National Organization for Marriage
NPO | |
Headquarters | Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
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President | Brian S. Brown |
Website | nationformarriage.org |
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in the United States |
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The National Organization for Marriage (NOM) is an American non-profit political organization established to work against the legalization of
Leadership
NOM's founding board of directors consisted of:[7]
- Maggie Gallagher, president
- Brian S. Brown, executive director (former executive director of Family Institute of Connecticut)[8]
- Robert P. George, chairman of the board
- Neil Corkery, treasurer
- Chuck Stetson (chairman of the board, Bible Literacy Project)[9]
- Ken Von Kohorn (chairman of the board, Family Institute of Connecticut)[10]
- Luis Tellez (president, Witherspoon Institute Board of Trustees)[11]
- Matthew S. Holland (president, Utah Valley University)[12]
In April 2009, Holland was replaced on the board by
As of 2021, Brown remains the president and Eastman chairman of the board.[16] As of 2011, law professor Robert P. George was chairman emeritus.[8] As of 2011, Gallagher was still a board member and worked on specific projects for the group.[15]
Nonprofit status and funding
Groups and projects
The group operates two nonprofit arms: a
The group also operates state-based political action committees such as National Organization for Marriage PAC New York founded in June 2009, and National Organization for Marriage California PAC founded in February 2009.[17][18] The state PACs receive funding from the main 501(c)(4) NOM arm.
Funding
NOM claims it has a wide base of grassroots support, however the majority of its funding comes from a very few anonymous sources making large donations.[20] In NOM's IRS filing for 2009,[21] three donations of $2.4 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million made up 68% of NOM's contributions and grants income of a little over $7.1 million, and just five donations made up 75%.[20]
In 2010, Jesse Zwick, then a reporter for the
In 2010, two donors provided $6 million, two-thirds of the total donations for the year.[23]
On its 2012 tax return, NOM reported a roughly $2 million deficit. Three donors contributed nearly two-thirds of the organization's $9.3 million in donations.[24]
Mormon connection
Gay rights activist
Activity
NOM has been involved in ballot measures, legislative elections, judicial elections, and issue advertising in various states. NOM was involved in the successful Proposition 8 campaign in California in 2008, as well as a similar successful campaign in Maine one year later. They were also involved in unsuccessful efforts to pass an amendment eliminating same-sex marriage in Massachusetts in 2007. NOM participated in efforts to block same-sex marriage in New Jersey,[26] and has unsuccessfully attempted to block same-sex marriage legalization in New York,[27] Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and the District of Columbia. On June 16, 2009, NOM announced the formation of NOM PAC New York, a political action committee with a goal of providing $500,000 to fund primary challenges against any Republican New York state senator who votes for gay marriage. NOM stated that they were "also looking to aid Democratic candidates who want to buck the establishment on the marriage issue, and to help in general election contests."[28] In 2010, NOM was involved in successful efforts to oust three Iowa Supreme Court judges who had concurred in a decision that effectively legalized same-sex marriage there.[29]
In 2009, Peter Montgomery of the progressive organization People for the American Way stated: "You have to take [NOM] seriously [...] They've raised a tremendous amount of money that they're funneling into various states."[30]
2007 Massachusetts constitutional amendment
One of the group's first public acts was to campaign in support of a proposed 2007 Massachusetts constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage[31] by restricting marriage to "the union of one man and one woman", in response to the Massachusetts court decision that legalized same-sex marriage in that state. The NOM-supported amendment failed to pass. The campaign included a billboard comparing representative Angelo Puppolo to Judas Iscariot and Benedict Arnold after he changed his position to oppose the amendment.[32]
California Proposition 8
NOM was first formed to support the passage of
Stand for Marriage Maine
In 2009, NOM was the primary contributor to Stand For Marriage Maine, the organization that led
NOM contributed over $1.6 million to Stand For Marriage Maine; by reports as of October 2009, NOM had contributed 63% of that group's funding.[44][45]
NOM has brought a number of lawsuits to prevent being required to release the names of its donors funding Stand For Marriage Maine.[citation needed] In 2015, NOM released a campaign disclosure report after a state supreme court ruling on its release.[46]
Advertising campaigns
On April 8, 2009, NOM began a "2 Million for Marriage" (2M4M) initiative with the intention of organizing two million activists nationwide.[47] When NOM used the abbreviation "2M4M" for their "2 Million for Marriage" campaign, the media noted that in personal ads, "2M4M" is code for two men seeking a third male sexual partner. NOM did not secure the domain name and other net resources that use the "2M4M" term. Christopher Ambler, a consultant in rapid web development who characterizes himself as a "happily married straight guy", purchased the domain "2M4M.org"[48] and branded it as "Two Men For Marriage," running material counter to NOM's 2M4M aims.[49][50][51]
Gathering Storm
The 2M4M campaign used an advertisement, "Gathering Storm", in which actors, primarily Mormons from Arizona,[17] standing against a dramatic storm-cloud background, voiced opposition to same-sex marriage.[52][53]
The Human Rights Campaign, a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) lobbying group and political action committee, described the ad saying that, in it, "actors make disproven claims about marriage for lesbian and gay couples."[54][55]
New York Times columnist Frank Rich described the "Gathering Storm" advertisement as "an Internet camp classic",[52] and it was parodied by Stephen Colbert, the website Funny or Die,[56] and in the Futurama episode "Proposition Infinity".
Other advertisements
On April 30, 2009, NOM and beauty pageant winner Carrie Prejean launched another ad campaign against gay marriage, called "No Offense". In the ad, they object to being characterized as "outright bigots" because of their stance.[57] After semi-nude photos of Prejean were posted on the Internet, causing some to accuse NOM of hypocrisy,[58] NOM issued a press release stating that Prejean had appeared with NOM as a private citizen and not as a spokesperson.[59] In the wake of the revelation that Prejean had made masturbation videos, NOM removed reference to the video from the front page of their website.[60]
On May 28, 2009, NOM rolled out an advertising campaign in New York, including a video spot. The Christian Science Monitor described the spot as listing a "litany of grievances" as an "ominous score" plays, with a potentially embarrassing error for a campaign based on education: misspelling marriage as marraige.[61]
During the 2016 North Carolina gubernatorial election, NOM released an ad criticizing Democratic candidate Roy Cooper for his support for allowing transgender individuals access to bathrooms that reflect their gender identity. The ad claimed that doing so would give sexual predators easy access to children and other potential victims.[62]
New York Congressional phone campaign
NOM spent over $112,000 on a
Summer for Marriage Tour
In 2010, NOM staged a 23-city tour holding rallies against same-sex marriage.
After
Campaign finance lawsuit
NOM filed a lawsuit in US district court, on free speech grounds, seeking the right to run ads in the Rhode Island governor's race without complying with that state's campaign finance laws, including both campaign financing contribution limits and reporting requirements. In October 2010 the suit was dismissed; the court called the filing "disorganized, vague and poorly constructed" and gave the group one week to refile the lawsuit.[82][83] NOM appealed to federal court, who ruled against them.[84]
Civil union opposition
NOM has opposed civil union recognition, calling it "a direct threat to marriage and the religious liberties" and stating that "civil union statutes across the country have been used to sue business owners and professionals who run their practices by their deeply held religious beliefs."[85] It has campaigned against the passage of Illinois's Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act, SB 1716.[86]
Iowa judge retention vote campaign
On November 2, 2010, NOM ran a bus tour through Iowa campaigning for removal of three Iowa Supreme Court justices then up for a retention vote, following the court's unanimous decision in Varnum v. Brien; the retention vote was "the most controversial...and one of the closest" races on the ballot.[87] All three justices lost the retention vote, the first time any judge had lost that vote since Iowa initiated the retention system in 1962.[88]
New York same-sex marriage opposition
NOM actively opposed legalization of
NOM supported four "Let the People Vote" rallies later in July of the same year, with the stated purpose of having the voters decide the issue versus the bill passed by the state's legislature.
North Carolina Amendment 1
NOM provided more than $300,000 to the committee supporting North Carolina's Amendment 1, a 2012 referendum which would alter the state's constitution to forbid marriage and all other recognition for same-sex couples.[91]
2012 presidential pledge
On August 3, 2011, NOM unveiled a pledge for
Oregon intercession
NOM attempted repeatedly to intercede in the legalization of same-sex marriage in Oregon. The group requested to be allowed to act as defendants in the state court case that ultimately found the ban on same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional, but were denied by the judge as lacking standing, a ruling that was confirmed by the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[101] After the ruling that started same-sex marriage in the state, NOM filed a request with the U.S. Supreme Court, asking that the state court's ruling be stayed, to allow NOM to further pursue its case for being an intercessor, and that the matter be reviewed by the Supreme Court.[102] The request was denied.[103]
March For Marriage
NOM organized protest marches against same-sex marriage in Washington, DC, in 2013,[104] 2014,[105] 2015,[106] 2016,[107] and 2017.[108] The 2015 March For Marriage took place on April 25, the Saturday before the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a set of cases related to same-sex marriage.[106] About 100 people attended the 2016 event, including counterprotestors.[109] About 50 attended in 2017.[108]
IRS release of donor information
In October 2013, NOM filed a federal lawsuit alleging that the IRS had intentionally leaked its 2008 tax return—including donor lists—in violation of federal law.
Transgender students
On September 20, 2013, NOM announced that they would gather signatures aimed at putting a proposition on the November 2014 California ballot to repeal a law addressing the rights of transgender students.[6] The law, AB 1266, allows students to play on school sports teams and to use school bathrooms that accord with their gender identity. Brown said that "Opening our most vulnerable areas at school including showers, bathrooms and changing rooms to members of the opposite sex is politically-correct madness that risks the privacy and security of our children and grandchildren."[116] On February 24, 2014, the California secretary of state's office reported that the proposition had failed to gather enough valid signatures to qualify for the November election.[117]
International activities
NOM president Brown has spoken in Russia calling for the illegalization of adoption by LGBT people. He spoke to the Duma committees on international affairs and the family, telling them that persecution of religious people would arise from permitting equal rights in any form.[118]
Free Speech Bus
Along with Spain-based advocacy group
IRS filings
In 2009, Californians Against Hate (CAH) filed a formal complaint with the IRS against NOM, saying that NOM had refused to make its IRS 990 forms public, as required by law. CAH representatives went to "the Princeton, New Jersey, offices of the National Organization for Marriage twice to get copies of their IRS 990 reports, to no avail," said CAH's president, Fred Karger. "Then our representative, Ben Katzenberg, sent two certified letters to the NOM office on March 18, 2009, requesting its two 990 forms. Federal law requires NOM to furnish copies of these IRS filings within 30 days after the request has been received. And 40 days later, still no 990s."[121] NOM has since posted 990 forms for 2007 and 2008 on their website.[122]
Campaign finance issues
In March 2009, Fred Karger filed a complaint with the California Fair Political Practices Commission alleging that the National Organization for Marriage was established by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in order to direct church funds toward the passage of Proposition 8.[123] A church spokesman and NOM's then-president Maggie Gallagher both denied the allegations.[124]
In 2009, the Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices voted, 3–2, to investigate NOM for campaign finance violations; the Commission overrode the recommendation of their staff.
In Iowa, NOM was investigated by the Iowa Ethics & Campaign Disclosure Board over whether it failed to properly disclose the names of donors towards its campaign to unseat judges who had ruled in favor of same-sex marriage in the state.[133] Previously, it had faced accusations from the Interfaith Alliance of Iowa Action Fund and One Iowa that it has failed to properly disclose its contributors.[43] NOM's efforts in that state included spending $86,060 on the failed state House of Representatives campaign of Stephen Burgmeier.[134]
NOM executive director Brown has stated that the group keeps the identities of its donors private to prevent donor intimidation by proponents of same-sex marriage.[135] The group used that argument in an unsuccessful lawsuit seeking to exempt them from California's disclosure laws.[136][137]
Criticism and opposition
"NOM Exposed"
In September 2010, the
Southern Poverty Law Center
The Southern Poverty Law Center included NOM on its Winter 2010 list of "anti-gay groups" that "have continued to pump out demonizing propaganda aimed at homosexuals."[143] NOM president Brown took issue with the inclusion, stating that NOM "isn't about being anti-anyone."[144][145]
Resignation of Louis Marinelli
On April 8, 2011, Louis Marinelli, a 25-year-old NOM activist and online strategist who describes himself as "the one behind the 2010 Summer for Marriage Tour", had driven the bus during that tour, and had moderated many of NOM's web properties (including its Facebook page, its Twitter account, and the Tour blog), resigned from his affiliation with the organization, announced his support for same-sex marriage, and categorically apologized for and repudiated his past actions on behalf of the organization.[146][147][148] He also shut down the Facebook page he had built up for NOM, which had 290,000 followers.[149] The next day, NOM created a new official Facebook page (to replace Marinelli's), and released this statement: "Louis Marinelli worked in a volunteer capacity as a bus driver during our summer marriage tour. Around this time, NOM began to pay him as a part-time consultant for helping us expand our internet reach. He has since chosen a different focus. We wish him well."[149][150] NOM president Brown publicly downplayed Marinelli's role with the organization,[148] however, after Marinelli published several articles critical of NOM on his website, Brown contacted him and said that if the articles were not removed, NOM would pursue legal action against Marinelli for violation of a confidentiality agreement he had signed as a contractor with access to specialized information.[151]
Photo manipulation
In October 2011, the blog Good As You showed that NOM used uncredited photographs of 2008 rallies for then-presidential candidate Barack Obama on its website to make it appear that the crowds supporting Obama were actually NOM supporters.[152][153]
The story was subsequently picked up by media including
Wedge tactics
In March 2012, NOM memos dated to 2009 advocating strategies of pitting the African-American and homosexual communities against each other, of discouraging Latino assimilation into a culture accepting of same-sex marriage, and of painting President Obama as a "social radical" were released by a federal judge in Maine and published by the Human Rights Campaign.[156][157][158] The internal NOM documents state that they seek "to drive a wedge between gays and blacks" by promoting "African American spokespeople for marriage", thus provoking same-sex marriage supporters into "denouncing these spokesmen and women as bigots", and to interrupt the assimilation of Latinos into "dominant Anglo culture" by making the stance against same-sex marriage "a key badge of Latino identity". The documents also showed a goal to "sideswipe" US President Barack Obama by depicting him as a "social radical" via issues including child protection and pornography.[159][160]
The revealed tactics were described as "one of the most cynical things I've ever heard"[161] and "scary"[162] by Julian Bond, chairman emeritus of the NAACP.[161] The National Black Justice Coalition said that the "documents expose N.O.M. for what it really is – a hate group determined to use African American faith leaders as pawns to push their damaging agenda."[162]
In response to the controversy, NOM stated that the organization has a diverse base of support which includes people of "every color, creed and background" and that it has "worked with prominent African-American and Hispanic leaders, including Dr. Alveda C. King, Bishop George McKinney of the COGIC Church, Bishop Harry Jackson and the New York State Senator Reverend Rubén Díaz Sr."[163] Gallagher, who was president of the organization at the time of the documents, said that their language "makes us sound way too big for our britches",[162] while Brown, president at the time the controversy arose, wrote that the language was "inapt", stating that "it would be enormously arrogant for anyone at NOM to believe that we can make or provoke African-American or Latino leaders do anything".[164]
See also
Notes
References
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite news}}
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External links
- Official website
- NOM Exposed – a critical website sponsored by the Courage Campaign
- Maggie Gallagher debates Gavin Newsom on gay marriage in a May 2009 interactive debate from NOW on PBS Online