Tom Harkin

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Tom Harkin
Senate Agriculture Committee
In office
January 20, 2001 – June 6, 2001
Preceded byRichard Lugar
Succeeded byRichard Lugar
In office
January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001
Preceded byPatrick Leahy
Succeeded byRichard Lugar
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Iowa's 5th district
In office
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1985
Preceded byWilliam J. Scherle
Succeeded byJim Ross Lightfoot
Personal details
Born
Thomas Richard Harkin

(1939-11-19) November 19, 1939 (age 84)
Cumming, Iowa, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
​
(m. 1968)​
Children2
EducationIowa State University (BA)
Catholic University of America (JD)
WebsiteSenate website
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service
Years of service1962–1967 (Active)
1967–1989 (Reserve)
Rank Commander
UnitNaval Air Facility Atsugi
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
Tom Harkin's voice
Tom Harkin speaks on the lack of scheduling for stem cell research legislation
Recorded May 8, 2006

Thomas Richard Harkin (born November 19, 1939) is an American lawyer, author, and politician who served as a United States senator from Iowa from 1985 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously was the U.S. representative for Iowa's 5th congressional district from 1975 to 1985. He is the longest-serving senator to spend the entire tenure as a state's junior senator.

Born in

1972 but winning in 1974
. He went on to serve five terms in the House.

Harkin won a race for

chair of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. He authored the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand.[1]

On January 26, 2013, Harkin announced that he would not seek reelection in 2014.[2]

Early life, education, and early political career

Harkin was born in

Irish American,[3] was a coal miner, and his mother, Franciska Frances Valentine (née Berčič), was a Slovene immigrant[4] who died when he was ten. Harkin has three half-siblings on his mother's side from her first marriage in Iowa to fellow Slovenian Valentine Brelih. Frances was born in Suha, Slovenia to Jakob and Marija (born Jugovec). He still maintains his childhood house, where he and his five siblings were raised without hot running water or a furnace.[5] He attended Dowling Catholic High School which is currently located in West Des Moines, Iowa.[6]

Harkin attended Iowa State University on a Navy ROTC scholarship and became a member of Delta Sigma Phi fraternity. He graduated with a degree in government and economics in 1962,[7] and served in the United States Navy as an active-duty jet pilot from 1962 to 1967. Harkin was stationed at Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan, where he ferried aircraft to and from the airbase that had been damaged in the Vietnam War and in operational and training accidents. He was also stationed for a time at Guantanamo Bay, where he flew missions in support of U-2 planes reconnoitering Cuba. After leaving active duty in 1967, he spent three years in the Ready Reserves, and transitioned into the Naval Reserves in 1970. He retired in 1989 with the rank of commander.

In 1969, Harkin moved to

The Catholic University of America's Columbus School of Law
in 1972.

U.S. House of Representatives

Harkin during his time in the House of Representatives

In 1972, the same year that he graduated from law school, Harkin returned to Iowa and immediately ran against an incumbent Republican Congressman, William J. Scherle. Scherle represented the southwestern portion of Iowa, which (with one brief exception) had not elected a Democrat to Congress since the end of the Great Depression. While winning a higher percentage of votes than any of Scherle's previous opponents, Harkin nevertheless lost the race.[8] After his 1972 defeat, Harkin practiced law in Ames before seeking a rematch against Scherle in 1974. In what was generally a bad year for Republicans due to the Watergate scandal, Harkin defeated Scherle by only 3,500 votes. He was re-elected four more times from Iowa's 5th congressional district without serious difficulty.

U.S. Senate

Elections

Americans with Disabilities Act
.

In 1984, Harkin won the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate and defeated freshman Republican Roger Jepsen by an 11.8-point margin.[9] He was re-elected in 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008.[10]

Tenure

Harkin served in the Senate longer than any Democrat in Iowa's history. In 2009, he passed

Neal Edward Smith as the longest-serving Democrat in either chamber from Iowa.[11] Notably, he spent his entire tenure as Iowa's junior Senator, due to his colleague Chuck Grassley having served in the chamber since 1981. He and Grassley had a fairly good relationship, despite their often sharp ideological differences, and their seniority made Iowa influential in national politics. Indeed, during his tribute to Harkin shortly before his departure, Grassley got notably choked up as Harkin entered the chamber.[12]

Harkin and Barbara Boxer were the only Senate Democrats to support Wisconsin Senator Russ Feingold's 2006 resolution to censure President George W. Bush.[13]

Harkin (in addition to U.S. Senators

Dick Lugar, Tim Johnson, Byron Dorgan, Joe Biden and Norm Coleman), introduced the BioFuels Security Act (S. 2817/109th) on March 16, 2006.[14]

Harkin came out in favor of the

Fairness Doctrine during an interview with Bill Press. (February 11, 2009)[15]

Harkin has been influential in increasing research funding for

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. His efforts and the center's results, however, have been criticized.[16][17]

On July 16, 2013, Harkin introduced the

Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to alter the funding requirements of certain private pension plans that are maintained by more than one employer where the employers are either cooperatives or charities.[19] The bill would make permanent an existing exemption from the Pension Protection Act of 2006 for a few small groups.[20]

On November 19, 2013, Harkin introduced the

Minimum Wage Fairness Act (S. 1737; 113th Congress).[21] The bill would amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two-year period.[22] The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators, but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House.[23][24][25]

Social policy

Harkin introduces the Americans with Disabilities Act onto the Senate floor, using sign language for his deaf brother.

Harkin introduced the

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) into the Senate. Harkin delivered part of a speech in sign language so his deaf brother could understand.[26]

Harkin has taken issue with the Supreme Court's handling of a number of cases related to ADA, concerned that the judgments severely limited the scope of the legislation's effectiveness:

"Together, these cases, as handled by the nation's highest court, have created a supreme absurdity: The more successful a person is at coping with a disability, the more likely it is for a court to find that he or she is no longer sufficiently disabled to be protected by the ADA. If that is the ruling, then these individuals may find that their requests for reasonable accommodations at work can be denied. Or that they can be fired—without recourse."[27]

In order to address these issues Harkin proposed the ADA Amendments Act, which in his words "will restore the proper balance and application of the ADA by clarifying and broadening the definition of disability, while increasing eligibility for ADA protections."[27]

Harkin has also been a vocal critic of what he describes as the biased nature of the Medicaid program: "The current Medicaid system is unacceptably biased in favor of institutional care. Two-thirds of Medicaid long-term care dollars are spent on institutional services, with only one-third going to community-based care. It's time to rebalance the system."[28]

During his political career, Harkin has generally supported the Supreme Court ruling

Stupak-Pitts Amendment, which places limits on taxpayer-funded abortions in the context of the November 2009 Affordable Health Care for America Act.[30]

Sen. Tom Harkin speaks at a rally held by the Coalition for the Advancement of Stem Cell Research.

Harkin has come out in favor of

stem cell research.[31] In July 2006, Harkin made a speech from the Senate floor in response to George W. Bush's veto of the embryonic stem cell research federal funding bill.[32]

In May 2009, Harkin announced he opposed any effort to overturn an Iowa Supreme Court decision in April 2009 that legalized same-sex marriage in Iowa. "We all grow as we get older; we learn things, we become more sensitive to people and people's lives," said Harkin. "The more I've looked at that, I've grown to think differently about how we should live. I guess I've got to the point of live and let live."[33]

On December 18, 2010, Harkin voted in favor of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.[34][35]

In September 2014, Harkin was one of 69 members of the US House and Senate to sign a letter to then-FDA commissioner

corneas and other tissues by men who have had sex with another man in the preceding 5 years.[36]

Harkin has also been active in combating the worst forms of

Convention 182 of the International Labour Organization concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labor.[41] (Some difficulties in meeting the deadlines set in this Protocol have been encountered.[42][43][44]) Harkin has worked in other ways to combat the import of child labor-made products.[45]

Sen. Tom Harkin holds a press conference regarding legislation to improve healthy eating habits.

Harkin believes America faces a retirement crisis, saying "Pensions have gone by the wayside. Savings are down as people are just scraping by, so the only thing left is Social Security."[46]

Harkin supported President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted for the

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009,[47] and he voted for the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.[48] PolitiFact rated Harkin's 2009 claim regarding the number of Americans losing health insurance coverage "false."[49]

However, in 2014 Harkin expressed some second thoughts. He criticized health reform as being too complex and convoluted. "All the prevention stuff is good but it's just really complicated. It doesn't have to be that complicated," he said of the Affordable Care Act. He also believes the new legislation rewards the insurance industry. He said important reforms such as preventing insurance companies from discriminating against people with pre-existing conditions and keeping young adults on their parents' health insurance plans until age 26 were laudable, but he believed that Democrats should not have settled for a solution he believed was inferior to government-provided health insurance. In retrospect he believes the Democratic-controlled Senate and House should have enacted a single-payer healthcare system or a public option to give the uninsured access to government-run health plans that compete with private insurance companies.[50]

His comments about Cuban healthcare have been criticized as misrepresenting the availability of quality care.[51]

Israel

Harkin has been a staunch supporter of

Political Action Committee contributions in the Senate.[52]

Immigration

In May 2006 Harkin voted in favor of

guest workers over and above those already present in the U.S. through a new "blue card" visa program.[53]
The bill ultimately failed to pass.

Committee assignments

1992 presidential election

Main article: Tom Harkin 1992 presidential campaign

Primary campaign

Harkin ran for

New Hampshire and other primaries and ultimately lost the Democratic Party nomination to Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas
. Harkin was the first Democratic primary contender to drop out and throw his support behind Clinton — a favor that led to a close relationship throughout the Clinton presidency.

Endorsements

Considered as running mate

Harkin figured in running mate searches multiple times after his 1992 presidential campaign. Clinton considered Harkin in 1992 because of his ties to labor and strong support for Clinton after withdrawing from the presidential race.[57] In 2000, Harkin was considered by Al Gore before Gore selected Joe Lieberman.[58] In 2004, presidential nominee John Kerry considered Harkin as a running mate, though Harkin worked to promote the candidacy of then-Governor Tom Vilsack.[59] In 2008, Barack Obama considered Harkin for vice president because of his senior statesman status within the party and his personal closeness to both Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton. Harkin endorsed Obama's choice of Joe Biden for the nomination, and campaigned for the Obama-Biden ticket.[60]

Electoral history

Tom Harkin electoral history

Iowa's 5th congressional district, 1972[61]

Iowa's 5th congressional district, 1974[62]

Iowa's 5th congressional district, 1976[63]

Iowa's 5th congressional district, 1978[64]

Iowa's 5th congressional district, 1980[65]

  • Tom Harkin (D) (inc.) – 127,895 (60.22%)
  • Cal Hultman (R) – 84,472 (39.78%)

Iowa's 5th congressional district, 1982[66]

  • Tom Harkin (D) (inc.) – 93,333 (58.86%)
  • Arlyn E. Danker (R) – 65,200 (41.12%)

United States Senate election in Iowa, 1984[67]

United States Senate election in Iowa, 1990[68]

  • Tom Harkin (D) (inc.) – 535,975 (54.47%)
  • Thomas J. Tauke
    (R) – 446,869 (45.42%)

Democratic Iowa caucuses, 1992[69]

Democratic primaries)[55]

Iowa United States Senate election, 1996 (Democratic primary)[70]

  • Tom Harkin (inc.) – 98,737 (99.19%)
  • Others – 810 (0.81%)

United States Senate election in Iowa, 1996[71]

Iowa United States Senate election, 2002 (Democratic primary)[72]

  • Tom Harkin (inc.) – 83,505 (99.34%)
  • Write-ins
    – 555 (0.66%)

United States Senate election in Iowa, 2002[73]

United States Senate election in Iowa, 2008[74]

  • Tom Harkin (D) (inc.) – 925,630 62.52%
  • Christopher Reed (R) – 553,995 37.42%

Personal life

Harkin campaigning for Hillary Clinton in Iowa, November 2016

On July 6, 1968, Harkin, then aged 28, married the former

Iowa Board of Regents
, the body responsible for overseeing the state's public universities.

Senator Harkin made a brief

Alan K. Simpson
.

The Harkins' daughter Amy appeared on the

master of business administration degree from the UCLA Anderson School of Management
in 2007.

In 2015 New York City held its first

Disability Pride Parade, and Tom Harkin was its grand marshal.[77]
He was also the grand marshal for the Chicago Disability Pride Parade that same year.

Published works

See also

References

  1. ^ Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA) Delivers Floor Speech in American Sign Language. C-SPAN. July 13, 1990. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  2. ^ Beaumont, Thomas. "APNewsBreak: Harkin won't seek 6th Senate term". Bigstory.ap.org. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  3. ^ McCrone, William P. (1990). "Senator Tom Harkin: reflections on disability policy | Journal of Rehabilitation | Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  4. ^ "Biography of Tom Harkin". Harkin.senate.gov. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  5. ^ Judith Miller (February 9, 1992). "Tom Harkin's Old-Time Religion - Biography". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  6. Miller, Judith. "Tom Harkin's Old-Time Religion", The New York Times, February 9, 1992. Accessed November 6, 2007. "After his mother died, Harkin, an altar boy, went to Dowling Catholic High School in Des Moines and won a Navy ROTC
    scholarship to college."
  7. ^ Bartholomew, David (2013). "Senator Tom Harkin announces plans to retire". Iowa State Daily. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  8. ^ Hayworth, Bret (October 8, 2017). "The last of a kind: Tom Harkin caps 40 years in Washington". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  9. ^ Barron, James (November 7, 1984). "THE 1984 ELECTIONS: HARD-FOUGHT CONTESTS FOR THE SENATE; DEMOCRAT UNSEATS JEPSEN IN THE IOWA SENATE RACE". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  10. ^ "Iowa Sen. Harkin endorses Dean". Cable News Network. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  11. ^ "Democrats Honor Retiring Senator Tom Harkin". whotv.com. Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. June 21, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  12. ^ Cox, Ramsey (November 19, 2014). "Grassley delivers emotional farewell to Harkin". thehill.com. Capitol Hill publishing corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, inc. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  13. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (April 2006). "Call to Censure Bush Is Answered by a Mostly Empty Echo". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  14. ^ "S.2817 - Biofuels Security Act of 2006". congress.gov. May 16, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  15. ^ "Politico.Com: Videos". Link.brightcove.com. Retrieved August 29, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ Budiansky S. (July 9, 1995). "Cures or 'Quackery'?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  17. ^ "Senator Tom Harkin: "Disappointed" that NCCAM hasn't "validated" more CAM". Science-Based Medicine. March 2, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  18. ^ "S. 1302 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  19. ^ "S. 1302 - CBO". Congressional Budget Office. November 18, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  20. ^ Bradford, Hazel (January 28, 2014). "Senate passes pension relief for charities, rural cooperatives". Pensions and Investments. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  21. ^ "S. 1737 - All Actions". United States Congress. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  22. ^ "S. 1737 - Summary". United States Congress. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  23. ^ Sink, Justin (April 2, 2014). "Obama: Congress has 'clear choice' on minimum wage". The Hill. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  24. ^ Bolton, Alexander (April 8, 2014). "Reid punts on minimum-wage hike". The Hill. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  25. ^ Bolton, Alexander (April 4, 2014). "Centrist Republicans cool to minimum wage hike compromise". The Hill. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  26. ^ "User Clip: Tom Harkin ADA Speech". c-span.org. National Cable Satellite Corporation. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  27. ^ a b "Ability Magazine: Senator Harkin - Updating the ADA" (2009)". Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  28. ^ "Ability Magazine: Senator Tom Harkin: Setting Our People Free Cooper". Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  29. ^ "Tom Harkin on the Issues". Issues2000.org. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  30. ^ Harkin: Stupak's abortion amendment is slippery slope Archived November 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "5 Questions: Harkin on the stem cell bill". stanford.edu. Stanford University. June 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  32. ^ Hines, Cragg (July 21, 2006). "Age-Old Conflict Between Ideology and Science". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  33. ^ "Iowa Senator changes view, opposes banning same-sex marriage". Gay & Lesbian Times. No. 1116. May 14, 2009. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  35. ^ "Senate Vote 281 - Repeals 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015.
  36. ^ "9.8.14 Bicameral Letter to HHS on MSM Policies" (PDF). United States Senate. September 8, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  37. ^ Clinton, Bill (May 8, 2000). "Remarks on Signing the Trade and Development Act of 2000".
  38. ^ "Combating Child Labour in Cocoa Growing" (PDF). International Labour Organization. 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  39. ISBN 1-55643-731-5
    . Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  40. ^ Humphrey Hawksley (April 12, 2001). "Mali's children in chocolate slavery". BBC News. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  41. ^ a b "Protocol for the growing and processing of cocoa beans and their derivative products in a manner that complies with ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labor" (PDF). International Cocoa Initiative. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
  42. ^ Tricia Escobedo (September 19, 2011). "The Human Cost of Chocolate". CNN. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  43. ^ Karen Ann Monsy (February 24, 2012). "The bitter truth". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  44. ^ Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer (March 31, 2011). "Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana" (PDF). Tulane University. pp. 7–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  45. ^ "Technical difficulties". Harkin.senate.gov. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  46. ^ Ericson, Jon (August 31, 2012). "Harkin seeks supplement program for retirees". WCF Courier. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
  47. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  48. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  49. ^ "Harkin repeats claim that 14,000 people lose health insurance daily". Tampa Bay Times Politifact. December 13, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  50. ^ Bolton, Alexander (December 3, 2014). "ObamaCare author: Health law is 'really complicated'". Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  51. ^ Jacobson, Louis (January 31, 2014). "Sen. Tom Harkin says Cuba has lower child mortality, longer life expectancy than U.S." Politifact. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  52. ^ Janet McMahon (November 2010). "Nov 2, A chance to "Just say no" to Congressional Israel Firsters" (PDF). The Washington Report for Middle East Affairs. American Educational Trust. p. 33.
  53. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  54. ^ Miller, Judith: "Tom Harkin's Old-Time Religion", New York Times Magazine, February 9, 1992
  55. ^ a b c "Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1992". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  56. ^ "Our Campaigns - IL US President - D Primary Race - Mar 17, 1992". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  57. ^ Gwen Ifill (May 13, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Front-Runner; Clinton Begins Search To Pick Running Mate". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  58. ^ Katharine Q. Seelye (August 4, 2000). "Gore's List for a Running Mate Drops to 7 Names, Mostly Senators". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  59. ^ Barabak, Mark Z. (April 28, 2004). "Running Mate Rumors Fly". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  60. ^ "Barack Obama: How an 'Unknown' Senator Became President of the USA". December 12, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  61. ^ "IA District 5 Race - Nov 07, 1972". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  62. ^ "IA District 5 Race - Nov 05, 1974". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  63. ^ "IA District 5 Race - Nov 02, 1976". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  64. ^ "IA District 5 Race - Nov 07, 1978". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  65. ^ "IA District 5 Race - Nov 04, 1980". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  66. ^ "IA District 5 Race - Nov 02, 1982". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  67. ^ "IA US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1984". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  68. ^ "IA US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1990". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  69. ^ "IA US President - D Caucuses Race - Feb 10, 1992". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  70. ^ "IA US Senate- D Primary Race - Jun 04, 1996". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  71. ^ "IA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1996". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  72. ^ "IA US Senate - D Primary Race - Jun 04, 2002". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  73. ^ "IA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 2002". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  74. ^ [1] Archived November 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  75. ^ "Ruth R. Harkin, JD". Iowa Department of Human Rights. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  76. ^ "Ruth Harkin reflects on 50 years of marriage: 'Maybe the beginning was never as fragile as it seemed'". Des Moines Register. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  77. ^ "New York City Hosts First Disability Pride Parade « CBS New York". Newyork.cbslocal.com. July 1, 1987. Retrieved July 13, 2015.

External links

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Iowa's 5th congressional district
1975–1985 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by
Bill Gray, Dee Huddleston, Carl Levin, Tip O'Neill, Claiborne Pell
 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Dick Clark
Class 2)
1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008
 Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Iowa
1985–2015
Served alongside: Chuck Grassley
 Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the
Senate Agriculture Committee

2001–2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Thad Cochran
 Ranking Member of the
Senate Agriculture Committee

2003–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Saxby Chambliss
 Chair of the
Senate Agriculture Committee

2007–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Health Committee
2009–2015 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Senator 		Succeeded byas Former US Senator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Harkin&oldid=1219182114"