Terêna language

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Terêna
Native to
Arawakan
  • Southern
    • Bolivia–Parana
      • Terêna
Language codes
Guaná
caj – Chané
Glottologtere1279
ELPTerena
 Guana (Brazil)[2]

Terêna or Etelena is spoken by 15,000

Brazilians. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[3] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed
]

Terêna has an

active–stative syntax[4] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[5]

Varieties

Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper,

Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[6] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[7]
Only Terena proper is still spoken.

Language contact

Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[8] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[9]

There are also many

Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[10]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p
t
() k ʔ
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ h
prenasal ⁿz ⁿʒ
Nasal m
n
(ɲ)
Tap ɾ
Lateral
l
(ʎ)
Approximant w ~ v j

/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[11]

Vowels

Front Central Back
High
i ĩ (ɨ) u ũ
Mid e o õ
ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Low
a ã

[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Terena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Kinikinao & Guaná at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Chané at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Guana (Brazil).
  3. ^ Butler, Nancy Evelyn; Ekdahl, Elizabeth Muriel (1979). Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1 (in Portuguese). Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  4. ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
  5. ^ Rosa, Andréa (2010). Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) (PDF). pp. 71–72.
  6. ^ Aikhenvald 1999
  7. ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. Anthropological Linguistics.
  8. ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously.
  9. ^ Silva, Denise (2013). Estudo Lexicografico da Lingua Terena. Araraquara: Universidade estadual paulista julio de mesquita filho.
  10. ^ Nascimento, Gardênia (2012). Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)