Özbeg Khan

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Öz Beg
اوزبیک‎
Vasili Vereshchagin.
Khan of the Golden Horde
Western Half (Blue Horde)
Reign1313–1341
PredecessorToqta
SuccessorTini Beg
Born1282
Golden Horde
Died1341 (aged 58–59)
Sarai
Spouse
  • Bulughan Khatun
  • Taydula Khatun
  • Kabak Khatun
  • Urduja Khatun
  • Bayalun Khatun
  • Sheritumgha Khatun
  • Maria Khatun
Issue
HouseBorjigin
DynastyGolden Horde
FatherTogrilcha
ReligionSunni Islam

Sultan Giyasuddin Muhammad Uzbek Khan (

Turki/Kypchak and Persian: غیاث الدین محمد اوزبیک خان, Ğiyāsuddin Muḥammad Özbäk Khān), better known as Uzbeg, Uzbek or Ozbeg (1282–1341), was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde (1313–1341), under whose rule the state reached its zenith.[1] He was succeeded by his son Tini Beg. He was the son of Toghrilcha and grandson of Mengu-Timur
, who had been khan of the Golden Horde from 1267 to 1280.

Uzbek Khan moved his residence to Mukhsha (today a village of Narovchat in Penza Oblast).

Coronation and conversion to Islam by the horde

Flag of the Golden Horde, during the reign of Öz Beg Khan.

Öz Beg's father

Khorazm or the country of Circassians
.

Converted to Islam by

Temur Qutlugh and of Bulaghan (or Bayalun) khatun. His conversion is also mentioned in Russian chronicles, but without any detailed information; the standard entry notes that the khan Toqta died in the year 6821 (1313) and the new khan Öz Beg took the throne and "became a Muslim" (obesermenilsia).[2]

At first, many Mongol nobles were against him and organized a plot to kill the new khan. Öz Beg discovered the plot and crushed the rebels.

sultanate.[5] From Öz Beg onwards, the khans of the Golden Horde were all Muslim.[6][failed verification
]

Mosque of Öz Beg Khan built in Crimea in 1314.

Öz Beg was very tolerant of Christians as exemplified by a letter of thanks he received from Pope John XXII in which the Christian leader thanked Öz Beg for his kind treatment of Christians.[7] Öz Beg had sent a letter to the Metropolitan Peter which stated:

By the will and power, the greatness and most high! Let no man insult the metropolitan church of which Peter is head, or his service or his churchman; let no man seize their property, goods or people, let no man meddle in the affairs of the church...Their laws, their churches and monasteries and chapels shall be respected; whoever condemns or blames this religion, shall not be allowed to excuse himself under any pretext, but shall be punished with death.[7]

Reign

Territories of the Golden Horde under Öz Beg Khan.
Ivan Qalita
Paiza of Öz Beg Khan

Military and politics

Öz Beg maintained one of the largest armies in the world, which exceeded 300,000 warriors. He employed his military clout to conduct campaigns against the

Abu Said's death. However, the weather turned bad and the new Ilkhan Arpa Ke'un
came with a large force; Öz Beg's army was forced to withdraw.

Prior to and during the Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war, Chagatai Khan Esen Buqa I attempted to gain the support of Öz Beg Khan against Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and the Emperor of the Yuan dynasty, in 1313 and 1316. Esen Buqa warned Öz Beg that the Great Khan would overthrow him from the throne of the Horde and install another Khan from the Jochids instead. But Öz Beg's vizier convinced him not to believe this and the Khan refused to help Esen Buqa. Nevertheless, remembering their support for the rival claimant to his throne, Öz Beg tried his best to eliminate every influence and inspiration of the Yuan dynasty on the Golden Horde in the early part of his reign. The Khan's diplomatic relationship with the Yuan, however, improved in 1324.[9] Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan granted him the de jure rights to rule the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi in the Yuan sources).[10] By the 1330s, Öz Beg had begun sending tribute to the Mongol Yuan Emperors and received his share from Jochid possessions in China and Mongolia in exchange.[4]

Öz Beg was engaged in wars with

Basarab I
became an independent power with the support of Öz Beg after 1324.

Öz Beg allowed

Don
.

New Sarai

During the reign of Öz Beg, Sarai (literally meaning "palace" in Turkish and Uzbek, and a hotel / inn / temporary residence in Persian and Urdu) was more quickly becoming a main commercial center and industrial trading center of the country rather than just a political center. The expression of Mongol camp mentality, following Ash and the nearby absence of some structures.

To successfully spread

Mamluk Sultanate
. Successful commercial revolutions require new markets and caravans: "places where merchants find their way." Growth of wealth and increasing needs of production always stimulate population growth. This did not suffice solely in Sarai. The accretion of the dwellings in the region transformed the capital into the center of a large Muslim government, giving it the appropriate aspect and status. Öz Beg actually came to build a new city, which received the official name Saray al-Jedid or New Sarai.

Relationship with Russian princes

Öz Beg supported the earliest princes of

Alexander Mikhailovich, (or Aleksandr) and his grandson Theodor (or Fyodor)—were all killed in Sarai
at Öz Beg's behest.

In 1317,

Mikhail Yaroslavich defeated Yuri at a village called Bortenevo. Mikhail captured Yuri's wife, Konchaka, who was the Khan's sister. Unluckily, Konchaka died when she was in the custody of Mikhail; Yuri announced to the Khan that she had been poisoned by order of Mikhail. He and Yuri were summoned to the court of Golden Horde for a trial, after which Mikhail was beheaded in November 1318. [16]

Following Yury's machinations, which prompted the Khan to grant the yarlik (patent of office for the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir) to

Dmitry and his brother, Alexander, fought a series of battles with Yury and intrigued against him at the Horde, culminating in Dmitry's acquisition of the yarlik of office for the grand princely throne in 1322, after he had persuaded the khan that Yury had appropriated a large portion of the tribute due to the Horde. Yury was summoned to the Horde in Sarai for a trial but, before any formal investigation, was killed by Dmitry, November 21, 1325. Öz Beg waited to punish Dmitri and eventually he arrested the Prince of Tver
for the murder, executing him in 1326.

A.
Sign pointing to the grave of Öz Beg Khan at the exit of the city of Aktau

When the Khan's cousin, the

Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania
. He sent his son Fyodor to the Horde, with tribute and seeking forgiveness, in 1335; the Khan pardoned Alexander and he was given the princely yarlik to Tver once again in 1337. Unfortunately, his greatest enemy, his cousin Ivan, once more set the Horde's Khan against him with the aid of intrigue. Alexander was summoned to the Horde again and was executed at the hand of Khan Öz Beg; Tver was then pillaged and many of its citizens massacred.

Öz Beg welcomed Ivan's sons and made

Mongol
dominance in Russia.

Relationship with Ruthenian princes

After Öz Beg's army killed

Kiev and its surrounding areas. In 1337, the joint Russian and Horde army penetrated to Lublin. At the request of the Galician nobleman Dmytro Dedko, the khan sent 40,000 cavalries against King Casimir III, which was divided into the Vistula.[17]

Öz Beg Khan enthroned.

Family

See also:
Family tree of Genghis Khan

Öz Beg married several wives and concubines. It is not always possible to determine which mother gave birth to which child.

Wives:

Sons:

Daughters:

  • İt Küchüjük (by Bayalun Khatun the Elder)[31] — married to amir-e ulus Isa Beg[24]
  • A daughter (by Bayalun Khatun the Elder?) — married to Amir Ali b. Arzaq
  • A daughter (by Taydula Khatun?) — married to Harun Beg, son of Amir Qutlu Temür

Personality

Dulcert map. Legend: Hic dominatur Usbech, dominus imperator de Sara, "Here rules Özbeg, the Emperor of Sara
".

Many

Al-Ayni wrote: "He was a brave and courageous man, religious and pious, revered jurists, loved scientists, listened to them, trusted them, was merciful to them, visited the sheikhs and did good deeds to them."[32]

Al-Birzali, for example, wrote: "When this king

Adh-Dhahabi speaks of him in the same manner: "... a brave hero, handsome in appearance, a Muslim, who destroyed many emirs and wizards." Even the Persian historian Wassaf, who is thought to have been unfriendly to Öz Beg Khan, spoke of him with great praise: "The pious prince Öz Beg... possesses divine faith and royal splendor."[33]

The name "Öz Beg" was of Turkic origin and had been mentioned in the

Ildegizid Turkic dynasty, who ruled in Tabriz, was called Öz Beg Muzaffar (1210–1225).[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sinor, 178.
  2. ISBN 978-0-271-04445-3
    .
  3. ^ Rene Grousset – Central Asia: Empire of Steppes
  4. ^ a b Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire, see: Golden Horde
  5. ^ Л.Н.Гумилев – Великая степь и Древняя русь
  6. ^ The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual By Clifford Edmund Bosworth, p. 253.
  7. ^ a b The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 200–201.
  8. S2CID 203044817
    .
  9. ^ Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire, see: Golden Horde, J.J. Saunders – the history of Mongol conquests
  10. ^ http://www.hse.ru/data/2013/03/15/1291891310/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%20-%20%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B08%20(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82).pdf [bare URL PDF]
  11. ^ H. H. Howorth – History of the Mongols, d.II: pt.II
  12. ^ Christopher P. Atwood – Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 73.
  13. ^ Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople (English: Great families of Greece, Albania and Constantinople: Historical and genealogical dictionary) (1983), p. 373.
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0330418799
    .
  16. ^ Martin, Medieval Russia, 175; John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339," Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte 38 (1988), 9-19.
  17. ^ Пашуто В. Т. Образование Литовского государства / Отв. редактор Л. В. Черепнин. – М.: Издательство АН СССР, 1959. – С. 391. – 2500 экз
  18. ^ Howorth 1880: 165.
  19. ^ Gibb 1962: 486; Zimonyi 2005.
  20. ^ Howorth 1880: 172.
  21. ^ Gibb 1962: 487.
  22. ^ Gibb 1962: 488
  23. ^ Gibb 1962: 488.
  24. ^ a b Schamiloglu, Uli (January 2020). "Was the Chinggisid Khan an Autocrat? Reflections on the Foundations of Chinggisid Authority". OTTOMANS -CRIMEA -JOCHIDS Studies in Honour of Mária Ivanics. Ed. I. Zimonyi. p. 301.
  25. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4
    .
  26. ^ Howorth 1880: 163, 172; Seleznëv 2009: 174.
  27. ^ a b Gibb 1962: 486; Howorth 1880: 172.
  28. ^ Howorth 1880: 172–173; Seleznëv 2009: 213.
  29. ^ Vohidov 2006: 41; Seleznëv 2009: 194.
  30. ^ Vohidov 2006: 42; Seleznëv 2009: 92, 104.
  31. ^ Gibb 1962: 486, 489.
  32. ^ "Age of power. Öz Beg Khan". Archived from the original on 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  33. ^ "Oz Beg Khan's personality". Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  34. ^ Osama ibn Munqidh. Book of Edification. transl. by Y.Krachkovsky. Publishing House of Eastern literature, 1958, p.134
  35. ^ Rashid al-Din. Collection of Chronicles. Vol.1, Book 1. 1952

References

  • Atwood, Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts On File, 2004.
  • Bor, Zhu̇gdėriĭn. Mongol khiĭgėėd Evroaziĭn diplomat shastir. Ulaanbaatar: [Olon Ulsyn Kharilt︠s︡aany Surguulʹ], 2001. (in Mongolian)
  • Gibb, H. A. R. (trans.), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa A. D. 1325–1354. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1962.
  • Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
  • Morgan, David
    . The Mongols. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
  • Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muˤizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
  • Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy: Naučno-spravočnoe izdanie, Kazan', 2009.
  • Zimonyi, I., "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa on the First Wife of Özbeg Khan," Central Asiatic Journal 49 (2005) 303–309.
Preceded by
Tokhta
 Khan of Blue Horde and Golden Horde
1313–1341 		Succeeded by
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