User:Sushant gupta/Ebox/Archive 13
User:Sushant gupta/Ebox/Archive 13 | |
---|---|
state | |
UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
ISO 3166 code | IN-HP |
No. of districts | 12 |
Largest city | Shimla |
Legislature type | Unicameral |
Legislature Strength | 68 |
Website | himachal |
Himachal Pradesh
History
Some evidences have been found that nearly 2 million years ago man lived in the foothills of Himachal Pradesh.Bangana valley of Kangra, Sirsa valley of Nalagarh and Markanda valley of Sirmour are found to be the places where prehistoric man used to live. From the pre historic time it was inhabited by tribes like the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats. The Aryan influence in the region dates back to the period before the Rigveda. [1] The foothills of the state were inhabited by people from
As per the
The small
The
This led in the Anglo-Gorkha war. They came into direct conflict with the
The revolt of 1857 or first Indian war of independence resulted due to the building up of political, social, economic, religious and military grievances against the British government. People of the hill states were not politically alive as the people in other parts of the country.[3] They remained more or less inactive and so did their rulers with the exception of Bushahr. Some of them even rendered help to the British government during the revolt. Among them were the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami. The rulers of Bushars rather acted in a manner hostile to the interests of British.
The
After independence the Chief Commissioner's province of H.P. came into being on 15th April,
Geography
Himachal is situated in the interiors of western himalayas. The state is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir in the North, Uttar Pradesh in the South-East, Haryana in the South and Punjab is in the West. Himachal is situated between 30"22' and 30"12' north latitude and between 75"47' and 79"4' east longitude. It is a mountainous state with elevation ranging from about 350 to 6000 meters (1050 ft. to 18000 ft.) above the sea level. Shimla is the state capital.
Himachal takes its name from the Himalayas. Himachal literally means Land of snowy mountains.
There is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation i.e. 450-6500mtrs. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern mountain ranges with more elevation.[4]
The state has areas like
The
Particulars and Characteristics | Shivalik Zone | Mid-Hill Zone | High hill zone | Trance- Himalayan Zone
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Altitude | Upto 800m | 800m-1,600m | 1,600m-2,700m | 2,700m-3,600m |
Type of area | Valley areas and foothills | Hilly and mountain ranges | Alpine zone | Lahaul Spiti and Kinnaur range |
Climatic conditions | Sub tropical | Slightly warm temperature | Cool temperature with humidity | Dry and extremely cold conditions |
Rainfall in mm.
|
1,500 | 1,500-3000 | 1,000-1,500 | 500 |
% of total geographical area | 30% | 10% | 25% | 35% |
% of total cultivated area | 55% | 30% | 10% | 5% |
Flora and Fauna
It has been estimated that 68% of the land area is covered with forests. The foothills and the valleys of the region are refreshing green whereas the areas above the snow line are nearly bare. The southern tracts are dominated by
.Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country with orchards scattered all over the place.
Himachal Pradesh is also a well known habitat to a wide variety of animals. This includes the
Economy
Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices
figures in crores of Indian Rupees | |
Year | Gross State Domestic Product |
---|---|
1980 | 7,940 |
1985 | 13,720 |
1990 | 28,150 |
1995 | 66,980 |
2000 | 135,900 |
The era of planning started in
Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depend directly upon agriculture which provides direct employment to 71% of its people. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley.
Himachal has a rich heritage of
Himachal is extremely rich in
Culture
The handicraft that come out of this state and is worth appreciating are the carpets, leather works, shawls, paintings, metalware, woodwork and paintings. Pashmina shawl is the product which is highly in demand not only in Himachal but all over the country. Colourful Himachali caps are also famous art work of the people.
Music and dance of Himachal Pradesh reflects its cultural identity. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. There are also dances that are specific to certain regions of the state.
Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals also that are at the high point of Himachal Pradesh. These festivals are the time for the Himachalis to adorn colourful dress and accessories and get mixed up with the rest of their kins.
The day to day food of Himachalis is very similar to the rest of the north
Government
|
|
The Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents.
The Legislature of Himachal Pradesh is
In 2003 the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress. The main opposition is the Bharatiya Janata Party. Governments have seen alternates between BJP & Congress all the times. No third front ever has become significant.
Subdivisions
Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts namely,
A
Transport
The geography of Himachal presents considerable challenge to the development of transport infrastructure. Nevertheless, the state has made significant progress in road connectivity in the last few decades. Himachal at present has the highest road density among all the hill states of India.
There are three airports in the state of Himachal Pradesh. They are at Bhuntar, Gaggal and Jubbarhatti. The air routes connect the state with Delhi and Chandigarh. There are no international airports in Himachal Pradesh. Vayudoot services connect Jubbarhatti, 23 km from Shimla, with Kullu, Chandigarh and Delhi. Jagson Airlines has flights from Delhi to Shimla.[12]
Himachal Pradesh is not very well connected by railways as it is not a easy task to construct railway lines in the high altitude and rugged terrain. The
It is difficult to construct and maintain new roads in the hilly areas of the state. Most of the important places of Himachal Pradesh are well connected with the roadways. Eight national highways (NH) pass through the state with a total length of 1235 km. Few of the roads get closed during
Demographics
The population of Himachal in 2001 stood at 6,077,248 as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2001. The population of Himachal Pradesh includes estimated population of entire
The tribal population of the state comprise of the
About 95% of the population of Himachal Pradesh consists of Hindus. There main communities are Brahmins, Rajputs, Kannets, Rathis and Kolis. Other religions are Sikhism and Buddhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists.[15]
The major spoken languages include
Education
Facts and Figures | |
Type | Number |
---|---|
Primary Schools | 10484 |
Middle Schools | 1056 |
Secondary / Higher Secondary Schools | 1339 |
General Colleges | 64 |
Medical Colleges | 2 |
Engineering | 4 |
Universities | 4 |
S.S.I. Units | 30176 |
Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest literacy rates in India. Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy. Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.
Himachal Pradesh was under the British control in the mid 19th century. The state was also the summer capital of India during the British colonial Rule. Hence, the standard of education in the state has reached to a considerably high level as compared to other states. The state has several reputed educational institutes for higher studies.
The
The government is working constantly to prepare various plans and projects in order to strengthen the education system of the state. Recently, the State Government has decided to start three nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal.[17] The state government has decided to start up with 3 major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.[16] In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has now became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child in the state.[18]
Media and Communication
Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state.
Reference
- ^ "History of Himachal Pradesh". Original archeological info source- Archeological dep. of India. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- ^ "History of Himachal". Cultural Dep. of Himachal. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ "History of Himachal Pradesh". Dep. of Culture and Archeology -Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ "Climate of Himachal Pradesh". dreaminfosoft. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ "Climate of Himachal Pradesh". indiasite.com. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
- ^ "Rivers in Himachal Pradesh". dreaminfosoft(version4.0)- main website- www.himachalworld.com. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ "Rivers in Himachal Pradesh". Suni Systems (P). Retrieved 2006-04-28.
- ^ "Flora and Fauna". Retrieved 2006-10-26.
- ^ "Economy of Himachal Pradesh". Suni System (P). Retrieved 2006-04-28.
- ^ "Culture of Himachal Pradesh". Indialine (2007). Retrieved 2007-05-03.
- ^ "Himachal Pradesh (gov) Introduction". National informatics center. Computer Centre, Lok Sabha Secretariat. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
- ^ "Transportation in Himachal Pradesh". Himachal Transport Dep. Co. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ISBN 0-9521655-0-3
- ^ "MapsOfIndia article on [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]]". Retrieved 2007-03-13.
{{cite web}}
: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ "Ethnic composition" (PDF). The First Report on Religion : Census of India 2001. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ a b "Educational Profile of Himachal Pradesh". General Overview of Education in Himachal. Pragati Infosoft Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 2007-03-16. Cite error: The named reference "eduprofile" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Himachal Govt. Website "Factual source on Education in Himachal". Government of India. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Dua, H.K. "Educational updates- Himachal". The Tribune Trust, 2006. The Tribune House. Retrieved 2007-03-16.