille in France. Several technical schools also have locations in the city, including the Jhurry Rya School which specializes in information technology, Appavoo Business School, Apollo Bramwell Nursing School, BSP School of Accountancy & Management, and the London College of Accountancy.
Architecture
The city is full of numerous buildings and monuments that reflect its rich and diverse colonial history. Near the city centre, there are several French colonial buildings that date to the 18th century, including the Government House. Other prominent traditional elements include the Jummah Mosque, the majestic English Saint James Cathedral, the Indian Tamil Temple, the elegant five-tier colonial Port Louis Theatre (Théâtre de Port-Louis), the Champ de Mars Racecourse, and the nearby Chinese Pagoda. Also present are some typical houses from past eras, which are mostly wooden structures with shuttered windows and large porches. However, many historic buildings are in a poor state of repair and are being quickly replaced with homes and commercial structures constructed from more durable but less sustainable materials such as concrete, and the city now includes many glass/concrete high-rises.
Chinatown
The Pagoda is a central feature of the Port Louis Chinatown, which is one of several Chinatowns in Africa. Its entrance is marked by a large "friendship" gate, just east of the Central Market. The site was the traditional location of homes and shops of the Chinese community, which was dominated by descendants of the Hakka Chinese, who first came to Mauritius in 1826.
Chinatown is now home to a more diverse community, but preserves its original appearance and contains many small shops and restaurants. Its old buildings and Chinese pagodas face the modern buildings of the city's business centre. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce (founded in 1908 and second only to Singapore as the world's oldest[citation needed]) hosts a popular food and cultural festival each April or May. The Chamber also runs a funeral parlour for the Chinese Community called 'Kit Lok', to provide vigil facilities for bereaved families.
Culture
Port Louis has been an active cultural city attracting painters, poets, sculptors, and writers for centuries.
More modern entertainment facilities in Port Louis include several cinemas, in which most films are presented in French and English. Recently opened in Paille, a suburb of Port Louis, is the ultra-modern Swami Vivekananda International Convention Centre. It is the first such facility in Mauritius and is used to house conventions, concerts, trade shows, and exhibitions. English is currently the official language of Port Louis and Mauritius.[23]
Museums
The Blue Penny Museum is located at the Caudan Waterfront, and is dedicated to the history and art of the island. Its collection includes antique marine maps, paintings, sculptures, engravings, and stamps, including examples of the famous orange-red one penny and deep blue two-pence stamps. The Natural History Museum of Port Louis houses exhibits of the impressive fauna of Mauritius, with a gallery devoted to birds and terrestrial animals, a second focusing on marine species, and a third focused on the dodo, the famous Mauritian bird which became extinct during the Dutch occupation. The Mauritius Postal Museum is housed in an old stone building that dates to the 18th century, and houses displays of stamps and postal paraphernalia from Mauritius and around the world. The Mauritius Photography Museum, located in a small 18th-century white-washed French colonial building, is a private museum that displays artifacts and documents about Mauritian photography and the early days of cinematography. The Aapravasi Ghat is the remains of the immigration depot that was built by the British Government to import labourers from India, Eastern Africa, Madagascar, China, and Southeast Asia to work on the island's sugar estates. Although not a museum in a traditional sense, the National Library of Mauritius houses a rich and comprehensive collection of material related to Mauritius history, including manuscripts, books, newspapers, periodicals, music scores, photographs, maps, drawings, and other graphic art forms and audiovisual materials, in addition to providing the traditional services of a library to residents of the city and nation.
Places of worship
The most common
Sports
Sports are popular among the inhabitants of Port Louis, as in the rest of Mauritius. Over 35 sports federations are organized under the aegis of the Mauritius Sports Council.[25] Popular activities include football, volleyball, a range of martial arts (Karate, Taekwon Do, Wushu), table tennis, badminton, and pétanque, which is a form of boules. The Mauritius National Olympic committee is also based in Port Louis. Public sports facilities in Port Louis include St. François Xavier stadium, which is used for football. There is however a general dearth of public facilities in Port Louis proper, with most being built in the surrounding less-densely inhabited suburbs and districts.
Football clubs are organized nationwide by the Mauritius Football Association, which currently has ten teams in its Premier League. This includes the Port Louis team, named the Association Sportive Port-Louis 2000 (AS Port-Louis 2000), which won the national championship in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2011.
Another popular sports activity in Port Louis is the
Gambling, in general, is a popular "sport" in Port Louis. Besides the racecourse, within Port Louis gambling can be done in four casinos that offer table games plus gaming, slot, and video poker machines. Port Louis includes the largest casino in the entire country of Mauritius, the Caudan Waterfront Casino at Labourdonnais Waterfront Hotel. Other casinos are the Le Grand Casino du Domaine, L'Amicale Casino, and the Senator Club.
Twin towns – sister cities
Port Louis is twinned with:[26]
- Alexandria, Egypt
- Antsiranana, Madagascar
- Dakar, Senegal
- Doha, Qatar
- Foshan, China
- Karachi, Pakistan
- La Possession, Réunion, France
- Lamentin, Guadeloupe, France
- Maputo, Mozambique
- Port Mathurin, Mauritius
- Pretoria, South Africa
- Saint-Malo, France
Notable people
- Eugénie Poujade (1814-1881), writer and poet[27]
See also
References
- ^ "Municipal & District Councils in Mauritius". Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 24 July 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Statistics Mauritius: Demography Unit (2018). "DIGEST OF DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS 2018" (PDF). Dec. Government of Mauritius. p. 33. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Auguste Toussaint, Histoire des îles Mascareignes, p. 24
- ^ Britannica, Port Louis, Encyclopædia Britannica, USA. Retrieved 7 July 2019
- ^ Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands. "Local Government Act 2011" (PDF). Government of Mauritius. pp. 768–770. Retrieved 15 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Municipales et villageoises : les 6 principaux changements" (in French). Le Defimedia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ "Electoral Commissioner's Office – Port Louis". Electoral.govmu.org. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service - Port Louis". worldweather.wmo.int. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ "Average Conditions Port Louis, Mauritius". BBC Weather. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "Port of Port Louis". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ a b [1] [dead link]
- ^ "Republic of Mauritius –Prime Minister Inaugurates Port Louis Ring Road (Phase 1)". Govmu.org. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- ^ "Ring Road cracks due to 'faulty design' | Defimedia.info". Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Dream bridge to ease access to harbour". Lexpress.mu. 3 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- ^ "Light Rail Transit back on track". Le Defimedia. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ "Republic of Mauritius-Metro Express project to the tune of Rs 18.8 billion to kick-start in September 2017". govmu.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ^ "Mauritius opens light rail Phase 2C". 12 October 2022. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "Mauritius Ports Authority – Harvesting Resources under the Blue Economy". Mauport.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "An ocean of economic opportunity". The Business Report. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ A. B. Ramsaha. 2011. Port Louis Harbour. Presentation at African Ports and Maritime Conference, Namibia.
- ^ International Travel And Tourism, 2012 annual report. Downloaded from statsmauritius.govmu.org
- ^ "Republic of Mauritius- Language". Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘'Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1837
- ^ "Mauritius Sports Council: Home". Mauritiussportscouncil.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- ^ "International links". City Council of Port Louis. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ Staaff, Ferdinand Natanael (1885). La littérature franc̜aise depuis la formation de la langue jusqu'à nos jours: Lectures choisies par le colonel Staaff (in French). Didier et Cie. p. 1314.
External links
- Media related to Port Louis at Wikimedia Commons