Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Anders Fogh Rasmussen Minister of Taxation | |
---|---|
In office 10 September 1987 – 19 November 1992 | |
Prime Minister | Poul Schlüter |
Preceded by | Isi Foighel |
Succeeded by | Peter Brixtofte |
Member of the Folketing | |
In office 1 July 1978 – 20 April 2009 | |
Constituency | Zealand Greater |
Personal details | |
Born | Ginnerup, Denmark | 26 January 1953
Political party | Venstre |
Spouse |
Anne-Mette Rasmussen
(m. 1978) |
Children | 3 |
Parent(s) | Knud Rasmussen Martha Rasmussen |
Alma mater | Aarhus University |
Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Rasmussen was first elected to the
His government introduced tougher limits on
He resigned as Prime Minister in April 2009 to become Secretary General of NATO, a military alliance that was expanding into Eastern Europe. He aggressively pushed NATO in new directions that extended far beyond the traditional roles of containment of the
His term ended 30 September 2014.He became a private consultant on the international stage. He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).[9]
Personal life
Rasmussen was born in 1953 in Ginnerup, Jutland, Denmark, to farmer Knud Rasmussen and Martha Rasmussen (née Fogh). His surname is Rasmussen, while Fogh, his mother's maiden name, is his middle name and not considered part of his last name. He is correctly referred to as Rasmussen (not Fogh Rasmussen), unless his full name (including his given name) is used. In Danish media and society, he has often been popularly referred to as Fogh Rasmussen, or merely Anders Fogh, when not referred to by his full name, mainly to distinguish him from other prominent politicians in the country with the same family name.[10]
He matriculated in languages and social studies from Viborg Cathedral School, in 1969–1972. and studied economics at the
As an amateur cyclist, Rasmussen completed part of the notorious
He is of no relation to either his predecessor Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, nor his successor Lars Løkke Rasmussen as Prime Minister of Denmark.
He received the America Award of the
Early political career
He has held positions in government and opposition throughout his career, first winning a seat in the Folketing (Danish parliament) in 1978.
Politics
In general, Rasmussen is in favour of
Rasmussen wrote the book From Social State to Minimal State (Danish: Fra socialstat til minimalstat) in 1993, in which he advocated an extensive reform of the Danish welfare system along classic liberal lines. In particular, he favours lower taxes and less government interference in corporate and individual matters. In 1993 he was awarded the Adam Smith award by the libertarian society Libertas, partly because of this book.
Resignation as Minister of Taxation
From 1987 to 1990 he was Minister for Taxation and from 1990 Minister for Economy and Taxation in the Conservative-led Poul Schlüter government.
In 1992 Rasmussen resigned from his ministerial posts after a report from a commission of inquiry had decided that he had provided the Folketing with inaccurate and incomplete information regarding his decision to postpone payment of several bills from Regnecentralen and Kommunedata from one accounting year to the next. Rasmussen disagreed with the findings of the commission, but faced with the threat of a motion of no confidence, he left his posts voluntarily.
2001 election
His Liberal (
Prime Minister of Denmark
Following the 2001 election, Venstre formed a government in a parliamentary coalition with the
After becoming Prime Minister, Rasmussen distanced himself from his earlier writings and announced the death of
His government enacted tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark, specifically as
Tax reform
After the 2001 elections, Venstre banned all tax increases. Venstre campaigned by claiming that taxes had been growing constantly during the previous eight years under the Social Democrats. While the overall tax burden was more or less unchanged from 1993 until 2001[citation needed], there was a shift from the taxation of income, both corporate and personal, to a personal consumption (especially through the "ecological taxes" (da. grønne afgifter)), which gave the average citizen the impression of rising taxes.
This "tax stop" was criticised by left wing parties, allegedly for being "antisocial" and "only for the rich." Since the tax stop also froze the tax on real property (da. ejendomsværdiskat, 1%), it was beneficial to homeowners in densely populated regions that had experienced rising real estate values. The property tax was set at a nominal level – not at a relative level. While the rate was one percent when the tax stop was enacted, the rate is much less today when recent increases in property value (+20%/p.a. in large cities) are considered. The Danish Economic Council criticized this as unfairly benefiting current homeowners.
Even though the total tax burden was marginally higher in 2005 than in 2001, the tax stop was popular among voters. Thus, in January 2005, the Social Democrats announced that they accepted the principle of a tax stop until at least one right-wing party was willing to participate in tax reform.
The tax stop has, however, been ineffective, judging by Venstre's intentions. Its goal was to halt the growth of public expenditures (and halt the growth of taxes), but even with cuts in public spending (which were considered aggressive by the political left wing), overall spending continued to rise by approximately one percentage point above inflation each year.
From 2004 and onwards, minor tax cuts came into effect, on two accounts:
- People with jobs got a 3% tax reduction on the 5.5% "bottom tax" (da. bundskat).
- An "employment deduction" (da. beskæftigelsesfradrag) was introduced. This initiative was to encourage people to get off welfare and take jobs instead.
- The bottom limit of the "middle tax" (da. mellemskat) of 6%, was raised by 12.000 DKK every year, over the next four years. This was supposed to limit the income stresses of middle incomes and families with children.
In 2009 a major tax reform was implemented. The overall marginal tax rate was reduced by 7.5%. In the end, the top tax rate (topskatten) was not changed, but the income level at which it applied was raised. This had the effect of removing 350,000 Danes from the top tax bracket. The medium tax rate was eliminated, and the lowest was reduced by 1.5%. Various other tax reforms were enacted such as an increase in the old age pension, incentives for renovation, and various initiatives designed to improve energy efficiency.[14] Finance Minister, Lars Lokke Rasmussen, called it the biggest reduction in the marginal tax rate since the introduction of income tax in 1903.[15] In 2009 tax revenue was 777,375 million Krone. It had grown to 831,172 million in 2011, 901,001 million in 2013, 954,473 million in 2015, and 995,058 million in 2017.[16] It's important to note that from 2011 to 2015 Social Democrat Helle Thorning-Schmidt was the prime minister, however, she passed a tax-reform with support from the liberal-conservative opposition.[17] It raised the top tax threshold, effectively lowering tax rates for high income earners.[18]
2002 EU Presidency
Rasmussen held the rotating presidency of the
War in Iraq
As Prime Minister, Rasmussen strongly supported the
In 2004 Rasmussen's government came under attack based on questions of how much intelligence it had with regard to
In March 2003, Rasmussen stated as one of the reasons to support a military intervention, "Irak har masseødelæggelsesvåben. Det er ikke noget vi tror. Vi ved det. Irak har selv indrømmet, at det har haft sennepsgas, nervegas, miltbrand, men Saddam vil ikke afregne. Han vil ikke fortælle os, hvor og hvordan de våben er blevet destrueret. Det ved vi fra FN's inspektører, så der er ingen tvivl i mit sind."[20] In English, this translates to:
Iraq has weapons of mass destruction. This is not something we think. We know it. Iraq has itself admitted that it had mustard gas, nerve gas, anthrax, but Saddam will not settle. He will not tell us where and how the weapons have been destroyed. We know from the UN inspectors, so there is no doubt in my mind.[20]
Gay marriage
Civil unions between gay couples became legal in Denmark in 1989. In January 2004, Rasmussen stated his belief that homosexuals should be able to marry in religious ceremonies, which were not allowed at the time in the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Denmark, but he has said it should be up to religious communities to decide whether to perform ceremonies for gay couples.[21]
2005 election
On 18 January 2005 Rasmussen called an
Although his party's support was reduced from the 2001 election, costing it four seats, Venstre was able to maintain its coalition through gains by other parties, and on 18 February Rasmussen formed the
Rasmussen received the most "personal votes" ever of any politician in the Folketing (Denmark's Parliament) with 61,792.
Muhammad cartoons and Danish goods boycott
A major period of conflict in Rasmussen's political career concerned a set of cartoons printed in Jyllands-Posten, a major Danish newspaper. In September 2005 the newspaper printed a full page with 12 cartoons depicting various interpretations of Muhammad. Due to the cartoons portraying Muhammad as a terrorist, some Muslims found the cartoons offensive. Rasmussen denied a request from 11 ambassadors of Middle-Eastern countries to discuss the issue. Rasmussen described the controversy as Denmark's worst international crisis since World War II. Later he stated, that he "was deeply distressed that the cartoons were seen by some Muslims as an attempt by Denmark to mark and insult or behave disrespectfully towards Islam or Mohammed."[22]
Municipal reform
One of Rasmussen's main initiatives was the introduction of municipal reform, the aim of which was the geographic and administrative consolidation of smaller municipalities and the abolition of counties. Major areas of public services, such as the national health service, were consolidated into five regional bodies, while the number of municipalities was reduced from 271 to 98. The reform was ratified on 16 June 2005 and was effective as of 1 January 2007.
2007 election and resignation
In October 2007, Rasmussen called the
At 11:30 p.m. on the night of the election, Rasmussen claimed victory on the basis of almost-complete results.[24] By the morning of 14 November 2007, after results came through from the Faroe Islands and Greenland, his centre-right coalition of the Liberals, the Conservative People's Party and the Danish People's Party secured 90 seats, the minimum number required for a majority.[25] Rasmussen went on to become the longest-ruling Liberal Prime Minister of Denmark.
Shortly after his second reelection in 2007, rumours began to spread in the Danish media that Rasmussen was a candidate for high-profile international jobs. A first rumour was that he was informally one of the top candidates for the new position of
Rasmussen expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the Gaza–Israel conflict. He said that, "it was Hamas that broke the truce, and Hamas started the conflict by firing rockets on Israel. No country can just passively accept being fired on."[29]
After he was confirmed as the NATO Secretary General, Rasmussen announced that he would resign as Prime Minister of Denmark on 5 April 2009.
NATO Secretary General
2009
Anders Fogh Rasmussen became the 12th
After his accession on 1 August 2009, Rasmussen's first mission was a visit to
2010
On 28 January 2010 Rasmussen attended the 2010
2011
In April 2011, in relation to the
In October 2011, the intensive 7-month NATO intervention had "now moved much closer" to its end, according to Rasmussen. The last two major outposts of Gaddafi loyalists—Gaddafi's hometown of
2012
The Secretary General normally serves for a term of four years with a one-year extension option. On 3 October 2012, Fogh Rasmussens term was extended one year, so it ended on 31 July 2014.[39]
2013
In February 2013 in the first visit of a NATO Secretary General to Ireland for a meeting with EU defence ministers, he said NATO had an "open-door policy" towards membership of the organisation. "Our door remains open for European countries, European democracies that fulfil the necessary criteria and can contribute to Euro-Atlantic security, but of course it's for individual partners to decide how they want to develop their relationship and partnership with NATO." Ireland is not a member of the organisation but ties through the Partnership for Peace Programme (PFP), a bilateral programme that allows for Irish forces to be used for peacekeeping and crisis management where there is a UN mandate and parliamentary approval.[40]
On 19 December 2013 Rasmussen was invited to speak at a periodic meeting of the
2014
On 28 March 2014, Jens Stoltenberg was nominated as Rasmussen's successor as secretary-general. He was to take office on 1 October 2014.[42]
During the first week of April, the Foreign Ministers met at Brussels NATO HQ.[43]
On 6 April, Rasmussen wrote an
On 15 April, an EU Defence Ministers' meeting took place in Luxembourg with the Secretary-General.[46] The next day, the Defence Ministers meeting of the North Atlantic Council was convened, one day in advance of the meeting in Geneva between Russia, Ukraine, the US and the EU over the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[47][43] Rasmussen said: "NATO's core task is to protect and defend our Allies. We have already taken a series of steps, including enhancing our Air Policing mission in the Baltic States, and AWACS surveillance flights over Poland and Romania... We will have more planes in the air, more ships on the water, and more readiness on the land. For example, air policing aircraft will fly more sorties over the Baltic region. Allied ships will deploy to the Baltic Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean and elsewhere, as required. Military staff from Allied nations will deploy to enhance our preparedness, training and exercises. Our defence plans will be reviewed and reinforced."[43]
In June 2014, Rasmussen claimed that Russia "engaged actively with so-called non-governmental organisations – environmental organisations working against shale gas – to maintain European dependence on imported Russian gas", without providing evidence for this claim.[48]
Organizations
Rasmussen Global
On 1 October 2014 as Rasmussen was succeeded by Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway.,[49] he declared the launch of the political consultancy Rasmussen Global to provide support on issues regarding security policy, Transatlantic relations, the European Union, Brexit and Economic development.[50] Furthermore, in 2016 he published a book called 'The Will to Lead', giving his view that the USA should 'restore America's role as a global leader'[51]
On 27 May 2016 Rasmussen became non-staff advisor to President Poroshenko of Ukraine.[52] Rasmussen also convened the Friends of Ukraine group[53] of sitting and former senior politicians and diplomats to raise international awareness of Ukraine and to keep domestic reform on the agenda.
On 2 April 2020 global bank
Alliance of Democracies Foundation
In 2017 Rasmussen founded the
The Foundation also hosts the Transatlantic Commission on Election Integrity, which 'helps advance solutions to protect integrity of democratic elections.' [58] The commission was founded by Rasmussen, Former US Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and Joe Biden.[59]
Honours and decorations
- Order of Dannebrog(Denmark, 7 April 2001)
- Commander 1st Class of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 2002)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 7 April 2009)
- Medal of Merit in Gold (Denmark, 17 December 2002)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil, 2009)
- St. George Medal, 1st Class, awarded by the Defence Minister of Bulgaria (11 April 2014)[62]
- Knight of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Estonia, 4 February 2009)
- Grand cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, 2002)
- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands, 30 January 2014)[63]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Ruben Darío (Nicaragua, 2003)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro (Nicaragua)
- Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia, 16 April 2004)
- Order of the Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania, 21 April 2004)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (Luxembourg, 2003)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Poland, 2003)
- Grand cross of the Order of Merit (Portugal, 1992)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (Romania, 2004)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (Sweden, 2007)
- Order of Liberty, awarded by the President of Ukraine, 7 August 2014[64] "For his significant contribution to the development of cooperation between the Ukrainian state and the Atlantic Alliance and the strong support in defending the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine"
- Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (United Kingdom, 30 November 2015)
- Doctor Honoris Causa title by the University of Bucharest on 24 May 2013, for his work in Denmark, in Europe and at NATO.[65][66][67][68]
Bibliography
- Opgør med skattesystemet – der straffer de aktive og belønner de passive, Liberal, 1979; ISBN 87-7519-045-1
- ISBN 87-568-1204-3
Filmography
- Fogh bag facaden, 58 min., Danish documentary, by Christoffer Guldbrandsen , 2003,[69]
- Den hemmelige krig, 58 min., Danish documentary, by Christoffer Guldbrandsen, 2006,[70]
- AFR, 83 min., Danish mockumentary, by Morten Hartz Kaplers, 2007, AFR
- CIA's danske forbindelse, by Mette Aaby, 2008,[71]
See also
- Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I
- Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II
- Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen III
- List of prime ministers of Denmark
- Politics of Denmark
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Further reading
- Hendrickson, Ryan C. "NATO's next secretary general: Rasmussen's leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg." Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 15#3 pp 237–251.