Operation Juniper Shield: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Counter-terrorism military operation in Central Africa led by the US (2007-present)}} |
{{Short description|Counter-terrorism military operation in Central Africa led by the US (2007-present)}} |
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This is nazi SS, hitler bodyguard styles, probably funding kiev, see started since 2007 they killed their own economy |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
Revision as of 18:29, 11 May 2024
This is nazi SS, hitler bodyguard styles, probably funding kiev, see started since 2007 they killed their own economy
Operation Juniper Shield Sahara Desert and North Africa, West Africa | |
---|---|
Result | Ongoing |
Algeria
Morocco
Mauritania
Tunisia
Burkina Faso
Chad
Mali
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Cameroon
Togo
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Benin
Cape Verde
Gambia
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Islamic militants
- al-Qaeda
- Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
- MOJWA (until 2013)
- AQIM
- Al-Mourabitoun (until 2017)
- Ansar al-Sharia
- Macina Liberation Front
- Ansar Dine (until 2017)
- ISILsince 2015)
- Ansaru[11]
- Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
(2015–present)[12] - Islamic State – West Africa Province
![Algeria](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png)
(2019–present)
![Algeria](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Morocco](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png)
(2007–present)
![Morocco](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Mauritania](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png)
(2019–present)
![Mauritania](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png)
(2020–present)
![Tunisia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png)
(2019–present)
![Tunisia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Burkina Faso](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png)
(2022–present)
(2022–present)
![Chad](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Chad](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png)
(2022–present)
![Mali](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Mali](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Niger](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Niger](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Nigeria](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Senegal](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png)
(2024–present)
![Senegal](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png)
(2024–present)
![Cameroon](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png)
(2007–present)
![Cameroon](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png)
(2019–present)
![Togo](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png)
(2007–present)
![Togo](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png)
(2020–present)
![Ghana](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png)
(2017–present)
![Ivory Coast](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png)
(2010–present)
![Ivory Coast](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Benin](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png)
(2016–present)
![Cape Verde](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Cape Verde](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png)
(2016–present)
![The Gambia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png)
(2017–present)
![Guinea](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Guinea](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png)
(2024–present)
![Guinea-Bissau](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png)
(2020–present)
![Guinea-Bissau](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Liberia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png)
(2024–present)
![Sierra Leone](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png)
(2018–present)
![United States](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![United States](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![United Kingdom](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)
(2022–present)
![United Kingdom](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)
(2022–present)
![Canada](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Canada](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png)
(2015–present)
![France](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png)
(2017–present)
![France](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png)
(2024–present)
![Germany](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png)
(2017–present)
![Germany](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Netherlands](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png)
(2013–present)
![Netherlands](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png)
(2010–present)
![Spain](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png)
(2014–present)
![Spain](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png)
(2018–present)
![Denmark](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png)
(2007–present)
![Denmark](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png)
(2019–present)
![Czech Republic](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png)
(2023–present)
![Czech Republic](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png)
(2021–present)
![Sweden](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png)
(2007–present)
![Sweden](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png)
(2022–present)
Abdelaziz Bouteflika †
Abdelkader Bensalah †
Abdelaziz Belkhadem
Ahmed Ouyahia
Abdelmalek Sellal
Youcef Yousfi
Noureddine Bedoui
Sabri Boukadoum
Abdelaziz Djerad
Aymen Benabderrahmane
Driss Jettou
Abbas El Fassi
Abdelilah Benkirane
Saadeddine Othmani
Ely Ould Mohamed Vall
Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi
Ba Mamadou Mbaré
Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar
Zeine Ould Zeidane
Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef
Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf
Yahya Ould Hademine
Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir
Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Mohamed Ghannouchi
Fouad Mebazaa
Moncef Marzouki
Beji Caid Essebsi
Mohamed Ennaceur
Hamadi Jebali
Ali Laarayedh
Mehdi Jomaa
Habib Essid
Youssef Chahed
Elyes Fakhfakh
Hichem Mechichi
Najla Bouden
Blaise Compaoré
Honoré Traoré
Yacouba Isaac Zida
Michel Kafando
Gilbert Diendéré
Chérif Sy
Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba
Paramanga Ernest Yonli
Tertius Zongo
Luc-Adolphe Tiao
Paul Kaba Thieba
Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré
Lassina Zerbo
Albert Ouédraogo
Idriss Déby †
Pascal Yoadimnadji
Adoum Younousmi
Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
Youssouf Saleh Abbas
Emmanuel Nadingar
Djimrangar Dadnadji
Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet
Albert Pahimi Padacké
Amadou Toumani Touré
Amadou Sanogo
Dioncounda Traoré
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
Bah Ndaw
Ousmane Issoufi Maïga
Modibo Sidibé
Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé
Cheick Modibo Diarra
Django Sissoko
Oumar Tatam Ly
Moussa Mara
Modibo Keita
Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga
Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga
Boubou Cissé
Moctar Ouane
Abdoulaye Maïga
Mamadou Tandja
Salou Djibo
Mahamadou Issoufou
Mohamed Bazoum
Hama Amadou
Seyni Oumarou
Albadé Abouba
Ali Badjo Gamatié
Mahamadou Danda
Brigi Rafini
Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou
Olusegun Obasanjo
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
Goodluck Jonathan
Muhammadu Buhari
Abdoulaye Wade
Macky Sall
Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré
Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye
Abdoul Mbaye
Aminata Touré
Mahammed Dionne
- Amadou Ba
Sidiki Kaba
Ephraïm Inoni
Philémon Yang
Yawovi Agboyibo
Komlan Mally
Gilbert Houngbo
Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu
Komi Sélom Klassou
John Kufuor
John Atta Mills
John Mahama
Laurent Gbagbo
Charles Konan Banny †
Guillaume Soro
Gilbert Aké
Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio
Daniel Kablan Duncan
Amadou Gon Coulibaly †
Hamed Bakayoko †
Patrick Achi
Mathieu Kérékou
Thomas Boni Yayi
Pascal Koupaki
Lionel Zinsou
Pedro Pires
Jorge Carlos Fonseca
Yahya Jammeh
Lansana Conté
Moussa Dadis Camara
Sékouba Konaté
Alpha Condé
Eugène Camara
Lansana Kouyaté
Ahmed Tidiane Souaré
Kabiné Komara
Jean-Marie Doré
Mohamed Said Fofana
Mamady Youla
Ibrahima Kassory Fofana
Mohamed Béavogui
Bernard Goumou
João Bernardo Vieira
Raimundo Pereira
Malam Bacai Sanhá
Mamadu Ture Kuruma
Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo
José Mário Vaz
Aristides Gomes
Martinho Ndafa Kabi
Carlos Correia
Carlos Gomes Júnior
Adiato Djaló Nandigna
Rui Duarte de Barros
Domingos Simões Pereira
Baciro Djá
Artur Silva
Faustino Imbali
Nuno Gomes Nabiam
Geraldo Martins
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
George Weah
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
Ernest Bai Koroma
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Robert Gates
Leon Panetta
Chuck Hagel
Ash Carter
Jim Mattis
Mark Esper
Elizabeth II
Tony Blair
Gordon Brown
David Cameron
Theresa May
Boris Johnson
Liz Truss
Michaëlle Jean
David Johnston
Julie Payette
Stephen Harper
Jacques Chirac
Nicolas Sarkozy
François Hollande
Dominique de Villepin
François Fillon
Jean-Marc Ayrault
Manuel Valls
Bernard Cazeneuve
Édouard Philippe
Jean Castex
Élisabeth Borne
Horst Köhler
Christian Wulff
Joachim Gauck
Angela Merkel
Beatrix
Jan Peter Balkenende
Juan Carlos I
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
Mariano Rajoy
- Margrethe II
Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Helle Thorning-Schmidt
Václav Klaus
Miloš Zeman
Mirek Topolánek
Jan Fischer
Petr Nečas
Jiří Rusnok
Bohuslav Sobotka
Andrej Babiš
Fredrik Reinfeldt
Stefan Löfven
Magdalena Andersson
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png)
![Surrendered](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/24px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png)
900 Moroccans;[20]
400 Malians;[3]
250 Algerians;
200 Chadians;
<1,000 Mauritanians;[21]
25 Senegalese medical doctors
Tuaregs: ~1,000[23]
Boko Haram: 300–2,000+[24]
Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the
Canada deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara.[2] Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.[2]
Mission
Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara is primarily a training mission meant to equip 10 nations to combat insurgents in the region.[29] Africa Command states:
OEF-TS is the USG's 3rd priority counter terror effort conducting activities that support TSCTP but are not exclusive to TSCTP. OEF-TS supports TSCTP by forming relationships of peace, security, and cooperation among all Trans Sahara Nations. OEF-TS fosters collaboration and communication among participating countries. Furthermore, OEF-TS strengthens counterterrorism and border security, promotes democratic governance, reinforces bilateral military ties, and enhances development and institution building. U.S. Africa Command, through OEF-TS, provides training, equipment, assistance and advice to partner nation armed forces. This increases their capacity and capability to deny safe haven to terrorists and ultimately defeat extremist and terrorist activities in the region.[29]
At some point in 2013, OEF-TS was redesignated as Operation Juniper Shield.[30] Operation Juniper Shield encompasses American operations across Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.[31]
Training programs
Flintlock
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nigerien_soldiers_training_during_Flintlock_2018.jpg/220px-Nigerien_soldiers_training_during_Flintlock_2018.jpg)
Twice a year, the Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) program holds a multinational training exercise.[32] Called Flintlocks, these exercises are meant to strengthen special forces from the United States as well as multiple other nations.[32] Participants include troops from the Sahel and those from NATO members.[32] Flintlock started in 1988 and continued through Operation Enduring Freedom, and is now held in Africa.[32] The exercises teach medical operations, infantry and peacekeeping training, airborne operations, humanitarian relief, and leadership skills.[32] The amount each category is stressed depends on the host nation's needs.[32] In addition, participants are put through different scenarios involving skills instructed during the exercise.[33]
Mali was supposed to host the 2012 exercise, but the United States decided to postpone the exercise.[34] Officials say Flintlock was postponed because Mali is facing a renewed Tuareg insurgency.[34]
The Atlas Accord
Although the Flintlock Exercise was postponed, another training program in Mali was not. The Atlas Accord was created in 2012 to train African military personnel in a number of skills while focusing on logistics.[3] The exercise includes classroom instruction and field instruction.[3] Atlas Accord 12 focused solely on logistics and aerial resupply, while the next exercise in 2013 will continue training in aerial logistics but will also include command, control, communications, and computer (C4) techniques.[3]
African Lion exercise
The largest training exercise, African Lion, is an annual security cooperation exercise held by the US and Morocco.[35] Created in 2008, this program is designed to instruct a variety of skills, including aerial logistics, non-lethal weapons training, combined arms and maneuver exercises.[35] More than 900 Moroccans and 1,200 Americans take part in the two-week exercise.[35]
History
On 12 September 2007, a USAF
ABC News also reported that there are 300 U.S. military personnel in
See also
- Tuareg Rebellion (2007–2009)
- Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
- Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
- 2012 Northern Mali conflict
- List of wars 2003-current
References
- ^ a b c d e "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
- ^ Montreal Gazette. 2 December 2011. Archived from the originalon 6 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "US, Mali Armies Kick off Exercise Atlas Accord; Postpone Exercise Flintlock". Defense Web. 13 February 2012. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base". France 24 news. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ^ "Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists". CNN. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ "The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)". fmn.dk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ Maclean, Ruth; O’Reilly, Finbarr (29 March 2020). "Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Forces, Swedish Armed. "Swedish Special Forces to Mali". Försvarsmakten. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ a b Comolli (2015), pp. 28, 103, 171.
- ^ "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan (29 December 2014). "Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
- ^ "Training in Trans-Sahara Africa". USASOC News Service. United States Army Special Operations Command. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda in North Africa appoints new leader after killing". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2020.
- ^ "Hosted news". Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2016..
- ^ "Mauritania army raid killed al-Qaida group leader". Miami Herald. 23 October 2011.
- ^ "AQIM Leader Surrenders in Algeria". News24. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested". ADN Kronos. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ a b "U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise". World Tribune. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ "Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources". Reuters Africa. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ "Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter". Reuters. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ "Tuaregs Use Qaddafi's Arms for Rebellion in Mali". The New York Times. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
- ^ "5 Facts About Boko Haram". 24/7 Nigeria news update. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ "US to get Africa command centre". BBC News. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- EUCOM. Archived from the originalon 9 January 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
- ^ "Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
- ^ "Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
- ^ a b "Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara". AFRICOM. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ "Joint Special Operations Task Force - Juniper Shield (JSOTF-JS)". Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d e f "Flintlock". Global Security. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "Flintlock 10 Begins in Burkina Faso". AFRICOM. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012.
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{{cite web}}
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Sources
- Comolli, Virginia (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency. London: Oxford University Press.
External links
- Official United States Africa Command site
- Maps of Operation Enduring Freedom
- Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Initiative Details of the operation by Global Security.