Black-eyed pea
Black-eyed peas | |
---|---|
Cultivar group | Unguiculata |
Cultivar | Black-eyed peas |
Origin | West Africa[1] |
Cultivar group members | lobia |
The black-eyed pea or black-eyed bean
The common commercial variety is called the California Blackeye; it is pale-colored with a prominent black spot. The
History
The Black-eyed pea originates from West Africa and has been cultivated in China and India since prehistoric times.[6] It was grown[7] in Virginia since the 17th century by African slaves[8] who were brought to America along with the indigenous plants from their homelands.[9] The crop would also eventually [10] prove popular in Texas. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by George Washington Carver because, as a legume, it adds nitrogen to the soil and has high nutritional value. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient today[11] in soul food and cuisines of the Southern United States.[12] The black-eye pea is cultivated throughout the world.[1]
Cultivation
In non-tropical climates, this heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before germination. Black-eyed peas are extremely drought tolerant, so excessive watering should be avoided.[13]
The crop is relatively free of
The blossom produces nectar plentifully, and large areas can be a source of honey. Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators, care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations.
After planting the pea, it should start to grow after 2–5 days.
Lucky New Year food
In the
Several legends exist as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South's association with peas and good luck date back to the
Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations eating the peas.[21]
Culinary uses worldwide
Africa and the Middle East
In Egypt, black-eyed peas are called lobia.[22] When cooked with onions, garlic, meat and tomato juice, and served with Egyptian rice with some pastina called shaerya mixed in, they make the most famous rice dish in Egypt.
In Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, lobya or green black-eyed beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper.
In Nigeria and Ghana within West Africa and the Caribbean, a traditional dish called akara or koose comprises mashed black-eyed peas with added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried. In Nigeria a pudding called 'moin-moin' is made from ground and mixed peas with seasoning as well as some plant proteins before it is steamed. This is served with various carbohydrate-rich foods such as pap, rice or garri.[23]
Asia and the Pacific
In Indonesia, black-eyed peas are called kacang tunggak or kacang tolo in the local language. They are commonly used in curry dishes such as sambal goreng, a hot and spicy red curry dish, sayur brongkos, or sayur lodeh.
The bean is commonly used across
In Vietnam, black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called chè đậu trắng (black-eyed peas and sticky rice with coconut milk).
Europe
In Cyprus (φρέσκο λουβί (fresko luvi)), Greece (μαυρομάτικα) and Turkey (börülce salatası), blanched black-eyed peas are eaten as salad with a dressing of olive oil, salt, lemon juice, onions and garlic.[28]
In Portugal, black-eyed peas are served with boiled cod and potatoes, with tuna, and in salads.
The Americas
North America
"Hoppin' John", made of black-eyed peas or field peas, rice, and pork, is a traditional dish in parts of the Southern United States.
Texas caviar, another traditional dish in the American South, is made from black-eyed peas marinated in vinaigrette-style dressing and chopped garlic.[29]
South America
In
In the northern part of Colombia, they are used to prepare a fritter called buñuelo. The beans are immersed in water for a few hours to loosen their skins and soften them. The skins are then removed either by hand or with the help of a manual grinder. Once the skins are removed, the bean is ground or blended, and eggs are added, which produces a soft mix. The mix is fried in hot oil. It makes a nutritious breakfast meal.
In
Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 484 kJ (116 kcal) |
20.76 g | |
Sugars | 3.3 g |
Dietary fiber | 6.5 g |
0.53 g | |
7.73 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 3% 0.495 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 8% 0.411 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 6% 0.1 mg |
Folate (B9) | 52% 208 μg |
Vitamin E | 2% 0.28 mg |
Vitamin K | 1% 1.7 μg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 2% 24 mg |
Iron | 14% 2.51 mg |
Magnesium | 13% 53 mg |
Manganese | 21% 0.475 mg |
Phosphorus | 12% 156 mg |
Potassium | 9% 278 mg |
Sodium | 0% 4 mg |
Zinc | 12% 1.29 mg |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[30] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[31] |
One 100 g serving of cooked black-eyed peas contains 484 kilojoules (116 kilocalories) of food energy and is an excellent source of folate and a good source of thiamine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and zinc.[32] The legume is also a good source of dietary fiber (6.5 g per 100 g serving) and contains a moderate amount of numerous other vitamins and minerals (table).
See also
- Adzuki bean
- Chickpea
- Dixie Lee pea
- Green bean
- Lentil
- List of diseases of the common bean
- Mung bean
- Organic beans
- Pulse (legume)
- Sea Island red pea
- Vicia faba
References
- ^ a b "Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Vigna ungiculata Factsheet". CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems (CSIRO), Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F Queensland), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). June 2005. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
- S2CID 204728150, retrieved 2022-03-31
- ^ "variation | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
- ^ Stephanie (2015-08-06). "Measures of Variation: Definition, Types and Examples". Statistics How To. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
- ^ "Showing Food Black-eyed pea - FooDB". foodb.ca. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- ^ "Are black-eyed peas really peas?". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- ^ "Cultivation - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
- ^ "Area - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ Joseph E. Holloway. "African Crops and Slave Cuisine". California State University Northridge. Archived from the original on 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
- ^ "Eventually - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
- ^ "Ingredient - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ "soul food | Description, History, & Ingredients". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- ^ Avery, Dennis T. "Drought-tolerant Black-eyed Peas at Center Stage - by Dennis T. Avery". www.hudson.org. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- ^ Ellner, Rachel (December 31, 2008). "Celebrate New Year's with black-eyed peas". Nashua Telegraph. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009. "On New Year's Day, it gets the full Southern treatment, which usually means Hoppin' John – a traditional soul food consisting of black-eyed peas cooked with ham hocks and spices, served over rice. In the South, eating black-eyed peas on New Year's is thought to bring prosperity"
- ^ Greene, Teri (2009-01-02). "A Tasty Tradition: New Year's meal means good luck, good eats". Montgomery Advertiser: 2, 3A. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ Patillo, Dennis (2019-01-01). "Black-eyed peas, collards, cornbread ring in a prosperous new year". Victoria Advocate, The (TX). Retrieved 2019-12-02.
- ^ "Sherman's March To The Sea | HistoryNet". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
- ^ Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "First Fall Freeze Dates in Georgia". www.crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Garrett, Tammy (27 December 2015). "Black-eyed peas are New Year's tradition for Southerners". Three Rivers Edition. Arkansas Online. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ Ruth. "Hoppin John". Awesome Cookery. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ Rosen, Robert. "The Provincials". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ Noha (2020-01-27). "Loubiya (Egyptian Black Eyed Pea Stew)". Sugar & Garlic. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
- ISBN 978-0-313-32764-3.
Fritters [...] are common [...]. Made from peas in the Dutch Caribbean, they are called cala, and in the French and English Caribbean they are called by their Yoruban name, akkra (or accras). They are most often made from mashed black-eyed peas, spiced with hot peppers, and then deep fried.
- ^ "Black Eye Bean Curry - Punjab Chawli, Rongi Masala - Recipes Shop, Buy Online". Store.indianfoodsco.com. Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
- ^ "Black eyed beans curry". Chakali. 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
- ^ "Alasande Kalu Huli /Curried Black eyed Peas And Soppina Palya/Stirfried Amaranth". Taste of Mysore. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
- ^ "Karamani Sundal/Lobia Sundal Recipe - Ganesha Chaturthi Naivedyam Recipes". Indian Khana. 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
- ^ "Swiss Chard and Black Eyed Beans". Thursdayfordinner.com. 2008-12-19. Archived from the original on 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
- ^ Joyce Sáenz Harris. "Try Some Texas Caviar". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- )
- ^ "Show Foods". Ndb.nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
External links
- "Vigna unguiculata subsp unguiculata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- Plantnames.unimelb.edu.au Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020, Sorting Vigna Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) – A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. (2005).
- Alternative Field Crops Manual: Cowpea
- Vigna unguiculata in West African plants – A Photo Guide.