Shopping center
A shopping center (American English), shopping centre (Commonwealth English), also called a shopping complex, shopping arcade, shopping plaza or galleria, is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof.[3]
The first known collections of retailers under one roof are
A
In the
Types
Most English-speaker follow a mix of the United Kingdom's and United States's naming conventions.
In the U.K. a "centre for shopping" is commonly the center for a settlement. More recent shopping dedicated areas outside the main centre are known as "shopping centres" (with understanding of the synonym shopping mall) "shopping villages" or "retail parks".
According to author Richard Longstreth, before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to any group of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, a place sharing comprehensive design planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and shared business planning that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix.[12]
The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:[7][13][14][15]
Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area, AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America
*does not apply to Europe
Type | US GLA ft2 | US GLA m2 | EU GLA m2 | EU GLA ft2 | Can GLA ft2 | Can GLA m2 | AP NLA ft2 | AP NLA m2 | # anchors* | Typical anchors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Large general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can) | ||||||||||
Mega-mall (AP) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,500,000+ | 140,000+ | 3+ | hypermarkets, multicinemas , major entertainment/leisure
|
Super-regional mall/center EU: Very large SC |
800,000+ | 74,000+ | 80,000+ | 860,000+ | 800,000+ | 74,000+ | 800,000–1,499,999 | 74,000–139,999 | 3+ | Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/leisure |
Regional mall/center EU: Large SC |
400,000–800,000 | 37,000–74,000 | 40,000–79,999 | 430,000–859,999 | 300,000–799,999 | 28,000–73,999 | 500,000–800,000 | 46,000–74,000 | 2+ | |
Small & medium general-purpose centers (US/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can) | ||||||||||
Sub-regional SC (AP) Europe: Medium SC |
n/a | n/a | 20,000–39,999 | 220,000–429,999 | n/a | n/a | 200,000–500,000 | 19,000–46,000 | 0–3 | Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores |
Small comparison-based SC (EU) | n/a | n/a | 5,000–19,999 | 54,000–219,999 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc. |
Small convenience-based SC (EU) | n/a | n/a | 5,000–19,999 | 54,000–219,999 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc. |
Community shopping center | 125,000–400,000 | 11,600–37,000 | n/a | n/a | 100,000–400,000 | 9,300–37,000 | n/a | n/a | 2+ | drugstore, category killer .a.k.a. large neighborhood shopping center in US, Can |
Neighborhood shopping center | 30,000–125,000 | 2,800–11,600 | n/a | n/a | 40,000–99,000 | 3,700–9,200 | 20,000–200,000 | 1,900–19,000 | 1+ (US/Can) 0–2 (AP) |
Supermarket, in Asia also hypermarket |
Convenience center US/Can also "Strip mall" |
<30,000 | <2,800 | n/a | n/a | 10,000–39,000 | 930–3,600 | n/a | n/a | 0–1 | Convenience store anchor or anchorless |
Type | US GLA ft2 | US GLA m2 | EU GLA m2 | EU GLA ft2 | Can GLA ft2 | Can GLA m2 | AP NLA ft2 | AP NLA m2 | # anchors* | Typical anchors |
Specialized shopping centers | ||||||||||
Power center EU: a.k.a. "Retail park" |
250,000–600,000 | 23,000–56,000 | S:5,000–9,999 M:10,000–19,999 L:20,000+ |
S:54,000–109,999 M:110,000–219,999 L:220,000+ |
100,000–1,000,000 | 9,300–93,000 | >50,000 | >4,600 | 3+ (US/Can) n/a (AP) |
Category killers, warehouse clubs, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these. |
Lifestyle center (US) | 150,000–500,000 | 14,000–46,000 | n/a | n/a | 150,000–500,000 | 14,000–46,000 | n/a | n/a | 0–2 | Large-format upscale specialty stores |
Outlet mall/center
|
50,000–400,000 | 4,600–37,000 | 5,000+ | 54,000+ | 50,000–400,000 | 4,600–37,000 | "no max. size" | "no max. size" | n/a | Manufacturers' and retail outlet stores |
Theme/Festival (US) (Festival marketplace) |
80,000–250,000 | 7,400–23,000 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment |
Leisure/entertainment centre (AP) Leisure-based SC (EU) |
n/a | n/a | 5,000+ | 54,000+ | n/a | n/a | <500,000 | <46,000 | N/A | Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, fast fashion, electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs. |
Specialty SC (AP) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | <500,000 | <46,000 | 0 | Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.) |
Single category SC (AP) Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU) |
n/a | n/a | 5,000+ | 54,000+ | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme. |
Major transportation hub SC (AP) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | >50,000 | >4,600 | n/a | Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail |
Limited-purpose property | ||||||||||
Airport retail | 75,000–300,000 | 7,000–28,000 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0 | Speciality retail and restaurants |
Shopping centre hybrids (Canada only) | ||||||||||
Hybrid SC (Can) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 250,000+ | 23,000+ | n/a | n/a | varies | Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. convenience + regional |
General-purpose
Multiregional
A superregional-scale center is commonly called a city centre. According to the International Council of Shopping Centers it is over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area. These have three or more anchors, mass and varied merchant trade and serves as the dominant venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.[17]
Note that ICSC defines indoor centers above 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) net leasable area in Asia-Pacific as mega-malls.[14]
Regional
A regional-scale shopping center (commonly known as a
Indoor centers are commonly called Shopping Malls in the U.S. or Shopping Centres in
Community
Community-scale shopping centers are commonly called Main Streets, High Streets or town squares in wider centres or in English-speaking Europe as retail parks for certain centres. These offer a wider range of goods and has two anchor supermarkets or discount department stores. They may also follow a parallel configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m2) and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km).[7][11]
Local
Local-scale shopping centers usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 13,900 m2), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (5 km) radius. They typically have a supermarket as an anchor or a large convenience store and commonly serve large villages or as secondary centers to towns.[7]
Car-dependent centers in the U.K. and Europe, if larger than 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) can be termed a small retail park while in the U.S. and other countries it is neighborhood shopping center.[11]
Convenience
Convenience-scale centers, independent of other centers are known as strip malls or as shopping parades. These centers are less than 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of gross leasable space and commonly serve villages or as parts of larger centers commonly called small squares, plazas or indoor markets. They are also called strip centers or convenience centers.[7] Strip Malls, despite the name, are not considered "malls" in North America.
Sector-focused
Power centers and retail parks
A retail park, in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some (but not all) other European countries. In Europe, any shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" (UK terminology; in the US the term is "big-box stores"/superstores), 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger is a retail park, according to the leading real estate company Cushman & Wakefield.[11] This would be considered in North America either a power center or a neighborhood shopping center, depending on the size.
Lifestyle center
A lifestyle center (American English), or lifestyle centre (Commonwealth English), is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers.[18]
Theme/festival center
Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m2).[7]
Outlet center
An
Shopping precinct / Pedestrian mall
A shopping precinct (U.K. term) or
Shopping arcade
A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor loggia. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still functioning as shopping centers, while many others have been demolished.
In Russia, centuries-old shopping centers the size of regional malls still operate, consisting of multiple arcades. They developed from previous so-called "trading rows", which were essentially markets where traders could obtain space to sell their goods. Great Gostiny Dvor in Saint Petersburg in its present buildings dates back to the 1760s.[21] With a total area of 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2),[22] GUM in Moscow, opened in its present buildings in the 1890s.[23]
In historical buildings
Historic and/or monumental buildings are sometimes converted into shopping centers, often forming part of a larger city center shopping district that otherwise consists mostly of on-street stores. Examples are the former main post office of Amsterdam, now
, formerly the city's wholesale produce market.History
Shopping centers are not a recent innovation. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from
The
The
Shopping Centers built before the 20th century;
-
Chester Rows, United Kingdom. Opened circa 1350.
-
St.Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1785.
-
. Opened in 1774.
Modern shopping center milestones
Year | Name | Location | Milestone |
---|---|---|---|
1798 | Passage du Caire
|
Paris | First Paris shopping arcade
|
1828 | Westminster Arcade[29] | Providence, RI, US | First shopping arcade in the U.S. |
1907 | Roland Park Shopping Center
|
Baltimore, MD, US | First suburban shopping center of any size (six shops) |
1913[30] | Nugents | St, Louis, MO , US
|
First downtown department store to open a suburban branch |
1916 | Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois) | Lake Forest, IL, near Chicago , US
|
First neighborhood shopping center* |
1923 | Country Club Plaza | Kansas City, MO, US | First regional shopping center* |
1928 | Bank Block | Cleveland , US
|
First shopping center with more than 1 major chain supermarket |
1930** | Suburban Square | Ardmore, PA, near Philadelphia, US | First shopping center with a department store |
1947 | Broadway-Crenshaw Center
|
Los Angeles, CA, US | First regional shopping center* with department store(s) |
1956 | Southdale Center | Edina, MN near Minneapolis, US | First enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades |
1986 | West Edmonton Mall | Edmonton, Canada | Largest mall in the world 1986–2004 |
1992 | Mall of America | Bloomington, MN near Minneapolis, US | Largest mall in the U.S. since 1992 |
2005 | South China Mall | Dongguan, China
|
Largest mall in the world since 2005 |
Notes: *based on current ICSC shopping center type definitions, **center opened in 1926 without department store, which was added in 1930
United States
Early 20th century centers in the U.S.
Early examples of "stores under one roof" include the nine-building
Before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applies to a collection of retail businesses. A city's Downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, comprehensive planning in the design and business plan, a place built according to an overall program that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix, signs, exterior lighting, and parking.[32]
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the
The Bank Block in
Other notable, large early centers with strips of independent stores, adjacent parking lots, but no department store anchors, include Highland Park Village (1931) in Dallas; and River Oaks Shopping Center (1937) in Houston.
Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term "mall"
In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the
Mall as synonym for some types of shopping centers
Although
The term "mall" for regional enclosed shopping centers is not used in the U.K.[41]
The term "mall" is used for those types of centers in some markets beyond North America such as
Open-air centers in the U.S.
The suburban shopping center concept evolved further with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores. The first was a center in
Two of the largest shopping centers at the time were both in the
Enclosed "malls" in the U.S.
The enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin,[54] which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå, in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.[55]
The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[61][62]
Over the next five decades, the United States embarked on a wild shopping center construction spree. American commercial real estate developers built far more shopping centers and malls than could be justified by the country's population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.[63] By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to get out of the United States in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).[64]
Decline of the mall in the U.S.
Since the 1990s, the shopping mall has been in decline because of competition from discount stores and other shopping center formats, from e-commerce and most recently from closures and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
History of shopping centers outside the U.S.
Canada
Don Mills Convenience Centre (now Shops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed for Eaton's by John Graham, Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking which opened in downtown London, Ontario, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as Citi Plaza.[65]
In the 1970s in Canada, the Ontario government created the Ontario Downtown Renewal Programme, which helped finance the building of several downtown malls across Ontario such as Eaton Centre. The program was created to reverse the tide of small business leaving downtowns for larger sites surrounding the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all-time low under 0.1 percent.[66]
United Kingdom
In the
Australia
See also
- Alley
- Arcade
- Bazaar
- Lists of shopping malls
- Mall kiosk
- Market (place)
- Retail format
- Shopping mall
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