Boris Johnson
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs | |
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In office 13 July 2016 – 9 July 2018 | |
Prime Minister | Theresa May |
Preceded by | Philip Hammond |
Succeeded by | Jeremy Hunt |
Mayor of London | |
In office 3 May 2008 – 9 May 2016 | |
Deputy | |
Preceded by | Arts |
Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and South Ruislip | |
In office 7 May 2015 – 12 June 2023 | |
Preceded by | John Randall |
Succeeded by | Steve Tuckwell |
Member of Parliament for Henley | |
In office 7 June 2001 – 4 June 2008 | |
Preceded by | Michael Heseltine |
Succeeded by | John Howell |
Personal details | |
Born | Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson 19 June 1964 New York City, US |
Citizenship |
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Political party | Conservative |
Spouses | Carrie Symonds (m. 2021) |
Parents | |
Relatives |
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Residence | Brightwell Manor |
Education | |
Occupation |
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Signature | |
Website | UK Parliament profile |
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Mayor of London European Union referendum Foreign Secretary Party leadership campaigns Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
First ministry and term
Second ministry and term
In popular culture
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Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer who was
Johnson attended
Johnson succeeded May as prime minister. He
Johnson is seen by many as a
Early life and education
Childhood
Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City,[18][19] to Stanley Johnson, then studying economics at Columbia University,[20] and Charlotte Fawcett,[21] an artist. Johnson is one of only two British prime ministers to have been an American citizen .[22][23] Johnson's parents returned to the UK in September 1964 so Charlotte could study at the University of Oxford.[24] She lived with her son in Summertown, Oxford, and in September 1965 she gave birth to a daughter, Rachel.[25] In July 1965, the family moved to Crouch End in North London,[26] and in February 1966 they relocated to Washington, DC, where Stanley worked with the World Bank.[27] Stanley then took a job with a policy panel on population control, and moved the family to Norwalk, Connecticut, in June.[28] A third child, Leo, was born in September 1967.[29]
The family returned to the UK in 1969, and they settled into West Nethercote Farm, Somerset, Stanley's family home in Exmoor.[30] His father was regularly absent, leaving Johnson to be raised largely by his mother, assisted by au pairs.[31] As a child, Johnson was quiet, studious,[26] and deaf, resulting in several operations to insert grommets into his ears.[32] He and his siblings were encouraged to engage in intellectual activities from a young age.[33] Johnson's earliest recorded ambition was to be "world king".[34] Having no other friends, the siblings became very close.[35]
In late 1969, the family moved to Maida Vale in West London, while Stanley began post-graduate research at the London School of Economics.[36] In 1970, Charlotte and the children briefly returned to Nethercote, where Johnson attended Winsford Village School, before returning to London to settle in Primrose Hill,[37] where they were educated at Primrose Hill Primary School.[38] A fourth child, Joseph, was born in late 1971.[39]
After Stanley secured employment at the
Eton and Oxford: 1977–1987
As a kid I was extremely spotty, extremely nerdy and horribly swotty. My idea of a really good time was to travel across London on the tube to visit the British Museum.
— Boris Johnson[46]
Johnson gained a King's Scholarship to study at Eton College, a boarding school near Windsor, Berkshire.[47] Arriving in the autumn term of 1977,[48] he began going by his middle name Boris,[49] and developed "the eccentric English persona" for which he became famous.[50] He denounced Catholicism and joined the Church of England.[51] School reports complained about his idleness, complacency, and lateness,[52] but he was popular at Eton.[50]
Johnson's friends were largely from the wealthy upper classes; his best friends were
Johnson won a scholarship to study
Johnson was popular and well known at Oxford.
Early career
The Times and The Daily Telegraph: 1987–1994
In September 1987, Johnson and Mostyn-Owen married.
Johnson secured employment on the lead-writing desk of
According to one of his biographers, Sonia Purnell, – who was Johnson's Brussels deputy[87] – he helped make Euroscepticism "an attractive and emotionally resonant cause for the Right", whereas it had been associated previously with the Left.[96] Johnson's articles exacerbated tensions between the Conservative Party's Eurosceptic and Europhile factions. As a result, he earned the mistrust of many party members.[97] His writings were also a key influence on the emergence of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party (UKIP) in the early 1990s.[96] Conrad Black, then proprietor of The Daily Telegraph, said Johnson "was such an effective correspondent for us in Brussels that he greatly influenced British opinion on this country's relations with Europe".[98]
In February 1990, Johnson's wife Allegra broke up with him; after several attempts at reconciliation, their marriage ended in April 1993.
Political columnist: 1994–1999
Back in London, Hastings turned down Johnson's request to become a
In 1993, Johnson outlined his desire to run as a Conservative in the
Scandal erupted in June 1995 when a recording of a 1990 telephone conversation between Johnson and his friend Darius Guppy was made public.[118] In it, Guppy said that his criminal activities involving insurance fraud were being investigated by News of the World journalist Stuart Collier, and he asked Johnson to provide him with Collier's private address, seeking to have the latter beaten. Johnson agreed, although he expressed concern that he would be associated with the attack.[118] When the phone conversation was published, Johnson stated that ultimately he had not obliged Guppy's request. Hastings reprimanded Johnson but did not dismiss him.[118]
Johnson was given a regular column in The Spectator, sister publication to The Daily Telegraph, which attracted mixed reviews and was often thought rushed.[119] In 1999, he was also given a column reviewing new cars in the American men's monthly magazine GQ.[120] The large number of parking fines that Johnson acquired while testing cars frustrated staff.[115] At The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator, he was consistently late delivering copy, forcing staff to stay late to accommodate him; some related that if they published without his work, he would shout at them with expletives.[121]
Johnson's April 1998 appearance on the BBC's satirical current affairs show Have I Got News for You brought him national fame.[122] He was invited back on to later episodes, including as a guest presenter; for his 2003 appearance, Johnson was nominated for the BAFTA Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance.[123][124] After these appearances, he came to be recognised on the street, and was invited to appear on other shows, such as Top Gear, Parkinson, Breakfast with Frost, and Question Time.[125]
The Spectator and MP for Henley: 1999–2008
In July 1999, Conrad Black offered Johnson the editorship of The Spectator on the condition he abandon his parliamentary aspirations; Johnson agreed.[126] While retaining The Spectator's traditional right-wing bent, Johnson welcomed contributions from leftist writers and cartoonists.[127] Under Johnson's editorship, the magazine's circulation grew by 10% to 62,000 and it became profitable.[128] His editorship also drew criticism; some opined that under him The Spectator avoided serious issues,[129] while colleagues became annoyed that he was regularly absent from the office, meetings, and events.[130] He gained a reputation as a poor political pundit because of incorrect political predictions.[129] His father-in-law Charles Wheeler and others strongly criticised him for allowing Spectator columnist Taki Theodoracopulos to publish racist and antisemitic language.[131][132]
Journalist Charlotte Edwardes wrote in The Times in 2019 that Johnson had squeezed her thigh at a private lunch at the Spectator in 1999 and that another woman had told her he had done the same to her. A spokesman denied the allegation.[133][134]
In 2004, Johnson published an editorial in The Spectator after the murder of
Becoming an MP
The selection of Boris Johnson ... confirms the Tory Party's increasing weakness for celebrity personalities over the dreary exigencies of politics. Johnson, for all his gifts, is unlikely to grace any future Tory cabinet. Indeed, he is not known for his excessive interest in serious policy matters, and it is hard to see him grubbing away at administrative detail as an obscure, hardworking junior minister for social security. To maintain his funny man reputation he will no doubt find himself refining his Bertie Wooster interpretation to the point where the impersonation becomes the man.
–Max Hastings, London Evening Standard, [138]
Following Michael Heseltine's retirement, Johnson decided to stand as Conservative candidate for Henley, a Conservative safe seat in Oxfordshire.[139] The local Conservative branch selected him although it was split over Johnson's candidacy. Some thought him amusing and charming while others disliked his flippant attitude and perceived lack of knowledge of the local area.[140] Assisted by his television fame, Johnson won the seat in the 2001 general election.[141] Alongside his Islington home, Johnson bought a farmhouse outside Thame in his new constituency.[142] He regularly attended Henley social events and occasionally wrote for the Henley Standard.[143] His constituency surgeries proved popular, and he joined local campaigns to stop the closure of Townlands Hospital and the local air ambulance.[144]
In Parliament, Johnson was appointed to a
Although labelling Johnson "ineffably duplicitous" for breaking his promise not to become an MP, Black decided not to dismiss him because he "helped promote the magazine and raise its circulation".
Following William Hague's resignation as Conservative leader, the party elected Iain Duncan Smith.[164] Johnson had a strained relationship with Duncan Smith, and The Spectator became critical of his party leadership.[165] Duncan Smith was succeeded by Michael Howard in November 2003; Howard deemed Johnson to be the most popular Conservative politician with the electorate and appointed him vice-chairman of the party, responsible for overseeing its electoral campaign.[166] In his Shadow Cabinet reshuffle of May 2004, Howard appointed Johnson as shadow arts minister.[167] In October, Howard ordered Johnson to apologise publicly in Liverpool for publishing a Spectator article – anonymously written by Simon Heffer – which said the crowds at the Hillsborough disaster had contributed to the incident and that Liverpudlians had a predilection for reliance on the welfare state.[168][169]
In November 2004, the tabloids revealed that since 2000 Johnson had been having an affair with Spectator columnist Petronella Wyatt, resulting in two abortions.[170] Johnson denied the allegations but they were subsequently proven to be true, and Howard dismissed him as vice-chairman and shadow arts minister when he refused to resign.[171][172][173]
Second term
At the 2005 general election, Johnson was re-elected MP for Henley.[174] Labour won the election and Howard stood down as Conservative leader; Johnson backed David Cameron as his successor.[175] After Cameron was elected, he appointed Johnson as the shadow higher education minister.[176] Interested in streamlining university funding,[177] Johnson supported Labour's proposed top-up fees.[178] He campaigned in 2006 to become the Rector of the University of Edinburgh, but his support for top-up fees damaged his campaign, and he came third.[179][180]
In April 2006, the
In 2005, The Spectator's new chief executive, Andrew Neil, dismissed Johnson as editor.[184] To make up for this loss of income, Johnson negotiated with The Daily Telegraph to raise his salary from £200,000 to £250,000, averaging £5,000 per column.[185][186] He presented a popular history television show, The Dream of Rome, which was broadcast in January 2006; a book followed in February.[187] A sequel, After Rome, focused on early Islamic history.[188] In 2007, he earned £540,000, making him the third-highest-earning MP that year.[189]
Mayor of London (2008–2016)
Mayoral election: 2007–2008
In September, Johnson was selected as the Conservative candidate for Mayor of London after a public London-wide primary.[190][191] Johnson's campaign focused on reducing youth crime, making public transport safer, and replacing the articulated buses with an updated version of the AEC Routemaster.[7] Targeting the Conservative-leaning suburbs of outer London, it capitalised on perceptions that the Labour Mayoralty had neglected them in favour of inner London.[192] His campaign emphasised his popularity, even among those who opposed his policies,[193] with opponents complaining a common attitude among voters was: "I'm voting for Boris because he is a laugh."[7] The campaign of Labour incumbent Ken Livingstone portrayed Johnson as an out-of-touch toff and bigot.[194]
In the election, Johnson received 43% and Livingstone 37% of first-preference votes; when second-preference votes were added, Johnson was victorious with 53% to Livingstone's 47%.[195][196] Johnson subsequently announced his intention to stand down as MP for Henley.[197][198]
First term: 2008–2012
After Johnson became mayor, those in City Hall deemed too closely allied to Livingstone's administration had their employment terminated.[199] Johnson appointed Tim Parker as his deputy mayor, but after Parker began taking increasing control at City Hall, Johnson dismissed him.[200] Many in the Conservative Party initially distanced themselves from Johnson's administration, fearing it would be damaging for the 2010 general election.[201]
During the campaign, Johnson had confided to
During his first administration, Johnson was embroiled in several personal scandals. After moving to a new house in Islington, he built a shed without obtaining
Policies
Johnson made no major changes to the mayoral system of the previous administration.[220] However, he did reverse several other measures implemented by Livingstone: ending the city's oil deal with Venezuela, abolishing The Londoner newsletter, and scrapping the half-yearly inspections of black cabs, which was reinstated three years later.[221] Abolishing the western wing of the congestion charging zone,[222] he cancelled plans to increase the congestion charge for four-wheel-drive vehicles.[223] He was subsequently accused of failing to publish an independent report on air pollution commissioned by the Greater London Authority, which revealed the city breached legal limits on nitrogen dioxide levels.[224][225]
Johnson retained Livingstone projects such as
Johnson's first policy initiative was a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport.
During his first term, Johnson was perceived as having moved leftward on certain issues, supporting the
Relations with the police, finance, and the media
Johnson appointed himself chair of the
Johnson championed London's financial sector and denounced what he saw as "banker bashing" following the
The formation of the Forensic Audit Panel was announced on 8 May 2008. The panel was tasked with monitoring and investigating financial management at the
Re-election campaign
Up for re-election in 2012, Johnson again hired Crosby to orchestrate his campaign.[262] Before the election, Johnson published Johnson's Life of London, a work of popular history that historian A. N. Wilson characterised as a "coded plea" for votes.[263] Polls suggested that while Livingstone's approach to transport was preferred, voters in London placed greater trust in Johnson on crime and the economy.[264] Johnson's campaign emphasised the accusation that Livingstone was guilty of tax evasion, for which Livingstone called Johnson a "bare-faced liar".[265] Political scientist Andrew Crines believed that Livingstone's campaign focused on criticising Johnson rather than presenting an alternate and progressive vision of London's future.[266] Johnson was re-elected.[267]
Second term: 2012–2016
After a successful bid under Livingstone in 2005, London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, with Johnson as board co-chair.[268] He improved transportation around London by making more tickets available and adding buses around the capital when thousands of spectators were temporary visitors.[269][270] Johnson was accused of covering up pollution ahead of the games by deploying dust suppressants to remove air particulates near monitoring stations.[224] In November 2013, Johnson announced major changes to the operation of the London Underground, including the extension of operating hours. All staffed ticket offices were replaced with automated ticketing systems.[271][272]
Johnson was close friends with American entrepreneur[273] and model Jennifer Arcuri, with The Sunday Times describing him as a regular visitor to her flat,[274] and implying they were in a sexual relationship.[275] Arcuri and her company, Innotech, were awarded substantial government grants, and Johnson intervened to allow her onto three trade mission trips.[276] The Sunday Times said in September 2019 that Johnson failed to declare his personal relationship as a conflict of interest.[277] The Greater London Authority referred the matter to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) "so it can assess whether or not it is necessary to investigate the former mayor of London for the criminal offence of misconduct in public office", as the Mayor is also London's police and crime commissioner.[278] On 9 November 2019 it was revealed that the IOPC had decided to publish its report after the general election on 12 December.[279] The IOPC eventually issued its report in May 2020, concluding that, although there was no basis for any criminal charge, there was evidence that the close relationship between Johnson and Arcuri had influenced decisions, that Johnson should have declared an interest, and that his failure to do this could have breached the London Assembly's code of conduct.[280]
In 2015, Johnson criticised then-presidential candidate Donald Trump's false comments that there were no-go zones in London inaccessible for non-Muslims. Johnson said Trump was "betraying a quite stupefying ignorance that makes him frankly unfit to hold the office of President of the United States",[281] becoming the first senior politician in the UK to declare Trump unfit for office, but rejecting calls for him to be banned from the country.[282] In 2016, he said he was "genuinely worried that [Trump] could become president", telling ITV's Tom Bradby that being mistaken for Trump in New York was "one of the worst moments" of his life.[283]
Johnson did not run for a third mayoral and stepped down on 5 May 2016 following the election. A YouGov poll commissioned at the end of Johnson's term revealed that 52% of Londoners believed he did a "good job" while 29% believed he did a "bad job".[284]
Return to Parliament
Johnson initially said that he would not return to the House of Commons while mayor.
Brexit campaign: 2015–2016
In February 2016, Johnson endorsed
In April 2016, in response to a comment by President Barack Obama that Britain should remain in the European Union, Johnson wrote an "ancestral dislike" of Britain owing to his "part-Kenyan" background may have shaped Obama's views.[291] Several politicians condemned his comments as racist and unacceptable.[292][293][294] Conversely, former Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith and UK Independence Party (UKIP) leader Nigel Farage defended them.[292][295]
Johnson supported Vote Leave's statement that the government was committed to
Following the victory of the "Leave" campaign, Cameron resigned. Johnson was widely regarded as the front-runner to succeed him.[299][300] Johnson announced he would not stand in the Conservative leadership election.[301] Shortly before this, Michael Gove, hitherto a Johnson ally, concluded that Johnson "cannot provide the leadership or build the team for the task ahead".[302][303] The Daily Telegraph called Gove's comments "the most spectacular political assassination in a generation".[304] Johnson endorsed Andrea Leadsom's candidature, but she dropped out, leaving Theresa May to be elected uncontested.[305]
Foreign Secretary: 2016–2018
May appointed Johnson
Some journalists and foreign politicians criticised Johnson's appointment because of his controversial statements about other countries. Johnson's visit to Turkey in September 2016 was somewhat tense because he had won
Johnson supported the
In April 2017, Johnson said that Gibraltar's sovereignty was "not going to change" after Brexit.[331] Johnson promised while in Northern Ireland that Brexit would leave the Irish border "absolutely unchanged".[332] Johnson visited Anguilla and Tortola in September 2017 to confirm the United Kingdom's commitment to helping restore British territories devastated by Hurricane Irma.[333] In September 2017, he was criticised for reciting lines from Rudyard Kipling's poem Mandalay while visiting a Myanmar temple; the British ambassador, who was with him, suggested it was "not appropriate".[334][335][336] In October 2017, he faced criticism for stating the Libyan city of Sirte could become an economic success like Dubai: "all they have to do is clear the dead bodies away".[337][338]
Initially favouring a less hostile approach to Russia,
Johnson condemned the
In a September 2017 op-ed, Johnson reiterated the UK would regain control of £350m a week after Brexit, suggesting it go to the National Health Service (NHS).[351] Cabinet colleagues subsequently criticised him for reviving the assertion.[352][353] Following the 2017 general election, Johnson denied media reports he intended to challenge May's leadership.[354] In a February 2018 letter to May, Johnson suggested that Northern Ireland may have to accept border controls after Brexit and that it would not seriously affect trade, having initially said a hard border would be unthinkable.[355] In June, he was reported as having said "fuck business" when asked about corporate concerns regarding a 'hard' Brexit.[356][357][358][359]
Secret recordings obtained by
In April 2018, Johnson travelled to Italy to attend a party at the Palazzo Terranova, owned by the former KGB agent Alexander Lebedev and hosted by his son Evgeny. He travelled without security protection or other officials,[361] and did not document the trip, which led to accusations of Johnson having misled parliament.[362] In June 2023, it was revealed that Lord Simon McDonald, the most senior civil servant of his department, was not aware of the trip. Johnson stated that "no government business was discussed" at the event as far as he was aware.[363][364] Lebedev's villa was monitored by the Italian secret service at the time, who, according to a Channel 4 documentary, suspected it to be used for espionage activities.[365] Johnson granted a peerage to Evgeny in 2020, against the advice of the MI6, and met with criticism over potential security concerns.[366][367][368]
In July 2018, three days after the
Return to the backbenches: 2018–2019
Johnson returned to the role of a
Journalism
In July 2018, Johnson signed a 12‑month contract to write articles for the Telegraph Media Group.[376] The Advisory Committee on Business Appointments (ACOBA) reported that this was a breach of the Ministerial Code.[376][377] Johnson was ordered to apologise for failing to declare £50,000 of earnings. The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards found the errors were not inadvertent, and that Johnson had failed on nine occasions to make declarations within the rules.[378]
In September 2018, Johnson wrote: "We have opened ourselves to perpetual political blackmail. We have wrapped a suicide vest around the British constitution – and handed the detonator to Michel Barnier." Senior Tories heavily criticised him, with Alan Duncan of the Foreign Office vowing to ensure the comments marked "the political end of Boris Johnson".[379][380] In April 2019, the Independent Press Standards Organisation ruled that a claim in a 6 January 2019 article in The Daily Telegraph, "The British people won't be scared into backing a woeful Brexit deal nobody voted for", authored by Johnson,[381] that a no-deal Brexit was "by some margin preferred by the British public" was false, and "represented a failure to take care over the accuracy of the article in breach of Clause 1 (i)" of its guidelines, and required that a correction be published.[382]
2019 Conservative Party leadership election
On 12 June 2019, Johnson launched his campaign for the
Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66%) to Hunt's 46,656 (34%).[387]
Premiership (2019–2022)
First term (July–December 2019)
On 24 July 2019, the day following Johnson's election as Conservative Party leader, Queen Elizabeth II accepted Theresa May's resignation and appointed Johnson as prime minister. This made Johnson the first prime minister to be born outside British territories.[388] Johnson appointed Dominic Cummings as his senior advisor.[389]
Brexit policy
In his
Also on 28 August 2019, Johnson declared he had asked the Queen to
When Parliament resumed on 3 September 2019, Johnson indicated he would call a general election under the
In October 2019, following bilateral talks between Johnson and Taoiseach Leo Varadkar,[408] the UK and EU agreed to a revised deal, which replaced the backstop with a new Northern Ireland Protocol.[409]
First Cabinet
Johnson
Among other appointments, Johnson made Dominic Raab the First Secretary of State and foreign secretary and appointed Sajid Javid and Priti Patel as the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary, respectively.
Loss of working majority
On 3 September 2019,
On 5 September 2019, Johnson's brother Jo Johnson resigned from the government and announced that he would step down as MP, describing his position as "torn between family and national interest".[418] Two days later, Amber Rudd resigned as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and from the Conservative Party, describing the withdrawal of the party whip as an "assault on decency and democracy".[419]
2019 general election
In October 2019, Parliament was dissolved, and an election called for 12 December. The election resulted in the Conservative Party winning 43.6% of the vote and a parliamentary landslide majority of 80 seats – its biggest since 1987 under Margaret Thatcher.[420] A key slogan used in the Conservative campaign was their promise to "Get Brexit Done".[421]
Second term (December 2019 – September 2022)
Second Cabinet
Johnson
Johnson reshuffled his cabinet again in September 2021. Changes included the dismissal of Education Secretary Gavin Williamson who had received significant criticism for his handling of disruption to education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dominic Raab was moved from foreign secretary to deputy prime minister and justice secretary. Raab was replaced as foreign secretary by Liz Truss.[425][426]
COVID-19 pandemic
The
Reuters reported that scientists were critical of Johnson both for acting too slowly to stop the spread of COVID-19 and for mishandling the government's response;
On 3 March 2020, Johnson claimed to have shaken hands with COVID-19 patients in hospital on the same day that
On 27 March, it was announced that Johnson had tested positive for COVID-19.[445] On 5 April, he was admitted to a hospital.[446] The next day, he was moved to the hospital's intensive care unit.[447][448] Johnson left intensive care on 9 April,[449] and left hospital three days later to recuperate at Chequers.[450] After a fortnight at Chequers, he returned to Downing Street on 26 April.[451] Johnson later said that he had been given emergency oxygen while in intensive care, and that doctors had made preparations in case he died.[452]
A scandal in May 2020 involved Johnson's chief political advisor Dominic Cummings, who made a trip with his family to Durham during the March 2020 lockdown while experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. Both Cummings and Johnson rejected widespread calls that Cummings resign.[453][454][455] Johnson's defence of Cummings and his refusal to sack him caused a widespread backlash.[456] This resulted in a loss of confidence in the government and specifically its response to the pandemic, referred to as 'the Cummings effect' in The Lancet. Concerns were raised in the study that this could affect the public's compliance with pandemic restrictions.[457][458]
The Johnson ministry was accused of cronyism in their assignment of contracts related to the pandemic response. Procurement of government contracts for key COVID-19 supplies became less transparent as a result of emergency measures bypassing the usual competitive tendering process.[459][9] In October 2020, Johnson conceded that the UK's test and trace system and its specially developed contact tracing app, which had been criticised for their cost and operational issues, had caused "frustrations".[434][460][461]
Johnson reportedly resisted calls from SAGE and within the government to enact a second lockdown throughout September as COVID-19 infections rose.
Britain began its COVID-19 vaccination programme in December 2020.[471] Half of UK adults had received at least their first vaccine dose by 20 March 2021.[472] A third lockdown for the whole of England was introduced on 6 January 2021.[473] Record numbers of infections and daily deaths were recorded in the UK throughout January, and the government began exploring quarantine procedures on arrival.[474] Johnson said he was "deeply sorry" and "take[s] full responsibility" as the UK passed 100,000 deaths from COVID-19, the first European country to do so, on 26 January.[475]
In July 2021, Johnson announced that most generalised public health restrictions in England would be lifted and replaced by recommendations. This took place despite an increase in cases driven by the
In December 2021, more stringent "Plan B" restrictions for England were put forward, a partial renewal of previous measures due to the increased incidence of the
Legislative agenda
At the
2021 Downing Street refurbishment controversy
In April 2021, Cummings alleged that Johnson had arranged for donors to "secretly pay" for renovations on the private residence at 11 Downing Street.[485] On 27 April Johnson asked the Cabinet Secretary, Simon Case, to hold a review about the refurbishment.[486] On 28 April, the Electoral Commission announced it had opened a formal investigation.[487][488] On the same day Johnson said that he had not broken any laws over the refurbishment and had met the requirements he was obliged to meet.[489] During Prime Minister's Questions, the leader of the opposition, Keir Starmer, asked: "Who initially paid for the redecoration of his Downing Street flat?"; Johnson responded: "I paid for Downing Street's refurbishment personally."[490]
On 28 May
Owen Paterson controversy
In November 2021, Johnson backed a motion to block the suspension of
Partygate scandal
In December 2021, reports emerged that social gatherings of government and Conservative Party staff in Downing Street had taken place ahead of Christmas 2020 against COVID-19 regulations. Johnson denied these allegations.[503][504] Following a leaked video showing Downing Street staff joking about a "fictional party", at a press conference rehearsal recorded days after one alleged party took place, Johnson apologised for the contents of the video and suggested he had been misled but had now ordered an inquiry.[505][506]
On 10 January 2022, ITV News reported that a planned party had taken place on 20 May 2020, during the first lockdown. ITV had obtained an email sent by principal private secretary Martin Reynolds to staff inviting them to "socially distanced drinks" in the garden of No. 10.[507] At the time, people outdoors were not allowed to meet more than one person from outside their household.[508] Two eyewitnesses later alleged that Johnson and Symonds attended, contradicting Johnson's insistence in December 2021 that there were "no parties".[509][507]
On 12 January 2022, Johnson apologised to MPs in the Commons for "attending an event in the Downing Street garden during the first lockdown",
On 19 January,
On 25 January, the
In April 2022, Johnson was issued a fixed penalty notice as police determined that he committed a criminal offence by breaching the COVID-19 lockdown regulations.[521][522] Johnson therefore became the first prime minister in British history to have been sanctioned for breaking the law while in office.[523]
According to Downing Street insiders, Johnson was involved in instigating a party on the occasion of Lee Cain leaving Number 10. What had begun as press office drinks became a party after Johnson arrived, gave a speech and poured drinks for staff. Labour's deputy leader, Angela Rayner said, "If the latest reports are true, it would mean that not only did the prime minister attend parties, but he had a hand in instigating at least one of them. He has deliberately misled the British people at every turn. The prime minister has demeaned his office."[524][525][526][527] On 21 April, MPs voted to refer Johnson to the Parliamentary Privileges Committee to investigate whether he knowingly misled Parliament.[528] Steve Baker said Johnson's "marvellous contrition... only lasted as long as it took to get out of the headmaster's study".[529]
Following the May 2022 local elections, many leading Conservatives in areas where the Conservatives had done badly blamed Johnson and calling on Johnson to resign.[530] On 6 June, Graham Brady announced that the threshold for a vote on Johnson's leadership had been passed; the vote was scheduled for later that same day.[531]
On 3 March 2023, an interim report from the Commons Select Committee of Privileges said there was evidence that "strongly suggests" breaches of coronavirus regulations would have been "obvious" to Johnson.[532] The report also said "There is evidence that those who were advising Mr Johnson about what to say to the press and in the House were themselves struggling to contend that some gatherings were within the rules".[532] Johnson said none of the evidence showed he "knowingly" misled Parliament.[532] The report stated that the Commons may have been misled on multiple occasions and Johnson "did not correct the statements [at the] earliest opportunity".[532] The committee also stated that Johnson had "personal knowledge" over lockdown gatherings in No 10, which he could have disclosed.[532]
Starmer slur controversy
While speaking in the House of Commons on 31 January 2022, Johnson falsely blamed Starmer for the non-prosecution of serial sex offender Jimmy Savile when Starmer was Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). Starmer was DPP in the years immediately prior to Savile's death but there is no evidence he was involved in the decision to not have him prosecuted.[533] The claim linking the failure of the CPS to prosecute Savile to Starmer originated in 2018 on the right-wing Guido Fawkes blog.[534] Johnson received criticism for the comment and his policy adviser, Munira Mirza, resigned three days later, saying that Johnson had made "a scurrilous accusation".[535] Julian Smith, the former chief whip, and Simon Hoare were among Conservatives who called for Johnson to apologise. On 3 February, during an interview with Sky News, Johnson defended his comments, stating that in 2013, Starmer apologised because the CPS had not investigated Savile; however, Johnson then said: "I totally understand that he [Starmer] had nothing to do personally with those decisions".[536]
Vote of confidence
In the week prior to and throughout the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II in June 2022, it had been speculated that a vote of confidence in Johnson's leadership of the Conservative Party might soon occur.[537][538] On 6 June 2022, the Conservative Party announced that Johnson would face a vote of confidence in his leadership of the party, after at least 54 Conservative MPs wrote no-confidence letters to Sir Graham Brady, the chairman of the 1922 Committee. Johnson won the vote, with 211 in favour and 148 against.[539][540] The number of rebel MPs was larger than had been expected.[540] The result was described by Keir Starmer as the "beginning of the end" for Johnson's premiership.[541]
June 2022 by-elections
Following heavy Conservative defeats in the 23 June 2022 by-elections in Wakefield and Tiverton and Honiton, former party leader Michael Howard called for Johnson to resign, saying: "[Mr Johnson's] biggest asset has always been his ability to win votes but I'm afraid yesterday's results make it clear that he no longer has that ability."[542][543]
Oliver Dowden, the Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party, resigned saying: "somebody must take responsibility".[544] Johnson announced that he had no intention of changing or resigning; senior Conservatives accused him of increasingly "delusional" behaviour.[545][546] On 26 June 2022 Johnson said: "At the moment I'm thinking actively about the third term and what could happen then, but I will review that when I get to it." He also claimed that he intended to stay as prime minister until the mid-2030s, although Number 10 later said that he had been joking.[547]
Pincher scandal
Government Deputy Chief Whip Chris Pincher resigned on 30 June 2022, saying he had "drunk far too much" the night before at the Carlton Club in St James's, London, and having "embarrassed myself and other people".[548] It was later alleged that he sexually assaulted two men,[549] and he was suspended as an MP.[550] On 3 July 2022 six new allegations against Pincher emerged, involving behaviour over a decade.[551]
Johnson allegedly referred to Pincher as "handsy" and Cummings said Johnson joked about him being "Pincher by name, pincher by nature" in 2020, leading to calls for Johnson to explain how much he knew about Pincher's behaviour.[552] Ministers initially said that Johnson was unaware of any specific complaints against Pincher when he was appointed as deputy chief whip. The BBC then reported, however, that an official complaint and subsequent investigation into Pincher, while he was at the Foreign Office (July 2019 to February 2020), had confirmed his misconduct, and that Johnson had been made aware at that time.[553] Sir Simon McDonald, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, later said that the prime minister had been briefed "in person" about Pincher.[554][555]
Mass resignations
On 5 July 2022, Sunak and Javid resigned within minutes of each other,
Announcement of resignation
By the morning of 7 July, the newly installed Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nadhim Zahawi, publicly stated his belief that Johnson should resign. Within hours, the BBC and other media reported Johnson's intention to resign. Johnson announced his resignation at 12.30 pm.[562][563][564] Upon reports of his resignation, the pound sterling temporarily strengthened in value, and UK stocks rose.[565] He remained as prime minister until September, while the Conservative Party chose a new leader.[566]
On 5 September 2022, it was announced that
Environmental policies
In November 2020, Johnson announced a 10-point plan for a "green industrial revolution", to include ending the sale of petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030,[d] quadrupling the amount of offshore wind power capacity within a decade, funding emissions-cutting proposals, and spurning a proposed green post-COVID-19 recovery.[571] In 2021, the Johnson government announced plans to cut carbon emissions by 78% by 2035.[572]
Johnson announced that the UK would join the Global Methane Pledge to cut
In April 2022, Johnson announced that eight more
Foreign policy
Johnson supported the
Hong Kong and China
Johnson said in July 2019 that his government would be very "pro-China" in an interview with the Hong Kong broadcaster
In June 2020, Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the Hong Kong national security law, the UK would offer 350,000 Hong Kong residents who are British National (Overseas) passport holders, and 2.6 million other eligible individuals, the chance to move to the UK.[585] China accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs.[586]
Johnson declined to describe the Chinese government's treatment of the Uyghur people as "genocide", despite use of the term by the United States.[587] Johnson's government argued that genocide should be decided by the International Criminal Court.[588] Nevertheless, he called what is happening to the Uyghurs in Xinjiang as "utterly abhorrent".[587]
The UK joined the AUKUS defence pact with the United States and Australia in September 2021. The pact was denounced by China[589] and caused a French backlash, as it usurped existing plans for Australia to procure French submarines.[590]
Afghanistan
On 8 July 2021, the day after saying he was "apprehensive" about the future of Afghanistan following what was then the
UK–EU trade negotiation
Following the formal withdrawal from the European Union in January 2020, Johnson's government entered trade negotiations with the EU.[596] Fisheries was a major topic of the negotiations.[596][597] On 16 October 2020 Johnson said that the UK "must get ready" for no trade deal with the EU.[598] It was announced on 24 December 2020[599] that the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement had been reached; it came into force formally on 1 May. A fisheries dispute between the UK and France occurred shortly afterwards. Introduction of new UK border checks were delayed until 2022 to minimise the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[596]
In May 2022, Johnson readied a draft that would unilaterally change parts of the Northern Ireland Protocol, citing issues with medical supplies and cuts in VAT. One of the thornier points of contention involves safety regulations for food and plants, where the British government is opposed to a closer alignment with existing EU regulations. The EU rebuffed the idea of changing the text of the treaty to accommodate the British. A unilateral override by the UK would be tantamount to a breach of the agreement. As Johnson sought a more conciliatory tone, sources within the government began to stress that the draft is designed to be an "insurance policy" and would take years to become law.[600]
Russia and Ukraine
In November 2021, Johnson warned that the European Union faces "a choice" between "sticking up for Ukraine" and approving the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline from Russia to Europe.[601]
During the
Johnson condemned the
On 9 April 2022, Johnson travelled to Kyiv and met the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[612] On 16 April 2022, Russia's Ministry for Foreign Affairs banned Johnson and a number of senior British politicians from visiting Russia, saying that Britain aimed to isolate Russia politically and supply "the Kyiv regime with lethal weapons and coordinating similar efforts on the part of NATO".[613]
Within Ukraine, Johnson is praised by many as a supporter of anti-Russian sanctions and
Post-premiership (2022–present)
After stepping down, Johnson reverted to being a backbench MP.
After Liz Truss announced her resignation as Conservative Party leader on 20 October 2022, Johnson received more than the 100 MPs' nominations required to stand in the leadership election,[624] but soon announced that he would not stand.[625][626][627]
In May 2023, Johnson was referred to the police by the Cabinet Office regarding previously unknown potential breaches of COVID regulations between June 2020 and May 2021.[628] to which Johnson's office issued a statement criticising the "unfounded suggestions" which "has all the hallmarks of yet another politically motivated stitch-up".[628]
On 9 June 2023, the publication of his 2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours led to a public feud with Rishi Sunak.[629][630] Johnson supporter Nadine Dorries announced that she was resigning as an MP due to not being included as a peer on the honours list.[631]
The same day, after receiving a confidential report from a committee of the House of Commons that was looking into whether he had lied to Parliament over lockdown-breaking parties, Johnson announced his resignation as MP.[632] His resignation statement said he is "not alone in thinking that there is a witch-hunt under way, to take revenge for Brexit and ultimately to reverse the 2016 referendum result".[633]
On 15 June, the Commons Privileges Committee published their report, which concluded that Johnson lied to and deliberately misled the House of Commons over Partygate, misled the Committee themselves during the hearing, and acted in contempt of the Committee itself through a "campaign of abuse and intimidation".[634] The report noted that had Johnson still been an MP, the Committee would have recommended he be suspended from Parliament for 90 days.[635][636] The contents of the report represented a recommendation to the House of Commons,[637] which accepted the report by 354 votes to seven.[638][639]
On 16 June, Johnson was unveiled as a new columnist for the Daily Mail. The news website Politico Europe reported that Johnson would be paid a "very-high six-figure sum".[640][641] Johnson reportedly informed the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments half an hour before the columnist assignment was publicly announced. The committee ruled that Johnson committed a "clear breach" of the rules since he had not sought its advice on the matter within an appropriate timeframe.[642][643]
In October 2023, Johnson announced he would join the television channel GB News as a commentator and programme maker for the upcoming General Election and US Presidential Election.[644][645]
Johnson condemned
In February 2024, Johnson had a private meeting with the president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro.[648] In March 2024, The Times reported that Johnson is expected to campaign for the Conservatives in the next General Election.[649]
Political positions and ideology
[I am] free-market, tolerant, broadly libertarian (though perhaps not ultra-libertarian), inclined to see the merit of traditions, anti-regulation, pro-immigrant, pro-standing on your own two feet, pro-alcohol, pro-hunting, pro-motorist and ready to defend to the death the right of Glenn Hoddle to believe in reincarnation.
— Boris Johnson, 2011[145]
Ideologically, Johnson has been described as a "
During his tenure as mayor, Johnson gained a reputation as "a liberal, centre-ground politician", according to Business Insider.[656] In 2012, the political scientist Tony Travers described Johnson as "a fairly classic—that is, small-state—mildly eurosceptic Conservative" who also embraced "modern social liberalism".[657] The Guardian stated that while mayor, Johnson blended economic and social liberalism,[658] with The Economist saying that in doing so Johnson "transcends his Tory identity" and adopts a more libertarian perspective.[659] According to political scientist Richard Hayton, Johnson's premiership was about Brexit, which served as a "national cause". Johnson evoked the discourse of popular sovereignty and anti-establishment populism to portray Parliament as seeking to "sabotage" Brexit, and in doing so, presented himself "as the true representative of 'the people'".[652][660]
Scholars of
Environment
Johnson expressed
In 2019 and 2020, Johnson expressed support for the UK to have
It was reported in 2022 that Johnson was convinced of the scientific consensus on climate change following a briefing by the chief scientist of the Met Office in January 2020, and subsequently made the issue a priority for his government.[667]
According to TheyWorkForYou as of 2022[update], Johnson has "generally voted against" what it described as "key measures to prevent climate change"[clarification needed] while an MP,[677] and other sources confirm this.[670][668][needs update]
Immigration and the European Union
Purnell believed it was the influence of Johnson's maternal family that led to him developing "a genuine abhorrence of racial discrimination".[678] In 2003, Johnson said, "I am not by any means an ultra-Eurosceptic. In some ways, I am a bit of a fan of the European Union. If we did not have one, we would invent something like it."[679] As mayor, Johnson was known as a supporter of immigration.[679] From 2009, he advocated a referendum on Britain's EU membership.[679][680][681]
In 2018, during Brexit negotiations, Johnson called for Britain to leave the
On 19 August 2019, Johnson wrote a letter to the EU asking for the removal of the "backstop" accord. The president of the European Council, Donald Tusk, rejected the proposal.[685] On 26 August 2019, Johnson said that Britain would not pay £39 billion for the withdrawal agreement were the UK to leave without a deal. The European Parliament Brexit coordinator Guy Verhofstadt said there would be no further negotiation unless the UK agreed to pay the entire sum.[686][needs update]
Unionism and devolution
Johnson described himself as a "fervent and passionate unionist".[687] He proposed building an Irish Sea Bridge, but he later scrapped this initiative.[688]
The devolved administrations have criticised the
Public image
Johnson has said that "humour is a utensil that you can use to sugar the pill and to get important points across".[690] He is said to have a genuine desire to be liked.[691] Johnson has been described as having a light-hearted and charming persona;[692][693][694][695] many biographers and commentators suggest he has put significant effort into developing this version of himself.[696][697][698][690] He has also been described as heavily focused on his own interests,[699][700][701] with an often vitriolic or irresponsible way of conducting himself in private.[702][703][704]
Johnson has been described as a divisive, controversial figure in British politics.[705][706][707] Supporters have praised him as witty and entertaining.[5] Johnson has been accused of lying or making misleading statements throughout his career,[708] and has been compared to former US president Donald Trump.[709][710][711][712] He has been considered a figure with broad appeal outside of the usual Conservative support base.[713] Johnson's premiership has been described by historians as the most controversial and scandal-affected since that of David Lloyd George about a century earlier.[714]
Personal life
Since Johnson was born in New York City to British parents, he held
Sonia Purnell wrote in 2011 that Johnson was a "highly evasive figure" when it came to his personal life,[721] who remained detached from others and who had few intimate friends.[722] Among friends and family, Johnson is more commonly known as Al (short for his forename Alexander), rather than Boris.[723]
In 2007, Johnson said he had smoked
Johnson previously owned a £1.3 million buy-to-let townhouse in
Religion
Johnson was baptised
Johnson holds ancient Greek statesman
Relationships
Children of Boris Johnson |
---|
by Marina Wheeler |
Lara Lettice Johnson-Wheeler (b. 1993)Milo Arthur Johnson (b. 1995) Cassia Peaches Johnson (b. 1997) Theodore Apollo Johnson (b. 1999) |
by Helen Macintyre |
Stephanie Macintyre (b. 2009) |
by Carrie Symonds |
Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson (b. 2020) Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson (b. 2021) Frank Alfred Odysseus Johnson (b. 2023) |
[742][743][744] |
In 1987, Johnson married Allegra Mostyn-Owen, daughter of the art historian William Mostyn-Owen and Italian writer Gaia Servadio.[745] The couple's marriage ended in divorce or annulment in 1993[e] and 12 days later Johnson married Marina Wheeler, a barrister, daughter of journalist Charles Wheeler.[749] Five weeks later, their first child was born.[750][751] They have four children: Lara Lettice, Milo Arthur, Cassia Peaches and Theodore Apollo.[752]
Between 2000 and 2004, Johnson had an affair with Spectator columnist Petronella Wyatt when he was its editor, resulting in a terminated pregnancy and a miscarriage.[170] In April 2006, the News of the World alleged that Johnson was having an affair with Guardian journalist Anna Fazackerley. The pair did not comment; shortly afterward, Johnson employed Fazackerley.[181][182]
In 2009, Johnson fathered a daughter with Helen Macintyre, an arts consultant.[212][753][754] In September 2021, Johnson stated that he had (then) six children, thereby denying the existence of further illegitimate children.[755]
In September 2018, Johnson and Wheeler issued a statement confirming that they had separated months earlier;[756] they divorced in 2020.[757]
Jennifer Arcuri said that she had an affair with Johnson from 2012 to 2016.[758][759]
In 2019, Johnson was living with
On 29 May 2021, Johnson married Symonds at Westminster Cathedral.[734][765] Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson,[766] was born in December 2021.[767] Their third child, a son named Frank Alfred Odysseus Johnson, was born in July 2023.[768]
Family and ancestors
Johnson is the eldest of the four children of
Johnson's paternal grandfather, Wilfred Johnson, was an RAF pilot in
Johnson's mother is the granddaughter of
Honours
- Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) from Brunel University London, 2007[785]
- Honorary Australian of the Year in the UK, 26 January 2014[788][789]
- Sworn in as a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council on 15 July 2016, upon his appointment as foreign secretary. This gave him the honorific title "The Right Honourable" for life.[790]
- Medical Education Ig Nobel Prize, 2020.[791]
- Honorary Citizen of Odesa, 2 July 2022[792][793]
- Member of the Order of Liberty (Ukraine), 24 August 2022[794]
- Honorary Citizen of Kyiv, 19 January 2023[795]
- Honorary Doctorate from
Works
- ISBN 978-0-00-711913-4
- Johnson's Column (ISBN 978-0-8264-6855-0
- Lend Me Your Ears (HarperCollins, 2003) ISBN 978-0-00-717224-5
- ISBN 978-0-00-719590-9
- Aspire Ever Higher / University Policy for the 21st century (Politeia, 2006)
- ISBN 978-0-00-722441-8
- Have I Got Views For You (HarperPerennial, 2006) ISBN 978-0-00-724220-7
- Life in the Fast Lane: The Johnson Guide to Cars (HarperPerennial, 2007) ISBN 978-0-00-726020-1
- The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale (HarperPress 2007) ISBN 978-0-00-726339-4
- Johnson's Life of London (HarperPress 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-741893-0
- ISBN 978-1-44-478302-5
Notes
- ^ Raab deputised for Johnson as First Secretary of State from July 2019 to September 2021, then as Deputy Prime Minister from September 2021 until September 2022.
- ^ Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94 introduced the requirement for bananas to be "free from malformation or abnormal curvature"; different standards applied to different classes of banana.[90]
- ^ The EU introduced limits on the power of vacuum cleaners in 2014.[92][93]
- ^ This was a reduction on the 2035 target set in February that year, which brought forward the previous deadline of 2040.[570]
- ^ Sources differ on whether the marriage ended in divorce[746][747] or with an annulment.[100][748]
References
Footnotes
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Sources
- Bower, Tom (2021). Boris Johnson: The Gambler. Random House. ISBN 978-0753554920.
- Crines, Andrew S. (2013). "Why did Boris Johnson win the 2012 mayoral election?". Public Policy and Administration Research. 3 (9): 1–7.
- Edwards, Giles; Isaby, Jonathan (2008). ISBN 978-1-84275-225-8.
- Gimson, Andrew (2012). Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson (2nd ed.). Simon & Schuster.
- Hill, Dave (2016). Zac Versus Sadiq: The Fight to Become London Mayor. Double Q. ISBN 978-1-911079-20-0. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- Hosken, Andrew (2008). Ken: The Ups and Downs of Ken Livingstone. Arcadia Books. ISBN 978-1-905147-72-4. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-84513-665-9.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-1-905641-64-2
- Gimson, Andrew. Boris: The Adventures of Boris Johnson (Simon & Schuster, 2012).
- Heppell, Timothy; McMeeking, Thomas (2021). "The Conservative Party Leadership Transition from Theresa May to Boris Johnson: Party Popularity and Leadership Satisfaction". Representation. 57 (1): 59–73. S2CID 225753305.
- ISBN 978-0-00-729673-6. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- Anthony Seldon and Raymond Newell. Johnson at 10 (Atlantic, 2023)
- O'Toole, Fintan, "The King of Little England", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVIII, no. 10 (10 June 2021), pp. 44–46.
- Vasudevan, A. The Thinking Man's Idiot: The Wit and Wisdom of Boris Johnson (ISBN 978-1-84773-359-7
External links
- Official website
- Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
- Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Boris Johnson at IMDb
- Boris Johnson, columnist — The Daily Telegraph
- Boris Johnson on the Muck Rack journalist listing site
- Portraits of Boris Johnson at the National Portrait Gallery, London