User:OnBeyondZebrax/sandbox/Manhattan

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See also:
World Trade Center rebuilding controversy, and Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks


tember 11, 2001===

Main article: September 11 attacks
United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the former World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

On September 11, 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The towers collapsed. The 7 World Trade Center was not struck by a plane, but collapsed because of heavy debris falling from the impacts of planes and the collapse of the Twin Towers. The other buildings of the World Trade Center complex were damaged beyond repair and soon after demolished. The collapse of the Twin Towers caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, and resulted in the deaths of 2,606 people, in addition to those on the planes. Since September 11, most of Lower Manhattan has been restored. However, many rescue workers and residents of the area developed several life-threatening illnesses and some have already died.[1]

A memorial at the site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011. A museum opened in 2014. At the time of its completion in 2014, the new One World Trade Center, at 1,776 feet (541 m)* and formerly known as the Freedom Tower, will be the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere,[2]
while other skyscrapers are under construction at the site.

Flooding on Avenue C caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012.[3]

Occupy Wall Street protests beginning in September 2011

The

Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.[4]

Hurricane Sandy in October 2012

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York

On October 29 and 30, 2012,

mass transit systems. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the borough and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[5]

Geography

A modern redrawing of the 1807 version of Commissioner's Grid plan for Manhattan, a few years before it was adopted in 1811. Central Park is absent. Dark color denotes existing blocks, light gray were planned.
Central Park is visible in the center of this satellite image. Manhattan is bound by the Hudson River to the west, the Harlem River to the north, and East River to the east.
See also: Geography of New York City

Description

Manhattan Island

Manhattan is loosely divided into Downtown (

panhandle
.

Marble Hill

One neighborhood of New York County is contiguous with the mainland.

Harlem River Ship Canal, dug in 1895 to improve navigation on the Harlem River, separated it from the remainder of Manhattan as an island between the Bronx and the remainder of Manhattan.[9] Before World War I, the section of the original Harlem River channel separating Marble Hill from The Bronx was filled in, and Marble Hill became part of the mainland.[10]

Marble Hill is one example of how Manhattan's land has been considerably altered by human intervention. The borough has seen substantial land reclamation along its waterfronts since Dutch colonial times, and much of the natural variation in topography has been evened out.[11]

Early in the 19th century,

Battery Park City.[14] The result was a 700-foot (210-m) extension into the river, running six blocks or 1,484 feet (452 m), covering 92 acres (37 ha)*, providing a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres (12 ha)* of parks.[15]

Geology

Bedrock

Manhattan schist outcropping in Central Park

The bedrock underlying much of Manhattan is a mica schist known as Manhattan Schist. It is a strong, competent metamorphic rock created when Pangaea formed. It is well suited for the foundations of tall buildings. In Central Park, outcrops of Manhattan Schist occur and Rat Rock is one rather large example.[16][17][18]

Geologically, a predominant feature of the substrata of Manhattan is that the underlying bedrock base of the island rises considerably closer to the surface near Midtown Manhattan, dips down lower between 29th Street and Canal Street, then rises toward the surface again in Lower Manhattan. It has been widely believed that the depth to bedrock was the primary underlying reason for the clustering of skyscrapers in the Midtown and Financial District areas, and their absence over the intervening territory between these two areas, as skyscrapers must have their foundations sunk into solid bedrock.[19][20][21] However, new research has shown that economic factors played a bigger part in the locations of these skyscrapers.[22][23][24]

Updated seismic analysis

According to the

United States Geologic Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower hazard for tall buildings" in Manhattan than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near New York City, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city.[25]

Locations

Adjacent counties

National protected areas

Neighborhoods

Main articles: Neighborhoods in New York City and List of Manhattan neighborhoods

Manhattan's many neighborhoods are not named according to any particular convention. Some are geographical (the

folkloric names like Hell's Kitchen
alongside their more official but lesser used title Clinton.

Some neighborhoods, such as

Indian restaurants and spice shops along a stretch of Lexington Avenue between 25th and 30th Streets which has become known as Curry Hill.[36]

In Manhattan, uptown means north (more precisely north-northeast, which is the direction the island and its street grid system is oriented) and downtown means south (south-southwest).[37] This usage differs from that of most American cities, where downtown refers to the central business district. Manhattan has two central business districts, the Financial District at the southern tip of the island, and Midtown Manhattan. The term uptown also refers to the northern part of Manhattan above 72nd Street and downtown to the southern portion below 14th Street,[38] with Midtown covering the area in between, though definitions can be rather fluid depending on the situation.

Houston Street (pronounced HOW-stin), the grid does not fully take hold until north of 14th Street, where nearly all east–west streets are numerically identified, which increase from south to north to 220th Street, the highest numbered street on the island. Streets in Midtown are usually one way with a few exceptions (14th, 34th and 42nd to name a few). The rule of thumb is odd numbered streets run west while evens run east.[7]

Climate

Under the

Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, a 70-year-long warming and cooling cycle in the Atlantic that influences the frequency and severity of hurricanes and coastal storms in the region.[43]
Central Park is the location of record for the borough's climatic data.

Temperature records have been set as high as 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936, and as low as −15 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934.

Summer evening temperatures are elevated by the urban heat island effect, which causes heat absorbed during the day to be radiated back at night, raising temperatures by as much as 7 °F (4 °C) when winds are slow.[44]

Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1869–present[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		78
(26) 		86
(30) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		94
(34) 		84
(29) 		75
(24) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.4
(15.8) 		60.7
(15.9) 		70.3
(21.3) 		82.9
(28.3) 		88.5
(31.4) 		92.1
(33.4) 		95.7
(35.4) 		93.4
(34.1) 		89.0
(31.7) 		79.7
(26.5) 		70.7
(21.5) 		62.9
(17.2) 		97.0
(36.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.5
(4.2) 		42.2
(5.7) 		49.9
(9.9) 		61.8
(16.6) 		71.4
(21.9) 		79.7
(26.5) 		84.9
(29.4) 		83.3
(28.5) 		76.2
(24.6) 		64.5
(18.1) 		54.0
(12.2) 		44.3
(6.8) 		62.6
(17.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.7
(0.9) 		35.9
(2.2) 		42.8
(6.0) 		53.7
(12.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		72.0
(22.2) 		77.5
(25.3) 		76.1
(24.5) 		69.2
(20.7) 		57.9
(14.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		39.1
(3.9) 		55.8
(13.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 27.9
(−2.3) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		35.8
(2.1) 		45.5
(7.5) 		55.0
(12.8) 		64.4
(18.0) 		70.1
(21.2) 		68.9
(20.5) 		62.3
(16.8) 		51.4
(10.8) 		42.0
(5.6) 		33.8
(1.0) 		48.9
(9.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		19.7
(−6.8) 		32.8
(0.4) 		43.9
(6.6) 		52.7
(11.5) 		61.8
(16.6) 		60.3
(15.7) 		50.2
(10.1) 		38.4
(3.6) 		27.7
(−2.4) 		18.0
(−7.8) 		7.7
(−13.5)
Record low °F (°C) −6
(−21) 		−15
(−26) 		3
(−16) 		12
(−11) 		32
(0) 		44
(7) 		52
(11) 		50
(10) 		39
(4) 		28
(−2) 		5
(−15) 		−13
(−25) 		−15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.64
(92) 		3.19
(81) 		4.29
(109) 		4.09
(104) 		3.96
(101) 		4.54
(115) 		4.60
(117) 		4.56
(116) 		4.31
(109) 		4.38
(111) 		3.58
(91) 		4.38
(111) 		49.52
(1,258)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22) 		10.1
(26) 		5.0
(13) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.5
(1.3) 		4.9
(12) 		29.8
(76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.8 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.0 8.8 9.5 9.2 11.4 125.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.7 3.2 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 11.4
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 18.0
(−7.8) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		34.0
(1.1) 		47.3
(8.5) 		57.4
(14.1) 		61.9
(16.6) 		62.1
(16.7) 		55.6
(13.1) 		44.1
(6.7) 		34.0
(1.1) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		40.3
(4.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7
Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1:
NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[46][47][48]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[49].
Sea temperature data for New York[49]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea
temperature °F (°C) 		41.7
(5.4) 		39.7
(4.3) 		40.2
(4.5) 		45.1
(7.3) 		52.5
(11.4) 		64.5
(18.1) 		72.1
(22.3) 		74.1
(23.4) 		70.1
(21.2) 		63.0
(17.2) 		54.3
(12.4) 		47.2
(8.4) 		55.4
(13.0)

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Manhattan
See also: Demographics of New York City
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1656*1,000—    
1698*6,788+578.8%
1711*10,538+55.2%
1730*11,963+13.5%
1731*8,628−27.9%
1756*15,710+82.1%
1773*21,876+39.2%
1774*23,600+7.9%
1782*29,363+24.4%
1790 33,131+12.8%
1800 60,489+82.6%
1810 96,373+59.3%
1820 123,706+28.4%
1830 202,589+63.8%
1840 312,710+54.4%
1850 515,547+64.9%
1860 813,669+57.8%
1870 942,292+15.8%
1880 1,164,674+23.6%
1890 1,441,216+23.7%
1900 1,850,093+28.4%
1910 2,331,542+26.0%
1920 2,284,103−2.0%
1930 1,867,312−18.2%
1940 1,889,924+1.2%
1950 1,960,101+3.7%
1960 1,698,281−13.4%
1970 1,539,233−9.4%
1980 1,428,285−7.2%
1990 1,487,536+4.1%
2000 1,537,195+3.3%
2010 1,585,873+3.2%
2013 1,626,159+2.5%
Sources:[50][51][52]
Racial composition 2012[53] 1990[54] 1950[54] 1900[54]
White
 65.2% 58.3% 79.4% 97.8%
—Non-Hispanic 47.6% 48.9% n/a n/a
Black or African American
 18.4% 22.0% 19.6% 2.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 25.8% 26.0% n/a n/a
Asian
 12.0% 7.4% 0.8% 0.3%

At the

2010 Census, there were 1,585,873 people living in Manhattan, an increase of 3.2% since 2000. Since 2010, Manhattan's population was estimated by the Census Bureau to have increased 2.5% to 1,626,159 as of 2013, representing 19.3% of the city's population and 8.3% of the state's population.[55][56] As of the 2000 Census, the population density of New York County was 66,940 per square mile (25,846/km2), the highest population density of any county in the United States.[57] If 2012 census estimates were accurate, the population density then approximated 70,518 people per square mile (27,227/km2). In 1910, at the height of European immigration to New York, Manhattan's population density reached a peak of 101,548 people per square mile (39,208/km2). There were 798,144 housing units in 2000 at an average density of 34,756.7 per square mile (13,421.8/km2).[8] Only 20.3% of Manhattan residents lived in owner-occupied housing, the second-lowest rate of all counties in the nation, behind the Bronx.[58]

According to 2012

non-Hispanic Whites (48%) of New York City's boroughs, after Staten Island (where non-Hispanic Whites make up 64% of residents).[53]

The New York City Department of City Planning projects that Manhattan's population will increase by 289,000 people between 2000 and 2030, an increase of 18.8% over the period, second only to Staten Island, while the rest of the city is projected to grow by 12.7% over the same period. The school-age population is expected to grow 4.4% by 2030, in contrast to a small decline in the city as a whole. The elderly population is forecast to grow by 57.9%, with the borough adding 108,000 persons ages 65 and over, compared to 44.2% growth citywide.[59]

According to the 2009

Russian Americans make up 7.2% and 6.2% of the population respectively.[61]

In 2000, 56.4% of people living in Manhattan were

Hispanic
of any race.

There were 738,644 households. 25.2% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 59.1% were non-families. 17.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 48% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was two and the average family size was 2.99.

Manhattan's population was spread out with 16.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 38.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.

Manhattan is one of the

highest-income places in the United States with a population greater than one million. Based on IRS data for the 2004 tax year, New York County (Manhattan) had the highest average federal income tax liability per return in the country. Average tax liability was $25,875, representing 20% of adjusted gross income.[62] As of 2002, Manhattan had the highest per capita income of any county in the country.[63]

The Manhattan ZIP Code 10021, on the Upper East Side is home to more than 100,000 people and has a per capita income of over $90,000.[64] It is one of the largest concentrations of extreme wealth in the United States. Most Manhattan neighborhoods are not as wealthy. The median income for a household in the county was $47,030, and the median income for a family was $50,229. Males had a median income of $51,856 versus $45,712 for females. The per capita income for the county was $42,922. About 17.6% of families and 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.[65]

Lower Manhattan (Manhattan south of

Houston Street) is more economically diverse. While the Financial District had few non-commercial tenants after the 1950s, the area has seen a surge in its residential population, with estimates showing over 30,000 residents living in the area as of 2005, a jump from the 15,000 to 20,000 before the September 11, 2001, attacks.[66]

The borough is also experiencing a baby boom. Since 2000, the number of children under age five living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%.[67]

Religion

Manhattan is religiously diverse. The largest religious affiliation is the Roman Catholic Church, whose adherents constitute 564,505 persons (more than 36% of the population) and maintain 110 congregations.

Muslims, with 37,078 (2.4%).[68]

Languages

As of 2010, 59.98% (902,267) of Manhattan residents, ages five and older, spoke only

main language. In total, 40.02% (602,058) of Manhattan's population, ages 5 and older, spoke a language other than English at home.[69]

Landmarks and architecture

Main article: Architecture of New York City
A. T. Stewart in 1870, 9th Street, Manhattan

The skyscraper, which has shaped Manhattan's distinctive skyline, has been closely associated with New York City's identity since the end of the 19th century. From 1890 to 1973, the

world's tallest building was in Manhattan (with a gap between 1901 and 1908, when the title was held by Philadelphia City Hall), with nine different buildings holding the title.[70] The New York World Building on Park Row, was the first to take the title in 1890, standing 309 feet (94 m) until 1955, when it was demolished to construct a new ramp to the Brooklyn Bridge.[71] The nearby Park Row Building, with its 29 stories standing 391 feet (119 m)* high took the title in 1899.[72] The 41-story Singer Building, constructed in 1908 as the headquarters of the eponymous sewing machine manufacturer, stood 612 feet (187 m)* high until 1967, when it became the tallest building ever demolished.[73] The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, standing 700 feet (210 m) at the foot of Madison Avenue, wrested the title in 1909, with a tower reminiscent of St Mark's Campanile in Venice.[74] The Woolworth Building, and its distinctive Gothic architecture, took the title in 1913, topping off at 792 feet (241 m).[75]

The

Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street, auto executive Walter Chrysler and his architect William Van Alen developed plans to build the structure's trademark 185-foot (56 m) high spire in secret, pushing the Chrysler Building to 1,046 feet (319 m) and making it the tallest in the world when it was completed in 1929.[78] Both buildings were soon surpassed, with the May 1931 completion of the 102-story Empire State Building with its Art Deco tower soaring 1,250 feet (380 m) to the top of the building. The 203-foot (62 m) high pinnacle was later added bringing the total height of the building to 1,453 ft (443 m).[79][80]

The former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were located in Lower Manhattan. At 1,368 and 1,362 feet (417 and 415 m)*, the 110-story buildings were the world's tallest from 1972, until they were surpassed by the construction of the Willis Tower in 1974 (formerly known as the Sears tower located in Chicago).[81] One World Trade Center, a replacement for the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, is currently under construction and is slated to be ready for occupancy in 2013.[82]

In 1961, the

Penn Station and replace it with a new Madison Square Garden and office building complex. Organized protests were aimed at preserving the McKim, Mead & White-designed structure completed in 1910, widely considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style and one of the architectural jewels of New York City.[83] Despite these efforts, demolition of the structure began in October 1963. The loss of Penn Station—called "an act of irresponsible public vandalism" by historian Lewis Mumford—led directly to the enactment in 1965 of a local law establishing the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, which is responsible for preserving the "city's historic, aesthetic, and cultural heritage".[84] The historic preservation movement triggered by Penn Station's demise has been credited with the retention of some one million structures nationwide, including nearly 1,000 in New York City.[85]

The

Harlem, the American Museum of Natural History, Chinatown, and Central Park
are all located on this densely populated island.

The city is a leader in energy-efficient green office buildings, such as

Hearst Tower and the rebuilt 7 World Trade Center.[86]

ice-skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, and grassy areas used for various sporting pursuits, as well as playgrounds for children. The park is a popular oasis for migrating birds, and thus is popular with bird watchers. The 6-mile (9.7 km) road circling the park is popular with joggers, bicyclists and inline skaters, especially on weekends and in the evenings after 7:00 pm, when automobile traffic is banned.[87]

While much of the park looks natural, it is almost entirely landscaped and contains several artificial lakes. The construction of Central Park in the 1850s was one of the era's most massive public works projects. Some 20,000 workers crafted the topography to create the English-style pastoral landscape Olmsted and Vaux sought to create. Workers moved nearly 3,000,000 cubic yards (2,300,000 m3)* of soil and planted more than 270,000 trees and shrubs.[88]

17.8% of the borough, a total of 2,686 acres (10.87 km2)*, are devoted to parkland. Almost 70% of Manhattan's space devoted to parks is located outside of Central Park, including 204 playgrounds, 251 Greenstreets, 371 basketball courts and many other amenities.[89]

The African Burial Ground National Monument at Duane Street preserves a site containing the remains of over 400 Africans buried during the 17th and 18th centuries. The remains were found in 1991 during the construction of the Foley Square Federal Office Building.

Cityscape

Panorama looking north from the Empire State Building
GE Building
A view of Midtown and Lower Manhattan from Eagle Rock Reservation in the Watchung Mountains of New Jersey
Skyline of Upper Manhattan and Midtown Manhattan as seen from Jersey City

Economy

world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.[90]
Main article: Economy of New York City

Manhattan has some of the nation's most valuable real estate, and has a reputation as one of the most expensive areas in the United States.[91] On September 20, 2012, The New York Times reported that "the income gap in Manhattan, already wider than almost anywhere else in the country, rivaled disparities in sub-Saharan Africa. ... The wealthiest fifth of Manhattanites made more than 40 times what the lowest fifth reported, a widening gap (it was 38 times, the year before) surpassed by only a few developing countries, including Namibia and Sierra Leone."[92]

Manhattan is the economic engine of New York City, with its 2.3 million workers in 2007 drawn from the entire New York metropolitan area accounting for almost two-thirds of all jobs in New York City.[93]

In 2010, Manhattan's daytime population was swelling to 3.94 million, with

commuters adding a net 1.48 million people to the population, along with visitors, tourists, and commuting students. The commuter influx of 1.61 million workers coming into Manhattan was the largest of any other county or city in the country,[94] and was more than triple the 480,000 commuters who headed into second-ranked Washington, D.C.[95]

Manhattan's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the

U.S.financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The borough's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine for Manhattan, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of private sector jobs in New York City, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of the city's tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700.[96]

Manhattan had approximately 520 million square feet (48.1 million m2) of office space in 2013,[97] making it the largest office market in the United States,[98] while Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the nation.[99]

Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States and is home to the

NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall share trading value and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[90] Wall Street investment banking fees in 2012 totaled approximately US$40 billion,[100] while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as US$324,000 annually.[101]

New York City is home to the most corporate headquarters of any city in the nation, the overwhelming majority based in Manhattan.

British Bankers Association.[107]

fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City.[113]

On December 19, 2011, then Mayor

Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, Manhattan, with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[114][115]

The

life sciences and biotechnology.[116]

As of 2013, the global

Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as "Madison Avenue"
.

Manhattan's workforce is overwhelmingly focused on white collar professions, with manufacturing nearly extinct. Historically, the borough's corporate presence has been complemented by many independent retailers, though a recent influx of national chain stores has caused many to lament the creeping homogenization of Manhattan.[117]

Tourism is also vital to Manhattan's economy, and the landmarks of Manhattan are the focus of New York City's visitors, which was estimated to reach 55 million in 2014.[118] According to The Broadway League, shows on Broadway sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an increase of 11.4% from US$1.139 billion in the 2012–2013 season; attendance in 2013-2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.[119]

Media

Manhattan is served by the major New York City dailies, including

The New York Amsterdam News, based in Harlem, is one of the leading African American weekly newspapers in the United States. The Village Voice is a leading alternative weekly based in the borough.[120]

Television, radio and film

See also: List of films set in New York City and List of television shows set in New York City

Modern New York City is familiar to many people around the globe thanks to its popularity as a setting for television series and films. Notable television shows set in Manhattan include I Love Lucy, Friends, Saturday Night Live, and Seinfeld.

The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major American broadcast networks,

NAACP. Influential WQHT, also known as Hot 97, claims to be the premier hip-hop station in the United States. WNYC, comprising an AM and FM signal, has the largest public radio audience in the nation and is the most-listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan.[122] WBAI
, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States.

The oldest public-access television cable TV channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971, offers eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming.[123] NY1, Time Warner Cable's local news channel, is known for its beat coverage of City Hall and state politics.

Education and scholarly activity

See also: Education in New York City, List of high schools in New York City, and List of colleges and universities in New York City
Butler Library at Columbia University, described as one of the most beautiful college libraries in the United States.[124]
Stuyvesant High School, highly regarded as one of the best public high schools in the country[125]
A view of the interior of the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University.
New York Public Library Main Branch at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue; built on the site of the former Croton Reservoir (1897–1911) – Carrère and Hastings, architects.

Education in Manhattan is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are operated by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States.[126] Charter schools include Success Academy Harlem 1 through 5, Success Academy Upper West, and Public Prep.

Some of the best-known New York City public high schools, such as

Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School, High School of Fashion Industries, Murry Bergtraum High School, Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics, Hunter College High School and High School for Math, Science and Engineering at City College are located in Manhattan. Bard High School Early College, a new hybrid school created by Bard College
, serves students from around the city.

Many prestigious private prep schools are located in Manhattan, including the

Trinity School. The borough is also home to two private schools that are known as the most diverse in the nation, Manhattan Country School and United Nations International School. Manhattan has the only official Italian American school in the U.S., La Scuola d'Italia.[127]

As of 2003, 52.3% of Manhattan residents over age 25 have a bachelor's degree, the fifth highest of all counties in the country.[128] By 2005, about 60% of residents were college graduates and some 25% had earned advanced degrees, giving Manhattan one of the nation's densest concentrations of highly educated people.[129]

Manhattan has various colleges and universities including

The College of New Rochelle and Pratt Institute
.

The City University of New York (CUNY), the municipal college system of New York City, is the largest urban university system in the United States, serving more than 226,000 degree students and a roughly equal number of adult, continuing and professional education students.[130] A third of college graduates in New York City graduate from CUNY, with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. CUNY senior colleges located in Manhattan include: Baruch College, City College of New York, Hunter College, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and the CUNY Graduate Center (graduate studies and doctoral granting institution). The only CUNY community college located in Manhattan is the Borough of Manhattan Community College.

The

State University of New York State College of Optometry and Stony Brook University – Manhattan
.

Manhattan is a world center for training and education in medicine and the life sciences.

New York University School of Medicine
.

Manhattan is served by the New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country.[133] The five units of the Central Library—Mid-Manhattan Library, Donnell Library Center, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library and the Science, Industry and Business Library—are all located in Manhattan.[134] More than 35 other branch libraries are located in the borough.[135]

Culture and contemporary life

See also: Culture of New York City and Music of New York City
Times Square, a major cultural venue in the city
Frank Lloyd Wright's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Manhattan has been the scene of many important American cultural movements. In 1912, about 20,000 workers, a quarter of them women, marched upon

women's liberation, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements.[136]

The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s established the African-American literary canon in the United States. Manhattan's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s was a center of the American pop art movement, which gave birth to such giants as Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein. Perhaps no other artist is as associated with the downtown pop art movement of the late 1970s as Andy Warhol, who socialized at clubs like Serendipity 3 and Studio 54.

Broadway theatre is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. Plays and

Lincoln Center, home to one of the world's most prestigious opera houses, that of the Metropolitan Opera.[139]

Manhattan is also home to some of the most extensive art collections, both contemporary and historical, in the world including the

Grey Art Gallery, custodian of the New York University Art Collection. A popular haven for art, the downtown neighborhood of Chelsea is widely known for its galleries and cultural events, with more than 200 art galleries that are home to modern art from both upcoming and established artists.[140][141]

Manhattan is the borough most closely associated with New York City by non-residents; even some natives of New York City's boroughs outside Manhattan will describe a trip to Manhattan as "going to the city".[142]

The borough has a place in several American idioms. The phrase a New York minute is meant to convey a very short time, sometimes in hyperbolic form, as in "perhaps faster than you would believe is possible". It refers to the rapid pace of life in Manhattan.[143] The term "melting pot" was first popularly coined to describe the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot, which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet set by Zangwill in New York City in 1908.[144] The iconic Flatiron Building is said to have been the source of the phrase "23 skidoo" or scram, from what cops would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of women's dresses being blown up by the winds created by the triangular building.[145] The "Big Apple" dates back to the 1920s, when a reporter heard the term used by New Orleans stablehands to refer to New York City's racetracks and named his racing column "Around The Big Apple." Jazz musicians adopted the term to refer to the city as the world's jazz capital, and a 1970s ad campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau helped popularize the term.[146]

Sports

Madison Square Garden is home to the Rangers, Knicks and Liberty

Manhattan is home to the NBA's New York Knicks, the NHL's New York Rangers, and the WNBA's New York Liberty, who all play their home games at Madison Square Garden, the only major professional sports arena in the borough. The New York Jets proposed a West Side Stadium for their home field, but the proposal was eventually defeated in June 2005, leaving them at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

Today, Manhattan is the only borough in New York City that does not have a professional baseball franchise. The Bronx has the Yankees (American League) and Queens has the Mets (National League) of Major League Baseball. The Minor League Baseball Brooklyn Cyclones play in Brooklyn, while the Staten Island Yankees play in Staten Island. Yet three of the four major league teams to play in New York City played in Manhattan. The New York Giants played in the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue from their inception in 1883—except for 1889, when they split their time between Jersey City and Staten Island, and when they played in Hilltop Park in 1911—until they headed west with the Brooklyn Dodgers after the 1957 season.[147] The New York Yankees began their franchise as the Highlanders, named for Hilltop Park, where they played from their creation in 1903 until 1912. The team moved to the Polo Grounds with the 1913 season, where they were officially christened the New York Yankees, remaining there until they moved across the Harlem River in 1923 to Yankee Stadium.[148] The New York Mets played in the Polo Grounds in 1962 and 1963, their first two seasons, before Shea Stadium was completed in 1964.[149] After the Mets departed, the Polo Grounds was demolished in April 1964, replaced by public housing.[150][151]

The Skating Pond in Central Park, 1862

The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[152] The New York Knicks started play in 1946 as one of the National Basketball Association's original teams, playing their first home games at the 69th Regiment Armory, before making Madison Square Garden their permanent home.[153] The New York Liberty of the WNBA have shared the Garden with the Knicks since their creation in 1997 as one of the league's original eight teams.[154] Rucker Park in Harlem is a playground court, famed for its streetball style of play, where many NBA athletes have played in the summer league.[155]

Though both of New York City's football teams play today across the Hudson River in MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, both teams started out playing in the Polo Grounds. The New York Giants played side-by-side with their baseball namesakes from the time they entered the National Football League in 1925, until crossing over to Yankee Stadium in 1956.[156] The New York Jets, originally known as the Titans, started out in 1960 at the Polo Grounds, staying there for four seasons before joining the Mets in Queens in 1964.[157]

The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League have played in the various locations of Madison Square Garden since their founding in the 1926–1927 season. The Rangers were predated by the New York Americans, who started play in the Garden the previous season, lasting until the team folded after the 1941–1942 NHL season, a season it played in the Garden as the Brooklyn Americans.[158]

The

New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League played their home games at Downing Stadium for two seasons, starting in 1974. In 1975, the team signed Pelé, officially recorded by FIFA as the world's greatest soccer player, to a $4.5 million contract, drawing a capacity crowd of 22,500 to watch him lead the team to a 2–0 victory.[159] The playing pitch and facilities at Downing Stadium were in dreadful condition though and as the team's popularity grew they too left for Yankee Stadium, and then Giants Stadium. The stadium was demolished in 2002 to make way for the $45 million, 4,754-seat Icahn Stadium, which includes an Olympic-standard 400-meter running track and, as part of Pele's and the Cosmos' legacy, includes a FIFA-approved floodlit soccer stadium that hosts matches between the 48 youth teams of a Manhattan soccer club.[160][161]

Government

Main article: Government of New York City
Borough President
, 2006.
Manhattan Municipal Building

Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter, which has provided for a strong

mayor-council system since its revision in 1989.[162]
The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Manhattan.

The office of

Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[163]

Since 1990, the largely powerless Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Manhattan's current

Borough President is Gale Brewer, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 82.9% of the vote.[164] Brewer replaced Scott Stringer
, who went on to become New York City Comptroller.

Cyrus Vance, a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of New York County since 2010.[165]
Manhattan has ten City Council members, the third largest contingent among the five boroughs. It also has twelve administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents. As the host of the UN, the borough is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates.[166] It is also the home of New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council. The mayor's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, completed in 1916, one of the largest governmental buildings in the world.[167]

Presidential elections results[168]
Year Democrats Republicans
2012
 83.7% 500,159 14.9% 89,119
2008
 85.7% 572,126 13.5% 89,906
2004
 82.1% 526,765 16.7% 107,405
2000
 79.8% 449,300 14.2% 79,921
1996
 80.0% 394,131 13.8% 67,839
1992
 78.2% 416,142 15.9% 84,501
1988
 76.1% 385,675 22.9% 115,927
1984
 72.1% 379,521 27.4% 144,281
1980
 62.4% 275,742 26.2% 115,911
1976
 73.2% 337,438 25.5% 117,702
1972
 66.2% 354,326 33.4% 178,515
1968
 70.0% 370,806 25.6% 135,458
1964
 80.5% 503,848 19.2% 120,125
1960
 65.3% 414,902 34.2% 217,271
1956
 55.74% 377,856 44.26% 300,004
1952
 58.47% 446,727 39.30% 300,284
1948
 52.20% 380,310 33.18% 241,752

Politics

See also:
Community Boards of Manhattan

The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Registered Republicans are a minority in the borough, only constituting approximately 12% of the electorate. Registered Republicans are more than 20% of the electorate only in the neighborhoods of the Upper East Side and the Financial District. The Democrats hold 66.1% of those registered in a party. 21.9% of the voters were unaffiliated (independents).[169]

Manhattan is divided between four congressional districts, all of which are represented by Democrats.

No

ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions.[172] The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the United States presidential election for all presidential candidates, including both Kerry and Bush during the 2004 election.[173]

James Farley Post Office

Federal offices

The

33rd Street. The post office stopped 24-hour service on May 9, 2009, due to decreasing mail traffic.[175]
The U.S. Postal Service does not consider "Manhattan, NY" an acceptable address, and recommends the usage of New York, New York".[176]

Both the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are located in lower Manhattan's Foley Square, and the U.S. Attorney and other federal offices and agencies maintain locations in that area.

A slum tour through the Five Points in an 1885 sketch

Crime and public safety

Main article: Crime in New York City
An NYPD boat patrols New York Harbor

Starting in the mid-19th century, the United States became a magnet for immigrants seeking to escape poverty in their home countries. After arriving in New York, many new arrivals ended up living in squalor in the slums of the Five Points neighborhood, an area between Broadway and the Bowery, northeast of New York City Hall. By the 1820s, the area was home to many gambling dens and brothels, and was known as a dangerous place to go. In 1842, Charles Dickens visited the area and was appalled at the horrendous living conditions he had seen.[177] The area was so notorious that it even caught the attention of Abraham Lincoln, who visited the area before his Cooper Union speech in 1860.[178] The predominantly Irish Five Points Gang was one of the country's first major organized crime entities.

As Italian immigration grew in the early 20th century many joined ethnic gangs, including

Jewish mob, led by Meyer Lansky, the leading Jewish gangster of that period.[180] from 1920 to 1933, Prohibition helped create a thriving black market in liquor, upon which the Mafia was quick to capitalize.[180]

New York City experienced a sharp increase in crime during the 1960s and 1970s, with a near fivefold jump in the total number of police-recorded crimes, from 21.09 per thousand in 1960 to a peak of 102.66 in 1981. Homicides continued to increase in the city for another decade, with murders recorded by the

crack epidemic. Starting circa 1990, New York City saw record declines in homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, violent crime, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and property crime, a trend that has continued to today.[181]

Based on 2005 data, New York City has the lowest crime rate among the ten largest cities in the United States.

FBI's.[182] The NYPD's CompStat system of crime tracking, reporting and monitoring has been credited with a drop in crime in New York City that has far surpassed the drop elsewhere in the United States.[184]

Since 1990, crime in Manhattan has plummeted in all categories tracked by the CompStat profile. A borough that saw 503 murders in 1990 has seen a drop of nearly 88% to 62 in 2008. Robbery and burglary are down by more than 80% during the period, and auto theft has been reduced by more than 93%. In the seven major crime categories tracked by the system, overall crime has declined by more than 75% since 1990, and year-to-date statistics through May 2009 show continuing declines.[185]

Housing

TriBeCa
Row of townhouses on 17–23 West 16th Street

In the early days of Manhattan, wood construction and poor access to water supplies left the city vulnerable to fires. In 1776, shortly after the Continental Army evacuated Manhattan and left it to the British, a massive fire broke out destroying one-third of the city and some 500 houses.[186]

The rise of immigration near the turn of the 20th century left major portions of Manhattan, especially the

Tenements were usually five-stories high, constructed on the then-typical 25x100 lots, with "cockroach landlords" exploiting the new immigrants.[187][188] By 1929, stricter fire codes and the increased use of elevators in residential buildings, were the impetus behind a new housing code that effectively ended the tenement as a form of new construction, though many tenement buildings survive today on the East Side of the borough.[188]

Manhattan offers a wide array of public and private housing options. There were 798,144 housing units in Manhattan as of the 2000 Census, at an average density of 34,756.7 per square mile (13,421.8/km2).[8] Only 20.3% of Manhattan residents lived in owner-occupied housing, the second-lowest rate of all counties in the nation, behind The Bronx.[58] Although the city of New York has the highest average cost for rent in the United States, it simultaneously hosts a higher average of income per capita. Because of this, rent is a lower percentage of annual income than in several other American cities.[189]

As of 2012, Manhattan's real estate market for luxury housing was among the most expensive in the world.[190]

Infrastructure

Streets

See also: List of numbered streets in Manhattan and List of eponymous streets in New York City
8th Avenue, looking northward ("Uptown"), in the rain. Most streets and avenues in Manhattan's grid plan incorporate a one-way traffic
configuration.
Manhattanhenge, as seen looking westward in June 2005.

Manhattan has fixed

Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
.

The

Twelfth Avenue in the west. There are several intermittent avenues east of First Avenue, including four additional lettered avenues running from Avenue A eastward to Avenue D in an area now known as Alphabet City in Manhattan's East Village. The numbered streets in Manhattan run east–west, and are 60 feet (18 m)* wide, with about 200 feet (61 m)*
between each pair of streets. With each combined street and block adding up to about 260 feet (79 m), there are almost exactly 20 blocks per mile. The typical block in Manhattan is 250 by 600 feet (76 by 183 m).

According to the original Commissioner's Plan there were

220th Street (Manhattan). Moreover, the numbering system continues even in The Bronx, north of Manhattan, despite the fact that there the grid plan is not so regular; there the last numbered street is 263rd Street.[192]

Fifteen crosstown streets were designated as 100 feet (30 m) wide, including

Central Park West
and 59th Street).

A consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan, and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees, is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as Manhattanhenge (by analogy with Stonehenge).[194] On separate occasions in late May and early July, the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines, with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level.[194][195] A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise in January and December.

The Wildlife Conservation Society, which operates the zoos and aquariums in the city, is currently undertaking The Mannahatta Project, a cartoon simulation to visually reconstruct the ecology and geography of Manhattan when Henry Hudson first sailed by in 1609, and compare it to what we know of the island today.[196]

Transportation

See also: Transportation in New York City
Grand Central Terminal, a terminal rail station, and a National Historic Landmark.
Upper New York Bay providing free public transportation between Staten Island
and Manhattan.

Manhattan is unique in the U.S. for intense use of public transport and lack of private car ownership. While 88% of Americans nationwide drive to their jobs and only 5% use public transport, mass transit is the dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan, with 72% of borough residents using public transport and only 18% driving to work.[197][198] According to the United States Census, 2000, more than 77.5% of Manhattan households do not own a car.[199]

In 2008, Mayor Bloomberg

60th Street. The state legislature rejected the proposal in June 2008.[200]

The

New Jersey Transit trains to various points in New Jersey. Multibillion US$ heavy-rail transit projects under construction in Manhattan and New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension.[205]

New York City Bus. An extensive network of express bus routes serves commuters and other travelers heading into Manhattan. The bus system served 784 million passengers citywide in 2011, placing the bus system's ridership as the highest in the nation, and more than double the ridership of the second-place Los Angeles system.[206]

transportation network companies compete in Manhattan with each other and with the city's taxicabs. Manhattan also sees tens of thousands of bicycle commuters. The Roosevelt Island Tramway, one of two commuter cable car systems in North America, whisks commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes, and has been serving the island since 1978. (The other system in North America is the Portland Aerial Tram.)[208][209] The Staten Island Ferry, which runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, annually carries over 21 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run between Manhattan and Staten Island. Each weekday, five vessels transport about 65,000 passengers on 109 boat trips.[210][211] The ferry has been fare-free since 1997, when the then-50-cent fare was eliminated.[212]

The Brooklyn Bridge in the foreground and the Manhattan Bridge beyond it, are two of the bridges that span the East River connecting Lower Manhattan with Brooklyn

The metro region's commuter rail lines converge at

Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan, respectively. They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States. About one-third of users of mass transit and two-thirds of railway passengers in the country live in New York and its suburbs.[213] Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, D.C.; Upstate New York, New England; cross-border service to Toronto and Montreal
; and destinations in the South and Midwest.

Being primarily an island, Manhattan is linked to New York City's outer boroughs by numerous

Bergen County
in New Jersey.

Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several

Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook
in Brooklyn.

The

FDR Drive and Harlem River Drive are two routes with limited access that skirt the east side of Manhattan along the East River, designed by controversial New York master planner Robert Moses.[220]

Manhattan has three public heliports. US Helicopter offered regularly scheduled helicopter service connecting the Downtown Manhattan Heliport with John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey before going out of business in 2009.[221]

New York City has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet, which also operates in Manhattan, in the country. It also has some of the first hybrid taxis, most of which operate in Manhattan.[222]

Crosstown traffic refers primarily to vehicular traffic between

Lower Manhattan Expressway, did not go forward. The congestion makes Manhattan's crosstown buses the perennial "winners" of the "Pokey Awards
" for slowest service in New York City.

Utilities

Gas and electric service is provided by

AT&T
is available as well.

Manhattan, surrounded by two

Tunnel No. 2, and Tunnel No. 3, completed in 1917, 1936, and (Manhattan's supply) 2013,[227]
respectively.

Manhattan witnessed the doubling of the

gas pipeline opened on November 1, 2013.[228]

The New York City Department of Sanitation is responsible for garbage removal.[229] The bulk of the city's trash ultimately is disposed at mega-dumps in Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina and Ohio (via transfer stations in New Jersey, Brooklyn and Queens) since the 2001 closure of the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island.[230] A small amount of trash processed at transfer sites in New Jersey is sometimes incinerated at waste-to-energy facilities. Like New York City, New Jersey and much of Greater New York relies on exporting its trash to far-flung areas.

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