Yanesha' language
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|
Amuesha | |
---|---|
Yaneshac̈h/Yanešač̣ | |
Pronunciation | [janeʃaˀt͡ʂʰ] |
Native to | Arawakan
|
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ame |
Glottolog | yane1238 |
ELP | Amuesha |
Yanesha' (Yaneshac̈h/Yanešač̣; literally 'we the people'), also called Amuesha or Amoesha is a language spoken by the
Due to the influence and domination of the
Phonology
Yanesha' has 26 consonants and 9 vowel phonemes. The consonants have a certain degree of allophonic variation while that of the vowels is more considerable.
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | mʲ ⟨m̃⟩ | n ⟨n⟩
|
nʲ ⟨ñ⟩ | (ŋ) 2 | |||||
Plosive | p ⟨p⟩ | pʲ ⟨p̃⟩ | t ⟨t⟩
|
k ⟨c/qu⟩ | kʲ ⟨c̃⟩ | |||||
Affricate 1 | t͡s ⟨ts⟩ | t͡ʂ ⟨c̈h⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | t͡ʃʲ ⟨t̃⟩1 | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless
|
s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨j⟩ | xʲ ⟨j̃⟩ | |||||
voiced | β ⟨b⟩ | βʲ ⟨b̃⟩ | ʐ ⟨rr⟩ | ɣ ⟨g⟩ | ɣʲ ⟨guë⟩ | |||||
Liquid | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | lʲ ⟨ll⟩ | ||||||||
Semivowel | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨hu/u⟩ |
- The affricates and /t͡ʃʲ/ are phonetically aspirated
- [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before /k/
Yanesha', similar to languages like Russian, Irish, and Marshallese, makes contrasts between certain pairs of palatalized and plain consonants:
- anajp̃ /aˈnaxpʲ/ 'he answered him' vs. anajp /aˈnaxp/ 'he answered'
- esho'ta netsorram̃o /eˈʃota netsoˈʐamʲo/ 'entered my saw' vs. esho'ta nenamo /eˈʃota neˈnamo/ 'entered my mouth'
- ña /nʲa/ 'he' vs. na /na/ 'I'
The remaining two palatalized consonants, /lʲ/ and /t͡ʃʲ/, don't offer a one-to-one contrast with plain consonants; the former because it is the only lateral consonant and so contrasts with no other phoneme on the basis of just palatalization; /t͡ʃʲ/, while contrasting with /t/, also contrasts with /ts/, /tʃ/, and /tʂ/. The bilabial palatalized consonants have a more perceptible palatal offglide than the alveolar ones. Word-finally, this offglide is voiceless for /pʲ/ and /lʲ/ while being absent for /mʲ/.
Another general feature of Yanesha' is devoicing in certain contexts. In addition to the devoicing of palatal offglides above, the
Similarly, the stops /p/, t/, and /k/ are
Vowels
Yanesha' has three basic vowel qualities, /a/, /e/, and /o/. Each contrasts phonemically between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms as /aˀ eˀ oˀ/.
Laryngealization generally consists of glottalization of the vowel in question, creating a kind of creaky voice. In pre-final contexts, a variation occurs—especially before voiced consonants—ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel, glottal stop, and a slightly rearticulated vowel: ma'ñorr /maˀˈnʲoʐ/ 'deer' → [maʔa̯ˈnʲoʂ]. Before a word-final nasal, this rearticulated vowel may be realized as a syllabic quality of said nasal. Also, although not as long as a phonemically long vowel, laryngeal vowels are generally longer than short ones. When absolutely word-final, laryngealized vowels differ from short ones only by the presence of a following glottal stop.
Each vowel varies in its phonetic qualities, having contextual allophones as well as phones in free variation with each other:
/e/ is the short phoneme consisting of phones that are front and close to close-mid. Generally, it is realized as close [i] when following bilabial consonants. Otherwise, the phones [e] and [ɪ] are in free variation with each other so that /nexˈse/ ('my brother') may be realized as either [nehˈse] or [nehˈsɪ].
/eː/ is the long counterpart to /e/. It differs almost solely in its length, although when it follows /k/ it becomes a sort of
Laryngeal /eˀ/ consists of the same variation and allophony of the short phoneme with the minor exception that it is more likely to be realized as close following /p/ as in pe'sherr /peˀˈʃeːʐ/ 'parakeet' → [piˀˈʃeeʂ].
/a/ is the short phoneme consisting of phones that are
/o/ is the short phoneme consisting of phones that are
Phonotactics
All consonants appear initially, medially, and finally with the exception that /ɣ/ and /w/ do not occur word-finally. With two exceptions (/tsʐ/ and /mw/), initial clusters include at least one stop. The other possible initial clusters are:
- /pw/, /pr/, /tr/, /kj/
- /tʃp/, /ʐp/, /tʃt/, /ʃt/
Word final clusters consist of either a nasal or /x/ followed by a plosive or affricate:
- /mp/, /nt/, /nk/, /ntʲ/, /ntʃ/, /ntʂ/
Medial clusters may be of two or three consonants.
Stress
Although apparently phonemic, stress tends to occur on the penultimate syllable but also in the ultimate. Less frequently, it is antepenultimate. Some words, like oc̈hen /ˈotʂen/~/oˈtʂen/ 'comb', have stress in free variation.
Lexicography
A Yanesha' Talking Dictionary was produced by Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages.
References
- ^ Amuesha at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- S2CID 243563290.
- Fast, Peter W. (1953). "Amuesha (Arawak) Phonemes". International Journal of American Linguistics. 19 (3): 191–194. S2CID 145692545.
- Daigneault, Anna Luisa (2009). An Ethnolinguistic Study of the Yanesha' (Amuesha) Language and Speech Community in Peru's Andean Amazon, and the Traditional Role of Ponapnora, a Female Rite of Passage (MSc thesis). Université de Montréal. hdl:1866/4055.