Name of Ukraine
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The earliest known usage of the name
Ukraine is the official full name of the country, as stated in
History
The oldest recorded mention of the word ukraina is found in the
After the south-western lands of former Rus' were subordinated to the
From the 18th century on, Ukraine became known in the
]Etymology
Originally, the word ѹкра́ина (вкра́ина), from which the proper noun has been derived, formed in particular from the root -краи- (krai) and the prefix ѹ-/в-[note 1][15] that later merged with the root due to metanalysis.
The ambiguity occurs due to the polysemous nature of the root край, as it may mean either a boundary/edge of a certain area or an area defined by certain boundaries,[16][17] nevertheless the both meanings allow for the formation of a valid toponym. For instance, the country name Danmark is a composition Danish + boundary.[18][19]
Interpretation as "borderland"
Ukraina (Україна) was initially mentioned in the
Since then, and almost until the 18th century, in written sources, this word was used in the meaning of "border lands", without reference to any particular region with clear borders, including far beyond the territory of modern Ukraine. The generally "accepted" and frequently used meaning of the word as "borderland" has increasingly been challenged by revision, motivated by self-asserting of identity.[20]
In the 16th century, the only specific ukraina mentioned very often in
The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way in all mainstream etymological dictionaries, see e.g.
-
Excerpt fromNIV Bible).
-
A 1648 map by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan called Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina (General illustration of desert plains, in common speech Ukraine)
-
Title of the 1648 map of Beauplan "Ukrainae pars"
Interpretation as "region, country"
Ukrainian scholars and specialists in Ukrainian and Slavic philology have interpreted the term ukraina in the sense of "region, principality, country",[32] "province", or "the land around" or "the land pertaining to" a given centre.[33][34]
Linguist Hryhoriy Pivtorak (2001) argues that there is a difference between the two terms україна (Ukraina, "territory") and окраїна (okraina, "borderland"). Both are derived from the root krai, meaning "border, edge, end, margin, region, side, rim" but with a difference in preposition, U (
Official names
Below are the names of the Ukrainian states throughout the 20th century:
- 1917–1920: West Ukraine
- April–December 1918: Ukrainian State (Українська Держава) or "Second Hetmanate", after the Hetman Coup (Гетьманський переворот)
- 1918–1919: West Ukrainian People's Republic within West Ukraine; the Unification Act with UPR failed to be implemented
- 1919–1936: Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic
- 1936–1941: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- 1941–1944: There was no Ukrainian state under Nazi occupation (though one was declared); the territory was governed as Reichskommissariat Ukraine (RKU)
- 1941–1991: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- 1991–present: Ukraine
English definite article
Ukraine is one of a few English country names traditionally used with the
In 1993, the Ukrainian government explicitly requested that, in linguistic agreement with countries and not regions,
Preposition usage in Slavic
In the Ukrainian language both v Ukraini (with the preposition v - "in") and na Ukraini (with the preposition na - "on") have been used, although the preposition v is used officially and is more frequent in everyday speech.[citation needed] Modern linguistic prescription in Russian dictates usage of na,[46] while earlier official Russian language have sometimes used 'v',[47] just like authors foundational to Russian national identity.[48] Similar to the definite article issue in English usage, use of na rather than v has been seen as suggesting non-sovereignty. While v expresses "in" with a connotation of "into, in the interior", na expresses "in" with the connotation of "on, onto" a boundary (Pivtorak cites v misti "in the city" vs. na seli "in the village", viewed as "outside the city"). Pivtorak notes that both Ukrainian literature and folk song uses both prepositions with the name Ukraina (na Ukraini and v Ukraini), but argues that only v Ukraini should be used to refer to the sovereign state established in 1991.[35] The insistence on v appears to be a modern sensibility, as even authors foundational to Ukrainian national identity used both prepositions interchangeably, e.g. T. Shevchenko within the single poem V Kazemati (1847).[49]
The preposition na continues to be used with Ukraine in the West Slavic languages (Polish, Czech, Slovak), while the South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene) use v exclusively.
Phonetics and orthography
Among the western European languages, there is inter-language variation (and even sometimes intra-language variation) in the phonetic vowel quality of the ai of Ukraine, and its written expression.[citation needed] It is variously:
- Treated as a diphthong (for example, English Ukraine /juːˈkreɪn/)
- Treated as a pure vowel (for example, French Ukraine [ykʁɛn])
- Transformed in other ways (for example, Spanish Ucrania [uˈkɾanja], or Portuguese Ucrânia [uˈkɾɐnjɐ])
- Treated as two juxtaposed vowel sounds, with some phonetic degree of an approximant [j] between that may or may not be recognized phonemically: German Ukraine [ukʁaˈiːnə] (although the realisation with the diphthong [aɪ̯] is also possible: [uˈkʁaɪnə]). This pronunciation is represented orthographically with a dieresis, or tréma, in Dutch Oekraïne [ukraːˈinə]. This version most closely resembles the vowel quality of the Ukrainian word.
In Ukrainian itself, there is a "
See also
- Etymology of Rus’ and derivatives
- List of etymologies of administrative divisions: "Ukraine"
- All-Russian nation
- Fuentes de Andalucía, which renamed itself to Ukraine in 2022
- Little Russia
- Kyiv
- Toponymy
Explanatory notes
- ^ The term Ukraina, or Kresy, meaning 'outskirts' or 'borderlands', was first used to define the Polish eastern frontier of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
References
Notes
- Kyivan Chronicle
Citations
- ^ Стлб. 653:8, 663:31-33. // ПСРЛ. — Т. 2. Ипатьевская летопись. — СПб., 1908. — Стлб. 652—673. — Ізборник.
- ^ a b c "Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'?". BBC News. 7 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now". Business Insider. 9 December 2013.
- ^ a b c "The "the" is gone" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. 8 December 1991. p. 5. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
As of December 3, the Associated Press changed its style, alerting its editors, reporters and all who use the news service to the fact that the name of the Ukrainian republic would henceforth be written as simply "Ukraine"
- OCLC 13119858
- ^ "Въ лЂто 6694 [1186] - 6698 [1190]. Іпатіївський літопис". litopys.org.ua. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- PSRL , published online at Izbornyk, 1187.
- ^ a b c d e Пономарьов А. П. Етнічність та етнічна історія України: Курс лекцій.—К.: Либідь, 1996.— 272 с.: іл. І8ВМ 5-325-00615-0.
- ^ a b c Е. С. Острась. ЗВІДКИ ПІШЛА НАЗВА УКРАЇНА //ВІСНИК ДОНЕЦЬКОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ, СЕР. Б: ГУМАНІТАРНІ НАУКИ, ВИП.1, 2008 Archived 2013-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Украина // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
- ^ [1]«Margo enim polonice kray; inde Ukrajna, quasi provincia ad fines regni posita».
- ^ Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. — Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи», 1998. — С. 278.
- ^ Миллер А. И. Дуализм идентичностей на Украине Archived 2013-07-30 at the Wayback Machine // Отечественные записки. — № 34 (1) 2007. С. 84-96
- ^ Martin T. The Affirmative Action Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001
- ^ "украина", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 5 April 2023, retrieved 13 August 2023
- ^ "краи", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 10 July 2023, retrieved 13 August 2023
- ^ "край", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 9 August 2023, retrieved 13 August 2023
- ^ "Danmark", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 18 March 2023, retrieved 13 August 2023
- ^ "Denmark", Wiktionary, the free dictionary, 4 August 2023, retrieved 13 August 2023
- ISBN 9781317473787.
- ^ "Invalid query".
- ^ Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press, 1988
- ISBN 0-8020-0830-5
- ^ From Kyïvan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian nation (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.
- ^ Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4
- ^ "II. НАШІ НАЗВИ: РУСЬ — УКРАЇНА — МАЛОРОСІЯ. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови". litopys.org.ua.
- ^ Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України». 1997
- ^ "Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу". litopys.org.ua.
- ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.
- ^ Braziūnienė 2019, p. 63.
- ^ "Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina: Cum adjacentibus provinciis". Library of Congress.
- ^ Шелухін, С. Україна — назва нашої землі з найдавніших часів. Прага, 1936. Андрусяк, М. Назва «Україна»: «країна» чи «окраїна». Прага, 1941; Історія козаччини, кн. 1—3. Мюнхен. Ф. Шевченко: термін "Україна", "Вкраїна" має передусім значення "край", "країна", а не "окраїна": том 1, с. 189 в Історія Української РСР: У 8 т., 10 кн. — К., 1979.
- OCLC 180773067.
- ^ Knysh, George (1991). Rus and Ukraine in Mediaeval Times. Winnipeg: Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in Canada. pp. 26–27, 38 (note 88).
- ^ a b
Pivtorak, Hryhorii (2001). "Pokhodzhennia ukraintsiv, rosiian, bilorusiv ta ikhnikh mov" [The ancestry of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, and their languages]. Izbornyk. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
Російські шовіністи стали пояснювати назву нашого краю Україна як «окраїна Росії», тобто вклали в це слово принизливий і невластивий йому зміст. З історією виникнення назви Україна тісно пов'язане правило вживання прийменників на і в при позначенні місця або простору. ("Russian chauvinists began to explain the name of our region Ukraine as "the outskirts [okraina] of Russia", that is, they put in this word humiliating and unconnected content.")
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- Washington Post. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Trump discusses Ukraine and Syria with European politicians via video link, The Guardian (11 September 2015)
- ^ Let's Call Ukraine By Its Proper Name, Forbes (17 February 2016)
- Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
- ^ "Mr Major's Commons Statement on the Gulf War – 17 January 1991". John Major Archive. 17 January 1991. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
- ^ "The Nerd's Guide to Russian Prepositions In and On". Moscow. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ Граудина, Л. К.; Ицкович, В. А.; Катлинская, Л. П (2001). Грамматическая правильность русской речи [Grammatically Correct Russian Speech] (in Russian). Москва. p. 69.
В 1993 году по требованию Правительства Украины нормативными следовало признать варианты в Украину (и соответственно из Украины). Тем самым, по мнению Правительства Украины, разрывалась не устраивающая его этимологическая связь конструкций на Украину и на окраину. Украина как бы получала лингвистическое подтверждение своего статуса суверенного государства, поскольку названия государств, а не регионов оформляются в русской традиции с помощью предлогов в (во) и из...
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "The Guardian Style Guide: Section 'U'". London. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "The Times: Online Style Guide - U". timesonline.co.uk. London. 16 December 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "Горячие вопросы". Gramota.ru. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ "Указ о назначении Черномырдина послом в Украину". Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Незапно Карл поворотил / И перенес войну в Украйну.([2])
- ^ Мені однаково, чи буду / Я жить в Україні, чи ні. / [...] / На нашій славній Україні, / На нашій – не своїй землі ("It is the same to me, if I will / live in [v] Ukraine or not. / [...] / In [na] our glorious Ukraine / in [na] our, not their land") ([poetyka.uazone.nethttp://poetyka.uazone.net/kobzar/meni_odnakovo.html poetyka.uazone.net])
- ^ See for example, Rudnyc'kyj, J. B., Матеріали до українсько -канадійської фольклористики й діялектології / Ukrainian-Canadian Folklore and Dialectological Texts, Winnipeg, 1956
General and cited sources
- Andrusjak, M. (1951). Nazva Ukrajina. Chicago.
- Balušok, Vasyl’ (2005). "Jak rusyny staly ukrajincjamy (How Rusyns became Ukrainians)". Dzerkalo Tyžnja (in Ukrainian). 27. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008.
- Borschak, E. (1984). "Rus, Mala Rossia, Ukraina". Revue des Études Slaves. 24.
- Dorošenko, D. (1931). "Die Namen 'Rus', 'Russland' und 'Ukraine' in ihrer historischen und gegenwärtigen Bedeutung". Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes (Berlin) (in German). .
- Gregorovich, Andrew (1994). "Ukraine or 'the Ukraine'?". Forum Ukrainian Review. 90 (Spring/Summer).
- ISBN 0-8020-7820-6.
- ISBN 966-7821-01-3.
- Pivtorak, Hryhorij Petrovyč (1998). Pochodžennja ukrajinciv, rosijan, bilorusiv ta jichnich mov (The origin of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and their languages) (in Ukrainian). ISBN 966-580-082-5..
- Rudnyc’kyj, Jaroslav B.; Volodymyr Sichynskyi (1949). "Nazva Ukraïna (The name Ukraine)". Ent͡syklopedii͡a ukraïnoznavstva (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies). Vol. 1. Munich/New York. pp. 12–16.
- Rudnyt͡s′kyĭ, I͡a. B. (1951), Slovo ĭ nazva 'Ukraïna' in Onomastica, v 1, Winnipeg: UVAN.
- Šerech [= Shevelov], Yury (1952). "An important work in Ukrainian onomastics". Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. 2 (4).
- Sičyns’kyj, V. (1944–1948). Nazva Ukrajiny. Terytorija Ukrajiny (The name of Ukraine. The territory of Ukraine). Prague/Augsburg.
- Skljarenko, Vitalij (1991). "Zvidky pochodyt' nazva Ukrajina? (What is the origin of the name Ukraine?)". Ukrajina (in Ukrainian). 1.
- Vasmer, Max (1953–58). Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German). Vol. 1–3. Heidelberg: Winter. Russian translation: Fasmer, Maks (1964–73). Ėtimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka. Vol. 1–4. transl. Oleg N. Trubačev. Moscow: Progress.
- Braziūnienė, Alma (2019). "LDK 1613 m. žemėlapio laidos: istoriografinis aspektas". Knygotyra. 72: 62–89. S2CID 199242255.
External links
- The dictionary definition of Ukraine at Wiktionary