Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
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Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Mongol Empire | Volga Bulgaria | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Subutai Jebe (1223) Sunitay and Kukedey (1229–1230) Batu and Subutai (1236) |
Ghabdula Chelbir Puresh[citation needed] Inäzor Purgaz[citation needed] | ||||||||
Units involved | |||||||||
Predominantly horse archers and other cavalry | unknown | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
1223: Less than 20,000 1229: 20,000 1236: ~35,000[1][2] | |||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Light casualties , defeated in their first attack | Heavy |
History of Tatarstan |
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History of Udmurtia |
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The
The Mongol campaigns
In 1223, after defeating
Led by
Population transfer
The surviving agricultural population was forced to leave the steppe lands. The majority settled along the Kama river and in adjacent areas further north. The area around Kazan, which was settled by Mari people some years before, became the nucleus of the ("Kazan Tatar") population. Kazan and Çallı became new major political and trade centers[citation needed].
Some cities, such as Bolghar and Cükätaw, were rebuilt, but they were primarily trading centers and the population was not, for the most part, Bolgar .
Rebellions
After the Mongols left Volga Bulgaria to conquer the Russian land, the Bulgars rebelled, led by the nobility. The Mongols then returned and put down the rebellions.
Impact on the region
According to some historians, over 80% of the country's population was killed during the invasion. The remaining population mostly relocated to the northern forested areas (territories of modern
Over time, the cities of Volga Bulgaria were rebuilt and became trade and craft centers of the Golden Horde. Some Bulgarians, primarily masters and craftsmen, were forcibly moved to Sarai and other southern cities of the Golden Horde. Volga Bulgaria remained a center of agriculture and handicraft.
Ethnolinguistic impact
The population of Volga Bulgaria was mostly
Some historians hypothesize that during the rule of the Mongols, the ethnic makeup of the population of Volga Bulgaria did not change, remaining largely Bulgar and partly
Volga Bulgaria's Muslim community preferred to call themselves Muslims (Möselmannar), but used the word Bulghar to distinguish themselves from nomadic Muslim Kipchaks. They did not call themselves Tatars until the 19th century. Russian sources originally distinguished Volga Bulgars from nomadic Tatars, but later the word "Tatar" became synonymous with "Turkic Muslim". To distinguish between themselves, they started to use names of the khanates: the population of Khanate of Kazan called themselves the people of Kazan (Qazanlı); this name was also used by the steppe Tatars and by the Russians.
Aftermath
In the middle of the 14th century some duchies of Volga Bulgaria became more independent and even coined their own money. The duchies were sometimes ruled by Bulgar nobles. In 1420s the Kasan Duchy (Kazan Ulus) under the
See also
- Bulgars
- Eastern Magyars[citation needed]
- Kazan Tatars
- Mongol and Tatar states in Europe
- Mongolia
- Mongol invasion of Europe
- Russo-Kazan Wars
Sources
- ^ ISBN 963-547-085-1.
- ^ ISBN 963-326-337-9.
- ^ George V. Lantzeff – Russian Eastward Expansion before the Mongol Invasion, American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 6, No. 3/4 (Dec., 1947), pp. 1–10
- ^ Allsen, Thomas T. – The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the ulus of Orda in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries, Archivum Eurasiae medii aevi, 5 (1987), 5 – 40.
- "Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria". Republic of TatarstanAcademy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.