Susurluk scandal
This article's lead section may be too long. (November 2020) |
Native name | Susurluk skandalı |
---|---|
Date | Mid-1990s |
Type | Scandal |
Cause | Close relationship between the deep state in Turkey, the Grey Wolves, and the Turkish mafia |
Outcome | Resignations of Mehmet Ağar and Tansu Çiller |
Convicted | None |
The Susurluk scandal (
The scandal surfaced with a
The infighting had its roots in the state's escalating
Deputy prime minister
Intelligence expert Mahir Kaynak described the police camp as "pro-European", and the MİT camp as "pro-American".
People involved
- Mehmet Ağar, Interior Minister, police chief until March 1995.
- Tanju Akça, Diamond kingpin.[citation needed]
- MP, chieftain of a 20,000-strong village guard clan in Siverek.
- contract killer for the Counter-Guerrilla.
- Police Special Operation Teams Department (Turkish: Özel Harekât, ÖHD).
- Tansu Çiller, deputy prime minister, chairman of the DYP.
- special warfare. Affiliations with both the MİT and the ÖHD. Recruited Kurdish militias to fight the PKK in the early 1990s.
- Iranian SAVAMAagents.
- Mehmet Eymür, hief of the MİT's Counter-Terrorism department.
- Chief of the General Staff(December 1990 – August 1994)
- Hüseyin Kocadağ , head of the Istanbul police school. Former deputy chief of the Istanbul police. Former head of the Special Operations Department.
- Turkish Gendarmerie(which JİTEM operates under) 1995–1997.
- Sönmez Köksal, undersecretary of the MİT.
- İbrahim Şahin, deputy chief of the ÖHD.
- Gonca Us, Abdullah Çatlı's lover; former beauty queen.
Of the 59 people named in the third MİT report, 17 were dead by the time the report was published. Among them are 4 politicians, 4 businessmen, 14 mafia-connected nationalists, 5 military personnel, 13 security personnel, 4 MİT personnel, and 8 mafia-connected drug smugglers.[9]
Background
Kurdish–Turkish conflict
The fight against Kurdish separatists, most notably the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), reached its apex in the early 1990s. The PKK wanted to proclaim independence by 1994 at the latest, with their breakaway state centered in Şırnak. The PKK essentially controlled the towns of Şırnak and Cizre from their hiding posts in the mountains of Cudi, Gabar, and Namaz.
The military decided that anyone who could be persuaded to fight the PKK—not just the military, but the police, the mafia, Kurdish opposition groups, etc.—had to make a concerted effort. The "1993 Strategy" was drafted. It called for targeting individuals suspected of financing the PKK, pre-emptively catching members of the PKK using special forces, comprehensive psychological warfare, and a revamping of the military's inventory.[1][10]
The proposal brought before the National Security Council was initially rejected. Notable detractors were president Turgut Özal and general Eşref Bitlis, who favored a peaceful solution. Both died in 1993. Bitlis was killed in a plane crash due to sabotage, while Özal purportedly died of a heart attack.[1] Çiller's rhetoric became more hawkish after this period.[11]
With the opposition out of the way, the plan was executed, with Lieutenant General Hasan Kundakçı at the helm of the military operations. Professional assassins like Abdullah Çatlı and
It is alleged that during this period, a delegate including Çiller, Demirel,
In September 1993, Ağar, Eken, Şahin, Ertuğrul Ogan and weapons trafficker Ertaç Tinar traveled to Israel over Zurich. Ağar contacted senior Israeli intelligence officials. After some bargaining, Eken took delivery of US$50 million worth of weapons (though only half of it was paid for) from the
On 3 November 1994, Çiller, Köksal, Eymür, and Ağar left for Israel to establish a co-operation agreement on counter-terrorism and intelligence sharing. This was the first meeting between the prime ministers of the two countries. Çiller and Ağar—not the MİT officials—privately talked to MOSSAD officials about equipment they needed to catch Öcalan, who was in Syria. A rich assortment of assassination weapons was delivered to the ÖHD on 15 November, including 2 12.7-caliber Beretta telescopic rifles, 8 pump-action shotguns, 280 automatic Uzis, 20 7.62mm Galli rifles, 100 silencers, 145 rifle telescopes.[17] Can Dündar suggests that the weapons were used for political purposes other than to assassinate Öcalan.[18]
The chairman of the Workers' Party, Doğu Perinçek, alleged that "the Mafia-Gladio dictatorship"[19] was subordinate to Çiller and Ağar.[20]
Turf war
The origins of the turf war date back to the reprisal operations in the 1980s against the militant Armenian organization
After the operations, Çatlı was distanced from the MİT for engaging in criminal activities for personal gain. He drifted to the police force, led by Mehmet Ağar.[6] Once a Counter-Terrorism department was established in the MİT by 1996, Çatlı's unit came to be perceived as a competitor.[23]
Fikri Sağlar of the Republican People's Party (CHP) says Chief of Staff Doğan Güreş was behind much of the planning that led to the turf war between the MİT and the police force. (After Güreş stepped down from the military in August 1994, he joined Çiller's party, DYP.) Sağlar alleges that Güreş suggested the appointment of Nuri Gündeş as undersecretary of the MİT, but the president's office refused, so Çiller had Gündeş create a separate intelligence agency called the Public Security Headquarters (Turkish: Kamu Güvenlik Başkanlığı, curiously shortening to KGB). Upon hearing news of unsavory activity from the KGB, president Süleyman Demirel had it dismantled. The MİT defended itself against Ağar and Gündeş by appointing their rival, Mehmet Eymür, who had dished the dirt on the former two in a 1987 report. Not to be outdone, Ağar hired Korkut Eken as someone who was knowledgeable about Eymür. The scandal happened only because of Çiller's incompetence, said Sağlar.[24][25]
Mafias
The deputy chairman of ANAP, Yaşar Okuyan, broke down the mafia revenue (per annum, in trillion TL (now million TL)) as follows: 500 (drugs), 200 (gambling), 300 (money laundering). The total is equivalent to a black money market of $3.5 billion/year.[26]
Three of the better-known gangs involved in scandal were the Kocaeli Gang (Hadi Özcan), the Söylemez Gang and the Yüksekova Gang. The Soylemez Brothers gang (which included serving police and military) were caught with plans to raid the headquarters of the Bucak clan in Siverek, Urfa, the head of which is the DYP member of parliament (MP) Sedat Bucak, the only survivor of the crash. The blood feud between the Bucaks and the Söylemez gang is allegedly based on the fight between PKK and Bucaks.[20]
Drug trafficking
Turkish authorities had claimed that those security officers, politicians and other authorities who had been involved in
The authorities pocketed billions of dollars in profits from the drug smuggling.[20] This illegal activity on the state's part was partly motivated, or at least justified as such, by the tens of billions of dollars in loss of trade with Iraq due to the Gulf War.[29][24] To put this into perspective, the Turkish heroin trade, then worth $50 billion, exceeded the state budget of $48 billion.[30]: 588 (Other sources quote the 1998 budget as $62 billion and the drug market as $70 billion, though only a fraction of this was tapped as commission.[24])
Gambling and money laundering
The proceeds from drugs entered the market through casinos.[31]
The "casino king" Ömer Lütfü Topal was one of the key figures in this aspect of the scandal. Tanju Akça sold such specialties and traded with Ömer Lütfü Topal, with bribes of valuable materials. Allied with foreign guerrilla, now branched out to countries with no boundary to their patrolling.[clarification needed] One famous journalist[who?] wrote that many one-time nobodies suddenly became big politicians after entering the money laundering business, because the political parties were deeply involved in it (to finance their campaigns).[32]
In response to public outrage,
Extrajudicial killings
Prime minister Çiller sanctioned the killing of businessmen who were suspected of lending financial support to the PKK.[33]
The victims included "casino king" Ömer Lütfü Topal, Savaş Buldan, and Behçet Cantürk.[34] Medet Serhat, who was Behçet Cantürk's one time lawyer, but respected by Cantürk as an elder brother, was also murdered although his business was legal, but he was a political figure.
Police chief Hanefi Avcı said that the gangs fell into infighting after alleged PKK financiers Behçet Cantürk and Savaş Buldan were assassinated, as the gangs had completed their mission of dismantling the PKK's financial foundation.[12]
The police force's Special Operations Department (
Brigadier General Veli Küçük, who was
Events
24 January 1993: Uğur Mumcu assassination
Uğur Mumcu was a Turkish investigative journalist for the daily Cumhuriyet. In his 8 January Cumhuriyet article, titled Ültimatom, Mumcu emphatically stated that he would soon reveal in a new book the ties between Kurdish nationalists and some intelligence organizations (i.e., Abdullah Öcalan and the National Intelligence Organization). On the morning of 24 January 1993, Mumcu left his home and was killed by a C-4 plastic bomb as he started his car, a Renault 12. There are numerous hypotheses over who was responsible for his murder. Given the various links (at organizational and personal level) between the Turkish deep state and Turkish armed forces, Counter-Guerrilla, Kurdish forces and the CIA and Mossad, the hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, especially as Mumcu was investigating some of these links.
17 February 1993: Death of General Eşref Bitlis, Commander of Gendarmerie
Twenty-five days after the death of Mumcu, Gen. Eşref Bitlis, who had been investigating the same issue, died in a plane crash, believed to be due to sabotage. His Beechcraft Super King Air B-200 crashed minutes after taking off from the air base. Bitlis, his aide-de-camp Fahir Işık, technician Emir Öner and the pilots, who had VIP green card certification for excellence in flying, died in the crash. The chief of staff, Gen. Doğan Güreş, said the accident was due to atmospheric icing but this has been denied by the manufacturer and experts from Istanbul Technical University and Middle East Technical University.[37] According to the Etimesgut Air Base Weather Department's weather report for that day, there was no ice accumulation: "Calm, windy, 1,500 meters visibility, snowy, low clouds affected. Cloud level 800 feet, peak 8,000 feet. The weather is completely overcast. The temperature is −4 degrees and the pressure is 1,018 milibars.""[38] The military prosecutor who initially investigated the incident, Col. Hasan Tüysüzoğlu, remained convinced twenty years later that the crash was due to sabotage, and said that the dossier was taken from him, and no further investigation deemed necessary.[39]
28 January 1995: Iranian spy assassinations
According to Eymür, Susurluk was set in motion by the narcotics-related murder of two
March 1995: Azerbaijan coup plot
28 July 1996: Ömer Lütfü Topal assassination
Casino king Ömer Lütfü Topal was assassinated on 28 July. He had convictions for drug smuggling, and was dubbed the "casino king" for the gambling ventures that made his later fortune, which amounted to around $1 billion at the time of his assassination. An extensive 1999 study by the Ministry of Finance contained the following facts on Topal:[42]
He shot from rags to riches in just five years; in 1991 he owned but a cafeteria. He had withdrawn 4.1 trillion Lira from gamblers' credit cards. In sum, 14.5 trillion TL, US$98 million, and 23 million DM were deposited into his 137 bank accounts. A significant number of his 452 properties were acquired as payment for gambling debts. A significant source of gambling revenue was poker, raising ~$750m between 1994 and 1996.[citation needed]
Topal was also accorded lengthy coverage in the Inspection Board report. Its author, Kutlu Savaş, wrote that Topal would have become a drug lord that posed a threat to the government if unstopped.[43] In 1995, he made certain attempts to take over the management of some hotels and casinos in Ashgabat in Turkmenistan.
Topal was gunned down on July 28, 1996 with a Kalashnikov rifle. Links to the government began to appear which would later feed into the Susurluk scandal. Abdullah Çatlı's fingerprint was allegedly found on the drum of one of the machine guns used.[44] Ayhan Çarkın and two other policemen were acquitted for lack of evidence; in 2008 the trial judge claimed this was due to a sabotage of the investigation.[citation needed]
3 November 1996: car crash and investigations
The scandal began after a Mercedes 600 SEL owned by MP Sedat Bucak crashed into a truck near Çatalceviz, Susurluk in the Balıkesir province in Turkey. The crash took place on 3 November 1996 at around 19:25.[45] It was an assassination arranged by the MİT of a number of individuals travelling together; one of the four intended victims survived the crash. Abdullah Çatlı, a former ultra-rightist militant wanted by police for multiple murders and drug trafficking; Huseyin Kocadağ, a senior police official; and beauty queen Gonca Us (Çatlı's girlfriend) were killed. Bucak himself escaped with a broken leg and fractured skull.[46] The victims of the crash, plus Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar, had been staying at the Onura Hotel in Kuşadası.[46]
The assassination plan called for Ağar to be killed too. However, he was warned by Sami Hoştan, so he remained at the hotel and told the rest to leave without him.[47] The Prosecutor's Report said that the passengers in the car were themselves on their way to stage an assassination.[48]
Ağar initially denied any links, but under media and political opposition pressure resigned on 8 November.[49] His successor, Meral Akşener, announced that she had fired Istanbul Chief of Police Kemal Yazıcıoğlu, Police Security Department head Hanefi Avcı and several members of the police special forces.[49]
Parliament decided on 12 November to launch a commission of inquiry into links between police, politicians, and organised crime, and on 22 December President
Reactions
Official
The initial response of the Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar, who was allegedly one of the targets, was to undermine the investigation. First he denied that Çatlı was present, then he said that Çatlı was being delivered to the authorities, then he said a special investigation was not needed. He relented by allowing the sole survivor, Bucak, to speak.[20]
Since 1950, people having been talking about Counter-Guerrillas, gladiators, this and that...for thirty years. Which has been shown to be true, to be evidenced, to be exposed? None of them.
We will follow the facts wherever they may lead. No-one can cover up Susurluk!
— President Süleyman Demirel.[51]
They accuse the Turkish Republic of making use of illegal forces. The president, the police forces and even the Parliament are faced with murder allegations. Nobody has the right to suspect a great state...We face a situation where we are stabbing ourselves in the back. Even the Greeks wouldn't be able to do something like this to us
— Deputy Prime Minister Tansu Çiller likening detractors to traitors.[52]
Those who fire bullets or suffer their wounds in the name of this country, this nation, and this state will always be respectfully remembered by us.
— Deputy Prime Minister
Çiller had her speeches written by her advisors at the Analitik Grubu, whose members included
Alparslan Türkeş, of the fascist MHP, also spoke out in defense of Çatlı.[57] Meanwhile, party chairman Devlet Bahçeli vehemently denied any MHP involvement.[58]
On 15 January 1998, Deputy Prime Minister
Following the censorship of some pages of the report,
Civilian
Several demonstrations, some of which were proscribed, were organized in protest against the corruption and illegal activities uncovered by the investigations.[61] A popular nationwide event, known as "Sürekli Aydınlık İçin Bir Dakika Karanlık " ("One minute's darkness for the sake of perpetual light"), was organized to protest the "satanic triangle" (a nationalist mafia leader, a high ranking police officer, and a member of parliament). Participants all around the country turned off the lights every night at 9pm.[62] Later this was changed to flashing the lights. This practice lasted from 1–28 February 1997.[63] The Deputy Chair of the DYP, Mehmet Golhan, denounced the protestors as traitors, while prime minister Necmettin Erbakan, of the Welfare Party, called them "parasites and conspirators...who have nothing to do apart from intrigue".[64]
Some commentators felt that the public reaction was mute compared with the weight of the crime, and thus constituted tacit approval. In other words, the accused concluded the populace believed they had indeed been working in the best interests of the state.[65]
Investigation
Three reports were prepared in the wake of the scandal. The first was by the
Addressing the Susurluk commission, CHP deputy Fikri Sağlar said that True Path Party leaders Tansu Çiller and Mehmet Ağar were at the heart of the scandal, and personally responsible for the "politics and economy becoming Mafia-like".[66] Sağlar attempted and failed to obtain the testimony of several people, including Teoman Koman, Necdet Üruğ, Veli Küçük, Tansu and Özer Çiller. When Tansu Çiller threatened to break the coalition government, prime minister Necmettin Erbakan prevented the Çillers' testimony from being taken.[67] Ağar kept mum, revealing only that he had acted in accordance with the NSC's plan (from 1993).
If a super-prosecutor like
di Pietro came forward in Turkey, tomorrow he would be dragged through Taksim Square as an enemy of the nation.— Intelligence expert Mahir Kaynak on why the investigation failed (cf. mani pulite).[68]
MİT report
The MİT report showed that Çatlı was at the Ankara Sheraton Hotel on 24 August 1996 in the company of a delegation from Brunei. He arrived at the hotel in a BMW with a false identification plate (06 KE 889). Though police had been informed about his whereabouts no one apprehended him because he was carrying a police ID card.[69]
Inspection Board report
Among others, the Inspection Board contained the following allegations:
- Bucak was close to Ağar and OHAL regional governor Ünal Erkan.[70]
- Passports and police identity cards were issue recklessly by the Ankara police.[71]
- Several people, including MİT officers Nuri Gündeş and Mehmet Eymür, and the Inspection Board Chairman Kutlu Savaş communicated with the Prime Minister (Tansu Çiller) through her husband, Özer Çiller.[4] Eymür also called Meral Akşener, Tolga Şakir Atik, Adil Öngen, and Ağar.[72]
- Ömer Lütfü Topal's partner Ali Fevzi Bir is connected to Abdullah Çatlı, and policemen Oğuz Yorulmaz and Mustafa Altunok.[72]
- Convicted murderer Mahmut Yıldırım, code name Yeşil (Green), was a MİT agent who had infiltrated the mafia.[73] A cell phone belonging to Yeşil was found registered under Küçük's name. Küçük at the time said he talked to crime world leaders, such as Abdullah Çatlı, Sami Hoştan and Sedat Peker, only to get intelligence. However, the same phone had been called dozens of times by crime leaders, including Çatlı, and "casino king" Ömer Lütfü Topal.[74] In response to a question from a journalist asking why the state employed criminals such as Yeşil, an anonymous senior MİT officer said that the MİT could think of no other way to infiltrate criminal gangs.[75]
Parliamentary report
During an investigation conducted by the parliamentary commission on the Susurluk incident, Hanefi Avcı, the deputy chief of police intelligence, divulged connections and the names of senior officials, who were providing protection to gang leaders. Avcı also revealed a connection of a questionable nature between Çakıcı and Mehmet Eymür of the MİT.[12]
Elkatmış said that the
The commission's report maintained that the state organs used the Grey Wolves and that some state forces initiated the right-left conflicts in the 1970s.[77]
Deaths of investigators
A number of Susurluk investigators died in suspicious car accidents curiously similar to the Susurluk car crash itself (rear-end collision with a truck). These include Judge Akman Akyürek, MIT investigator Ertugrul Berkman (both 1997) and Susurluk Commission member Bedri İncetahtacı (1999).[78]
Aftermath
Although Ağar and Çiller resigned after the scandal, no one received any punitive sentences. Ağar was eventually re-elected to Parliament (as a leader of the
The European market for heroin contracted as other drugs, especially cocaine and ecstasy, took over.[30]: 598 In 2008, the Istanbul police seized 11 tons of drugs, 3.2 of which was heroin.[80]
Arrests and convictions
- Oğuz Yorulmaz. Arrested 13 January 1997 and sentenced to 4 years in prison.[34]
- Sami Hoştan. Arrested 6 February 1998, released 4 May 1998.[49]
- İbrahim Şahin. Convicted on 12 February 2001 to 6 years in prison.[49]
- Korkut Eken. Convicted on 12 February 2001 to 6 years in prison.[49]
- Alaattin Çakıcı. Arrested 16 August 1998; escaped.
Reforms
The new undersecretary, Şenkal Atasagun, turned the MİT around, relocating Eymür and Ataç[who?] abroad, out of harm's way.[81] Eymür eventually found residence in McLean, Virginia; the seat of the CIA. He faces charges of revealing state secrets and spying for the United States.[82] Ataç too has been labeled a CIA asset.[83]
A Draft Law on Struggling With Organized Crime and another draft on the legalization of JİTEM, allowing the
Çiller ordered all casinos in Turkey to be closed.[85]
Resignations and promotions
Ağar resigned when it became obvious that Çatlı was a police collaborator. On the other hand, 44 senior officials who were under investigation were promoted, including:[86]
- Special Operations Departmentdeputy chief.
- Behçet Oktay. Current Special Operations Department deputy chief.
- Hasan Kocadağ (brother of Hüseyin Kocadağ, who was killed in the car crash). Became the Police Department's deputy chief.
- Mehmet Çağlar and Şükrü Gürler. Headmaster's assistants of Istanbul Etiler Police School.
- Bedri Yanar. Chief of security (body guards) for the Prime Minister.
Şahin was close to ülkücü circles and Çatlı in particular, having been pictured dancing with him in a wedding.[86] Şahin had provided numerous hitmen (Çatlı included) with passports through the Nevşehir police.[87] In 1984 he was sentenced to two years in prison for torturing numerous people, but his conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court (Turkish: Yargıtay) on a technicality, indicating the support of powerful actors behind the scenes.[88]
Çakıcı's arrest
During Şenkal Atasagun's restructuring of the MİT, Yavuz Ataç was exiled to
Çakıcı was arrested on 16 August 1998 in France,[89] carrying a diplomatic passport, after he allegedly threatened potential buyers of the Turkish Commerce Bank (Turkish: Turk Ticaret Bankasi) over the telephone. He was extradited, imprisoned, then released. On the day of his final arrest, 3 May 2004, he escaped to Italy on a visa given to him at the Italian consulate.[30]: 599
CHP deputy
Ataç had originally planned to give the passport to Mehmet Can Kulaksızoğlu, the fugitive leader of the Turkish Revenge Brigade and suspected mastermind behind the assassination attempt on Human Rights Association chairman Akın Birdal.[83]
Çakıcı's arrest was timed to coincide with the wedding of Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar's son. Presidents Evren and Demirel were invited. Upon being informed of the arrest, Demirel changed his mind at the last minute about attending. The Çakıcı operation was not publicly revealed until 20:30, when the marriage ceremony took place.[12]
Ergenekon
Ten years after the scandal, another gang called "Ergenekon" was discovered and tried. The chairman of the Susurluk commission, Mehmet Elkatmış, said that the two organizations were identical except in name.[76] One of its key figures, Tuncay Güney, turned out to be subordinate to Eymür. ÖHD deputy chief Şahin was detained in January 2009. Three maps in his possession led to the recovery of numerous weapons from scattered arms caches in Ankara. They turned out not to be the missing weapons from Susurluk.[16]
Öcalan evaded assassination after a television reporter,
Legacy
According to historian Ryan Gingeras, "Turkish politics changed forever" as a result of the scandal, as it affirmed suspicions in the public consciousness that the Turkish government knowingly associated with professional criminals and encouraged illicit acts of violence. He writes:
Susurluk’s revelations validated the worst anxieties and suspicions of many Turkish citizens in the 1990s. Çatlı’s presence alongside Bucak and Kocadağ made it impossible to refute the claim that the government relied upon gangsters to commit extra-judicial killings of dissidents and militants. It added further confirmation that Ankara’s “dirty war” against the PKK knew few limits. The links the three men shared further inferred that the Turkish state and its security apparatus possessed a permissive relationship with organized crime. Taken as a whole, Susurluk demonstrated the profound levels of corruption and malaise that had set over the country at the century’s end.[8]
See also
- Deep state
- Ergenekon trials
- Operation Sledgehammer
- Ziverbey Villa
Footnotes
- ^ Ahmet Zeydan, Tahir Adiyaman, Kamil Atak, Abdurrahman Ozbek, Suleyman Tatar, Abdurrahman Seylan, Hazim Abat, Osman Demir, Ramazan Cetin, Dilbaz Uncu, Isterder Ertus and Hakki Ture. The source that follows has details on the tribes of Adiyaman, Ture, Tatar, Babat, and Benek.
- ^ Failing to report let alone employing convicted criminals is a violation of Article 296 of the Turkish Criminal Code.
- ^ This information was among twelve pages of the Inspection Board report that were classified; it can be found in folder 171[permanent dead link] of the Ergenekon indictment's annex.
- ^ The missing parts of the Inspection Board report: "12 yasak sayfa". Taraf (in Turkish). 2008-08-09. Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
References
- ^ Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. 1996-12-06. Retrieved 2009-01-02.[permanent dead link] See also Berkan, İsmet (2002-03-14). "6 yıl sonra Gladio itirafı". Türkiye. Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the originalon 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ Kesler, Musa (2008-08-11). "PKK'ya karşı örtülü operasyon planları". Siyaset. Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-01-04.
Yurt içinde de örgütün legal uzantısı olan dernek, parti ve gazetelerde patlamalar olmuş, PKK'nın patlaycı madde, silah ve diğer lojistik desteğinin çok önemli kısmını sağlayan bazı kişiler suikastlere uğramıştır. ...bunun tek elden koordineli bir şekilde ve yanlışlıklara yol açmayacak tarzda yürütülmesi esas olmalıdır.
- ^ a b Alpman, Nazım (2001-11-03). "Gladio Hazır Bekliyor". Bianet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
- ^ a b "Başbakan'a gidecekler Özer Bey'den geçiyordu". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 1998-01-23. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
- ^ Vatandaş, Aydoğan (1998-10-17). "İki Mehmet'in kavgası". Aksiyon (in Turkish). 2002. Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
- ^ Turkish Daily News. Archived from the originalon 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
- ^ Kaynak, Mahir (2008-11-15). "Ergenekon". Star (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-12.
Siyasi iktidar, silahlı güç olarak Emniyet ve korucular, istihbarat Emniyet içinde oluşturulacak ya da o zaman kurulması planlanan yeni istihbarat örgütü olacaktı. Ülkeye egemen olan güç, durumu fark etti ve belki kaderin yardımıyla, belki de birilerinin desteğiyle, meşhur kaza oldu ve örgüt etkisiz hale getirildi.
- ^ Ahval News. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
- ^ 1998
- ^ Mercan, Faruk (2004-09-20). "Irak savaşı PKK'ya hayat verdi". Aksiyon (in Turkish). No. 511. Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş. Archived from the original on January 18, 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- ^ Finkel, Andrew (2008-07-29). "Ergenekon—has the coup already taken place?". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
In the weeks and months that followed, Mrs. Çiller became more hawkish than her predecessors.
[permanent dead link] - ^ Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the originalon 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
- ^ Fernandes, Desmond; Ozden, Iskender (Spring 2001). "United States and NATO inspired 'psychological warfare operations' against the 'Kurdish communist threat' in Turkey". Variant. 12. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
Recent revelations after the Susurluk car incident further point towards a 'Turkish Gladio' US-NATO connection...
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the originalon 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ "Ne afmış ama!". SİYASET. Gazeteport (in Turkish). 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2009-01-12.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Duvakli, Melih (2009-01-10). "Weapons found in Gölbaşı different from Susurluk rifles". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2009-01-09.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Altan, Mehmet (2009-01-10). "Özel Harekát-Özel Harp". Star (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- ^ Dündar, Can (2009-01-08). "İsrail ve Ergenekon". Güncel. Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the originalon 2011-05-22.
- ^ a b c d Aslaneli, Hakan; Yoruk, Zafer F (1996-11-06). "'Traffic Monster' reveals state-mafia relations". Hürriyet. Archived from the original on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ Ergenekon document reveals MİT’s assassination secrets Archived 2008-08-24 at the Wayback Machine, Today's Zaman, 19 August 2008.
- ^ "İşte Çatlı'nın, Evren onaylı 'devlet sırrı' eylemleri". Yargı / GÜNCEL. Gazeteport (in Turkish). 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
- ^ "MİT raporu savaslari: kontr-teror merkezi". Zaman (in Turkish). 2004-02-13. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
Yani 1980'den sonra, donemin Genelkurmay Baskani ve Sikiyonetim Komutani Orgeneral Kenan Evren tarafindan ASALA'ya karsi Hiram Abas'a kurdurtulan ve fakat daha sonra Emniyet Genel Mudurlugu'nden bazi isimlerin kontrolune giren ozel guc artik varlik sebebini yitiriyordu. Eymur ile Mehmet Agar arasindaki catisma burada acikca ortaya cikiyordu. Bu yuzden Mehmet Agar'in elinde bulundurdugu ve kimi zaman da zararli olabilen bu gucu dagitmanin vakti gelmisti.
- ^ a b c d Erkoca, Yurdagul (1998-08-31). "Devletin tepesi haberdar". Politika. Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Doğan Güreş bu işleri organize etmiş. Genelkurmay Başkanı Güreş asker kökenli Nuri Gündeş'i MİT Müsteşarlığı'na, Mehmet Ağar'ı da Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü'ne tavsiye etmiş. Gündeş'e Köşk izin vermemiş. Onlar da Başbakanlık istihbarat başdanışmanı yapmışlar. MİT de Ağar ve Gündeş'e karşı kendini korumak adına Mehmet Eymür'ü yeniden işe almış. Eymür birinci MİT raporunda Mehmet Ağar'la Nuri Gündeş'in, nasıl yolsuzluklara karıştığını anlatmıştı. Ağar da Mehmet Eymür'le arası bozuk olan ama onun yaptıklarını bilen Korkut Eken'i danışman olarak Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü'ne almış.
- ^ Kilic, Ecevit (2008-12-01). "Kontr-Terör'ün resmi kaydı yok". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ (HRFT 1998, p. 77)
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. 1996-12-19. Archived from the originalon 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
...the PKK is a very rich terrorist organization from its illegal activities, which he said are linked to the mafia and terrorism. He said that the PKK usually uses a route from Afghanistan through northern Iraq to Syria's Latakia (Lazkiye) harbor to transport drugs.
- ^ a b Yedig, Serhan (2005-11-20). "Bir var bir yok. Hem var hem yok: JİTEM". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-25.
3 Kasım 1996'da Susurluk'ta meydana gelen trafik kazası, MİT Operasyon Dairesi'ne ve Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Özel Harekat Dairesi'ne bağlı iki hukuk üstü silahlı grubun daha varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştı.
- ^ Fraser, Suzan (2002-06-21). "Turkey Warns US of Lengthy Iraq War". Common Dreams. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
Turkey has long complained that it has lost some $40 billion in trade with Iraq since the 1991 Gulf War and U.N. embargo.
- ^ ISBN 1-4020-2615-3.
- ^ a b
U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ Berkan, İsmet (1998-10-10). "Bir banka uğruna..." Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-04-06.
Banka sahibi olmak, daha önce kimsenin yüzüne bile bakmadığı insanları birden hükümet seviyesine çıkartıyor Türkiye'de. Çünkü Türkiye'nin en büyük kara para kullanıcılarının başında siyasi partilerimiz geliyor. Seçim dönemi harcamaları ...
(see (HRFT 1998, pp. 84, 85) for an English translation) - ^ "Bit by bit, ugly facts come out". The Economist. Vol. 346, no. 8053. 1998-01-31.
- ^ a b c "Oğlum devlet için çok adam öldürdü". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ (HRFT 1998, p. 48)
- ^ "Ergenekon'da Veli Küçük kendini savundu". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 2008-12-14. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
İddianameye ısrarla JİTEM adı konulmuştur. Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı'nın hiçbir zaman böyle bir birimi olmamıştır. Bu isim konularak sanki gizemli, gayriyasal bir oluşum varmış izlenimi yaratılmaktadır. Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı'nın istihbarı grupları gayri yasal bir faaliyette bulunmamıştır. JİTEM, TSK'ya yapılan bir saldırıdır
- ^ "Eşref Bitlis'in Ölümü: Buzlanma yok!". Yeni Aktüel (in Turkish). 70. 9–15 November 2006. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ Today's Zaman, 10 August 2010, Former military prosecutor claims Bitlis’ file incomplete Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Eymür, Mehmet (2000-06-09). "Uyuşturucudan Susurluk'a 01 – Susurluk'un Başlangıcı". Anadolu Türk İnterneti (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-03.
Esasında uyuşturucu bağlantılı iki İranlı'nın kaçırılması ve öldürülmesi olayı günümüzde 'SUSURLUK' olarak bilinen olayın başlangıç noktasıdır.
- ^ Berberoğlu, Enis (2000-06-13). "İranlı ajanın ölümü (2)". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-17.
- ^ Şener, Nedim (1999-01-07). "Topal'ın yıkama makinası". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ "Topal'ın ürküten gücü". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ Hurriyet Daily News, 16 December 1996, Turkish Press Scanner
- ^ (HRFT 1998, pp. 565, 566)
- ^ a b c (HRFT 1998, p. 39)
- ^ Cetinkaya, Beyhan (2008-12-11). "Veli Paşa o gazeteciyle benim yanımda konuştu". Gündem. Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. 1997-04-04. Archived from the originalon 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Meanwhile, the confidential 'prosecutor's report' on Susurluk reached the conclusion that the 'Susurluk gang' was on its way to stage an assassination when it met with a road accident on Nov. 3, 1996.
- ^ Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the originalon 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ Mercan, Faruk (2006-01-09). "İlk Özel Harpçi Orgeneral". Aksiyon (in Turkish). 579. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
1950'den beri gelen kontrgerillalar, gladiolar, şunlar bunlar... Bunlar otuz senedir söylenen şeyler; hangisi realite içerisinde yerini buldu, hangisi delillendirildi, hangisi ortaya konuldu; hiçbir tanesi ortaya konulmadı.
- ^ "Susurluk Davası'nda sürpriz tanıklar". Zaman (in Turkish). 2006-06-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
Nereye kadar gidiyorsa gidilecektir? Kimse Susurluk'u örtbas edemez. Hükümetin görevi, yargının gereksinimi olan belgeyi bulmaktır.
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. 1996-12-13. Archived from the originalon 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ Lucy Komisar, Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on, The Progressive, April 1997.
- ^ Hasan, Aydin (2000-11-29). "DYP'de Çatlı ekibi". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ^ "Columns at Zaman". Archived from the original on 2008-11-17. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- ^ Sozbilir, Aslı (2008-08-13). "Mümtazer Türköne Çatlı'nın adamıydı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-23.
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. 1996-11-06. Archived from the originalon 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ "Birinci turda sorun yok". Politika. Radikal (in Turkish). 1999-05-09. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Susurluk olayında MHP'li hiç kimse yoktur. Susurluk konusunun önünde, arkasında, hiçbir yerinde MHP yoktur.
- ^ (HRFT 1998, p. 40): It seems that some illegal methods were employed within the state during the anti-terrorist struggle. In the report, some military people are mentioned, but the report implies that the army as a whole was not involved in such affairs. I am glad to hear that. If the army had been involved in such affairs, it would have been highly difficult for us to solve the problem. On the other hand, the situation of the Gendarme is a bit complex because its affiliation is to both the army and the Ministry of Interior Affairs. That's an outcome of the report. JİTEM seems corrupted.
- People's Democracy Party [all Kurdish parties] board members and members, murders of Kurdish businessmen, village raids and provocation are acts considered as 'state secret'.
- ^ (HRFT 1998, pp. 60–62)
- ^ LEE, MARTIN A. "Der lange Atem der Grauen Wölfe". monde-diplomatique.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-23.
- ^ Yetkin, Murat (2007-03-01). "10. yılında 28 ŞUBAT (5)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- Turkish Daily News. Archived from the originalon 2014-10-19.
- ^ (HRFT 1996, p. 136): It is not for nothing that these powers openly declare that “they are the real patriots, they are the state.” This conviction also stems from a collective social legalization process.
- ^ Toprak, Ergulen (2008-12-16). "Çiller tehdit etti Küçük'ü çağıramadık". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the originalon 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. 1996-11-06. Archived from the originalon 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ "Bucak Aşireti uyuşturucu işinde". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 1998-01-28. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ "Önlerine gelene polis kimliği dağıtmışlar". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 1998-01-28. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ a b "Eymür, DYP ve Özer Çiller'i aradı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 1998-01-23. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ (HRFT 1998, p. 51)
- ^ Imre, Nuri; Tas, Baran (2008-12-16). "Küçük remains obstinate despite clear-cut evidence". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ Yetkin, Murat (2008-11-28). "Susurluk-Ergenekon: Benzerlikler-ayrılıklar". Politika. Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-19.
Aslında haklısınız... Ama ne yapalım? İyi aile terbiyesi almış, düzgün işlerde çalışan kişilerden terörizm, uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı, espiyonaj bilgisi alamıyorsunuz ki; onlar nereden bilecek? Bu muhbirleri Yenicami avlusunda güvercinlere yem atanlar arasından toplamıyoruz. Mecburen suç dünyasının içine yönelim oluyor. Bazen de başımıza bela oluyorlar böyle.
- ^ a b Gungor, Behcet (2008-08-19). "Veli Küçük'ü Karadayı Paşa korudu". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-11-22.
Susurluk olayı ile Ergenekon olayı aslında aynı şey. İkisinin birbirinden tek farkı ismi. O zaman Meclis komisyonu devlet içindeki derin yapılanmayı ortaya çıkarmıştı. Ülkeyi kollamak adına ortaya çıkan bir kısım insanların zamanla devlet içinde bir yapılanmaya girdikleri ve bu işi ranta çevirdiklerine kamuoyu şahit olmuştur
- ISBN 975-7217-22-0. In the Turkish version the quote is on pg. 7
- ^ Today's Zaman, 21 November 2008, ‘Those who threatened me years ago are now in Ergenekon’ Archived 2013-07-05 at archive.today
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the originalon 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- ^ Koroglu, Ufuk (2008-12-25). "İstanbul police seize 11 tons of drugs in past year". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2008-12-25.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Altayli, Fatih (1998-08-22). "Bir istihbarat hikâyesi". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-22.
Şenkal Atasagun, MİT'i toparladı ve asli görevine döndürdü...Atasagun da bu tarihi temizliği yapan adam olarak MİT müsteşarları arasındaki onurlu yerini alacak.
- ^ Atar, Ersan; Sik, Barsin (2000-05-23). "Eymur'un acik adresi elcilikte". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-12.
- ^ cays officer'in gizli servisteki sorumlusu Yavuz Ataç'ın ne de dünkü veya bugünkü yöneticilerinin malıdır.
- ^ (HRFT 1998, pp. 56, 59)
- Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the originalon 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ a b "İbrahim Şahin'e terfi". Hürriyet. 1998-06-05. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
- ^ Dündar, Can (2000-06-20). "Ecevit bağırıyordu: 'Beni de vurun kalleşler'". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ^ Can Dündar (1997). Abdi İpekçi Cinayeti (in Turkish). Show TV. Event occurs at 17:00. Archived from the original (WMV) on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- ^ "Alaattin caves in". The Economist. Vol. 348, no. 8083. 1998-08-29. pp. 49–50.
- ^ "Yalçın Küçük'ten 'Öcalan'a kaç mesajı' açıklaması". Star (in Turkish). 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
Bibliography
- 1996 Report (PDF) (Report). Ankara: ISBN 975-7217-20-4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-02-05. (in English)
- 1998 Report (PDF) (Report). Ankara: Human Rights Foundation of Turkey. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05. (contains the Susurluk reports in the annex, and material on the Counter-Guerrilla) (in English)
Further reading
- Özdemir, Veli (1997). İfade Tutanakları. Susurluk Belgeleri (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Scala Yayıncılık. ISBN 975-7132-15-2.
- Özdemir, Veli (1997). İfade Tutanakları. TBMM Komisyon Raporu'na Muhalefet Şerhleri ile Birlikte. Susurluk Belgeleri (in Turkish). Vol. 2. Scala Yayıncılık. ISBN 975-7132-16-0.
External links
- Official reports Archived 2015-02-20 at the Wayback Machine (HTML), hosted by Mustafa Akgül of Bilkent University. (in Turkish)
- Official reports (DOC), hosted by Can Dündar. (in Turkish)
- Susurluk Dosyası, Ankara University (in Turkish)
- Susurluk Dosyası, Radikal (in Turkish)
- The missing parts of the Inspection Board report: "12 yasak sayfa". Taraf (in Turkish). 2008-08-09. Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
- Michael M. Gunter (1998): "Susurluk: The connection between turkey's intelligence community and organized crime", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 11:2, 119–141