Conservatism in North America

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Conservatism in North America is a political philosophy that varies in form, depending on the country and the region, but that has similar themes and goals. Academic study into the differences and similarities between conservatism in North American countries has been undertaken on numerous occasions.

Roman Catholicism in Canada.[1]

According to

International Democrat Union.[6]

Canada

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Main article: Conservatism in Canada

centre-right and right-wing parties at the provincial level. The first party calling itself "Conservative" in what would become Canada was elected in the Province of Canada election of 1854
.

parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy
.

United States

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Main article: Conservatism in the United States

Conservatism is a major political ideology in the United States. American conservatism is different from European conservatism, and it has its roots in

laissez faire capitalism, and opposition to government intervention in economy. In foreign policy, American conservatives usually advocate a strong national defense. They support the doctrine of "American exceptionalism
", a belief that the U.S. is unique among nations and that its standing and actions do and should guide the course of world history.

Although there has always been a conservative tradition in America, the modern American conservative movement began during the 1950s. Russell Kirk popularized conservatism after publishing The Conservative Mind (1953). Two years later, in 1955, William F. Buckley Jr. founded National Review, a conservative magazine that included traditionalists, such as Kirk, along with libertarians and anti-communists. This bringing together of separate ideologies under a conservative umbrella was known as fusionism. The term was invented by Frank Meyer. Politically, the conservative movement in the U.S. has often been a coalition of various groups, which has sometimes contributed to its electoral success and other times been a source of internal conflict.

Modern conservatism saw its first national political success with the 1964 nomination of

Reagan Era, a conservative decade. Today's conservatives regard Reagan as the iconic conservative hero. Subsequent electoral victories included gaining a Republican congressional majority in 1994 and the election of George W. Bush
in 2000 and 2004.

The conservative movement has been advanced by influential think tanks such as The Heritage Foundation, American Enterprise Institute, Hoover Institution, Hudson Institute and Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Major media outlets such as The Wall Street Journal, New York Post and Fox News are often described as conservative.

Since the 1970s, the two major American political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, have become increasingly polarized, with the Democrats described as "liberal" and "left wing" and the Republicans as "conservative" and "right wing". The alt-right has pushed the Overton window to the right,[15] making conservative positions seem more centrist.[16][17][18]

Mexico

See also: Reform War

In Mexico, political conservatism originally arose in reaction to the Mexican War of Independence. Because of his prominence in the Mexican Conservative Party, Lucas Alamán has been called "the most organized intelligence behind Conservatism in Mexico."[19] Throughout the presidency of Miguel Alemán Valdés between 1946 and 1952, the politics of the country experienced a significant shift towards conservatism.[20] Gastón García Cantú has performed the most extensive study of Mexican conservatism to date.[21]

Central America

Before the 1930s,

ideologically linked with Protestantism, but this connection has been questioned in recent years.[23] One of the most prominent historical representatives of conservatism in Central America was Rafael Carrera, the first President of Guatemala. Not only did he effectively suppress liberal reforms in his own country, but he contributed greatly to the unity and influence of conservatism in each of the countries throughout Central America.[24]

Belize

Belize is generally a conservative country as demonstrated by their

the country's first parliamentary election as an independent state in 1984 has been the United Democratic Party.[26] Nonetheless, the other major political party, the People's United Party, has a very similar political ideology. Historically, both parties have tended to be more conservative while in power than when in opposition.[27]

Guatemala

Conservatism in Guatemala has always been closely linked with

the country's Roman Catholic clergy.[28] Between the declaration of Guatemala's independence in 1821 and the Liberal Revolution of 1871, the country's politics were dominated by conservatism.[29] In the mid-twentieth century, Francisco Javier Arana served as a unifying force for conservatives in Guatemala after his own presidency.[30]

Panama

See also: Thousand Days' War

When Panama was separated from Colombia in 1903, the newly independent country of Panama was initially controlled by a military junta led by José Agustín Arango and Manuel Amador Guerrero. Although the junta included a few token liberal members, the administration was heavily conservative.[31] Politics in the country were strongly divided along conservative-liberal lines in the following years.[32] Conservatives were in power until a military coup in 1968.[33]

Caribbean

The main conservative political body in the

International Democrat Union (IDU).[35] In Beyond a Boundary, C. L. R. James argues that the influence of cricket and English literature have been instrumental in strengthening conservativism in the Caribbean.[36]

Cuba

In the early 20th century, the concept of conservatism was not well-defined in

Conservative Party of Cuba when the Liberal Party of Cuba split between supporters of Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso and supporters of José Miguel Gómez.[38] Still, the conservative-liberal distinction fails to address many of the major political issues in Cuban governmental history.[39]

Although Cuba's government remains ideologically

evangelical churches have allowed the growth of conservative ideas and groups within religious institutions. Many of these churches influence debates on civil liberties such as abortion and LGBT rights.[40][41][42]

Study of concept

A 2002 conference at the

post-feminist stance.[44]

See also

  • Conservatism in Latin America

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-55130-306-2
    . "Reginald Bibby identifies a pervasive religious conservatism in North America demonstrated by the intergenerational transmission of religious traditions, which, in the United States, are more likely to be mainstream Protestantism, or, in Canada, mainstream Protestantism and Roman Catholicism."
  2. ^ The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia (1964), Louis Hartz
  3. ^ "Conservatism, Liberalism, and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation" (1966), Gad Horowitz
  4. ^ Political ideology today (2001), Ian Adams, p. 32
  5. ^ "Ernest Manning and George Grant: Who is the Real Conservative" (2004), Ron Dart.
  6. ^ International Democrat Union Archived October 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  7. S2CID 145773856
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-136-63981-4
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0-7710-2099-5
    .
  10. ISBN 978-1-4426-0703-3
    .
  11. ^ How Canadian conservatism differs from the American version Archived 2009-08-20 at the Wayback Machine Online video conference by Conservative senator Hugh Segal: cerium.ca website.
  12. OCLC 1200495650.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  13. OCLC 741613249
    .
  14. OCLC 61218162
    .
  15. ISSN 1536-5042
    .
  16. ^ "2017 is the year when every unthinkable idea became thinkable again". 2017-12-26. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
  17. ^ "How Trump makes extreme things look normal". Vox. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
  18. ^ McKenzie, Jay (2018-08-15). "Roger Stone & the Propaganda Moving the Overton Window". Retrieved 2018-09-30.
  19. ISBN 978-1-57958-337-8
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-520-23952-4
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1-55238-083-3
    .
  22. ISBN 978-0-8229-5387-6
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-7391-0446-0
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-8133-4327-3
    .
  25. ISBN 978-1-58843-289-6
    .
  26. ISBN 978-0-471-92261-2
    .
  27. ISBN 978-0-931625-42-8
    .
  28. Overland Monthly, and Out West Magazine
    . 14: 217.
  29. ISBN 978-0-521-82461-3. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  30. ISBN 978-0-292-71083-2
    .
  31. ISBN 978-0-385-51534-4
    .
  32. ISBN 978-0-405-02036-0
    .
  33. ISBN 978-0-7391-0120-9
    .
  34. ISBN 978-0-415-02445-7
    .
  35. ISBN 978-1-56324-089-8
    .
  36. ISBN 978-0-7190-4315-4. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  37. ISBN 978-0-8223-1149-2
    .
  38. ISBN 978-0-313-31690-6
    . Mario Garcia Menocal.
  39. ISBN 978-0-88738-324-3
    . Conservatism Cuba.
  40. ^ "Religious Conservatism is Shaping the Civil Liberties Debate in Cuba". NACLA. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  41. ^ Sosin, Eileen (6 April 2023). "Equal marriage has improved our lives, says LGBT Cubans". openDemocracy. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  42. ^ Alfonso, María Isabel (17 September 2018). "As Cuba backs gay marriage, churches oppose the government's plan". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  43. ISBN 978-3-8100-3812-8
    .
  44. ISBN 978-976-8125-55-2. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    ) "The rise of conservatism in North America and Western Europe has been a severe challenge to the movement there and many argue that these countries are in a phase of post-feminism."

External links
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