Tel Michal

Tel Michal

High mound of Tel Michal
Shown within Israel
Location	Israel
Coordinates	32°09′33″N 34°47′52″E / 32.159167°N 34.797778°E / 32.159167; 34.797778
History
Material	Stone
Periods	Bronze Age, Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Early Arab
Site notes
Excavation dates	1958-1960, 1977–1980
Archaeologists	Nahman Avigad, Ze'ev Herzog
Condition	abandoned
Public access	yes

Tel Michal is an

The archaeological site of Tel Michal covers five hills on the ridge running along the coast, which are composed of lithified wind-blown sediments, an eolianite known locally as kurkar. The highest of these, the actual tell, stands 30m above sea level and is three quarters of an acre in size. It is separated from the other hills by two ravines running to the sea on its north and south. To its north stands another hill, 5 meters lower in altitude. This hill is a rectangular plateau, 250 x 175 meters, bordered on its north by the Gelilot Stream. Three hillocks lie to the northeast, east and southeast of the high mound. The northeastern hillock covers an area of some 2000 m². The two remaining hillocks are smaller and rise to a height of 5 meters.^[1][2][3]

History

Bronze Age

Stratum XVII of the excavations of Tel Michal reveals that the site was first settled at the end of the Middle Bronze Age IIB (1800/1750–1550 BCE^[4]). The first settlers built a 4-m-high raised platform made of alternating layers of red clay and sand on the tel's high mound. This was supported by a brick retaining wall on the north and a glacis made of sloping layers of sand. Structures were then built on top of the platform, though none were preserved. The site covered approximately one-half to three quarters of an acre at the time, finds from which included local pottery, Cypriot imports, Hyksos scarabs and Egyptian alabaster vessels. It was likely a trading post connected to the Hyksos dynasties that dominated Egypt. This initial settlement was apparently destroyed by tectonic activity.^[1][5]

Settlers who arrived at Tel Michal during the Late Bronze Age I (1550–1400 BCE^[4]) expanded the area of the high mound by means of a 10m high, 30m wide earth fill, determining its shape to this day. During this period in the site's habitation, a small fort, commanding the approach from the coast to the ridge, was constructed on the north side of the mound. The strip of sand below the fort would have been an ideal location for traders to anchor or beach their ships. Several dwellings stood south of the fort.^[1][5] Finds from the period include local pottery and Cypriot imports, plus an unusual group of kraters, different from the typical pottery of the period. Possibly the product of the Cannanite or Syrian coast, these were made of coarse material and decorated with horizontal bands or wavy lines in black or black and red, while two displayed horizontal handles.^[1]

The Late Bronze Age I settlement at Tel Michal was also destroyed, though less violently than its predecessor. It was resettled during the Late Bronze Age II (1400–1200 BCE^[4]). Although the new inhabitants expanded the earlier rampart and added a retaining wall at its base, the site remained largely unchanged until the 14th or early 13th centuries BCE when it was again abandoned, perhaps as the result of a decline in international commerce.^[1]

Iron Age

Tel Michal remained uninhabited until the 10th century BCE, when the high mound and the three hillocks were settled. Strata XIV and XIII display typical Iron Age dwellings, plus a walled, 10m by 10m open-air cultic structure on the northeastern hillock, a room devoted to

Tel Michal features six strata (XI-VI) from the Persian period, a testament to the importance of the region to both Phoenician trade and the Persian army. Stratum XI, dated to the late 6th century BCE and early 5th, shows the site was again serving as a way station and trading post. Pottery from the period is characterized by geometric and floral motifs of the East Greek style. On the northern edge of the high mound excavators uncovered a fort, while the rest of the mound features multiple silos, cooking ovens and ash pits. These would suggest that the site was home to a garrison, probably charged with guarding the food stores. Though they would change in character in subsequent phases, structures on the northern edge of the mound would continue to serve as military and administrative headquarters throughout the Persian period.^[1]

Houses on the southern mound in stratum X (first half of the 5th century BCE) are the first evidence of a permanent settlement. This settlement reached its zenith towards the end of this century and the next, when it covered an area of 1.5 to 2.5 acres. The site also shows evidence of town planning absent in previous phases. A temple stood on the northern hillock, from which dozens of votive figurines were recovered, while another stood on the eastern hillock. Houses on the northern hill are bordered by an industrial quarter featuring several kilns, while two wine presses stood nearby. By the final phase of the Persian period, the high mound also displays a functional division, with its northern edge occupied by a fort, the center by dwellings, and the southern part mostly empty save for a number of silos.^[1]

The northern hill also contained a cemetery, a section from which, covering no more than a tenth of its estimated area, yielded 120 burials. These were found to be of three distinct types,

The settlement at Tel Michal was not destroyed during the region's conquest by

A large fortress, 31 by 38 meters, once again stood at the site during the Roman period. Erected on foundations of coarse eolianite, the superstructure was built of dressed eolianite stones laid in headers. The entrance to the fortress stood on its northern side, while in the center of its inner courtyard stood a tower which may have served as a lighthouse at night. Coins recovered at the site come from the reign of prefects

Early Arab period

The final phase of habitation at Tel Michal, stratum I, features a small

Staff and students were housed in tents in a secure compound about 4 km north of Tel Michal. Excavation work continued from about 6am to 2pm. Pottery of the day was sorted in the evening.

The hole was a standard 10' x 10' grid and was excavated to a depth of around 7 meters. At around 4 meters the sand changed to earthworks. Further excavation indicated that several construction levels were present, as seen by the colour changes in the strata.

The hole was later extended into a trench using a bulldozer, which verified at least two distinct platforms from different periods.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tel Michal.

• Tel Gerisa
• Tel Zeror
• Archaeology of Israel

References

Bibliography

• Cline, Eric H. (2009). Biblical Archaeology – A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-19-534263-5
  .
• Herzog, Ze'ev; Moshkowitz, Shmuel; Negbi, Ora; Rainey, Anson F. (Summer 1978). "Tel Michal-A Coastal Site in the Sharon Plain" (PDF). Expedition. 20 (4). University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology: 44–49.
  ISSN 0014-4738
  .
• Herzog Ze'ev; Negbi, Ora; Moshkowitz, Shmuel (1978). "Excavations at Tel Michal, 1977". Tel Aviv – Journal of the Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. 5: 99–130.
  OL 19372123M
  .
• Herzog, Ze'ev, ed. (1980). "Excavations at Tel Michal 1978–1979". Tel Aviv – Journal of the Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. 7 (3–4): 111–146.
• Herzog, Ze'ev (1993). "Michal, Tel". In Stern, Ephraim (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Vol. 3. Jerusalem, Israel: The Israel Exploration Society, Carta. pp. 1036–1041.
  ISBN 965-220-211-8
  .
• Josephus, Flavius. William Whiston, A.M., translator (1895). The Works of Flavius Josephus. Auburn and Buffalo, New York: John E. Beardsley.