Warren E. Burger
Warren Burger | |
---|---|
15th Chief Justice of the United States | |
In office June 23, 1969 – September 26, 1986 | |
Nominated by | Richard Nixon |
Preceded by | Earl Warren |
Succeeded by | William Rehnquist |
20th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary | |
In office June 26, 1986 – July 1, 1993 | |
President | |
Preceded by | Alvin Duke Chandler (1974) |
Succeeded by | Margaret Thatcher |
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit | |
In office March 29, 1956 – June 23, 1969 | |
Nominated by | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Preceded by | Harold Montelle Stephens |
Succeeded by | Malcolm Richard Wilkey |
11th United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division | |
In office May 1, 1953 – April 14, 1956 | |
President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Preceded by | Holmes Baldridge |
Succeeded by | George Cochran Doub |
Personal details | |
Born | Warren Earl Burger September 17, 1907 Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. |
Died | June 25, 1995 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 87)
Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
Political party | Republican |
Spouse |
Elvera Stromberg
(m. 1933; died 1994) |
Children | 2 |
Education | St. Paul College of Law (LLB) |
Signature | |
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in the United States |
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Warren Earl Burger (September 17, 1907 – June 25, 1995) was an American attorney and jurist who served as the 15th
In 1969, President
In 1974, Burger wrote for a unanimous court in
Although Burger was nominated by a conservative president,
Early life
Burger was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in 1907, as one of seven children. His parents, Katharine (née Schnittger) and Charles Joseph Burger, a traveling salesman and railroad cargo inspector,[citation needed] were of Austrian German descent. He was raised Presbyterian.[5] His grandfather, Joseph Burger, was born in Bludenz, Vorarlberg, had emigrated from Tyrol, Austria and joined the Union Army when he was 13. Joseph Burger fought and was wounded in the Civil War, resulting in the loss of his right arm and was awarded the Medal of Honor at the age of 14. At age 16, Joseph Burger became one of the youngest captains in the Union Army.
Burger grew up on the family farm near the edge of Saint Paul. At age 8, he stayed home from school for a year after contracting
That same year, Burger also worked with the crew building the Robert Street Bridge, a crossing of the Mississippi River in Saint Paul that still exists. Concerned about the number of deaths on the project, he asked that a net be installed to catch anyone who fell, but was rebuffed by managers. In later years, Burger made a point of visiting the bridge whenever he came back to town.
Education and early career
Burger enrolled in extension classes at the
Burger's political career began uneventfully, but he soon rose to national prominence. He supported Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen's unsuccessful pursuit of the Republican nomination for president in 1948.[7] At the 1952 Republican National Convention, Burger played a key role in Dwight D. Eisenhower's nomination by leading the Minnesota delegates to change their votes from Stassen to Eisenhower after Stassen failed to obtain 10 percent of the vote, which freed the Minnesota delegation from their pledge to support him.
Assistant Attorney General
President Eisenhower appointed Burger as the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Division of the Justice Department.
In this role, he first argued in front of the Supreme Court. The case involved John P. Peters, a
Court of Appeals service
Burger was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 12, 1956, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Judge
Chief Justice
Nomination and confirmation
In June 1968,
Burger was nominated by President Nixon to succeed Earl Warren on May 23, 1969.[9] The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary hearing on Burger's nomination took place on June 3, 1969.[10] It was characterized as having been friendly, and saw Burger as the sole individual to deliver testimony.[11] The hearing was reported as having taken only an hour and forty minutes.[12] Afterwards, the committee held a five-minute private session in which they voted unanimously to report favorably on his nomination.[10][11] The Senate confirmed Burger to the court by a 74–3 vote on June 9, 1969,[9][10] and he took the judicial oath of office on June 23, 1969.[13]
Remaking the Supreme Court had been a theme in Nixon's presidential campaign,
I assume that no one will take issue with me when I say that these North European countries are as enlightened as the United States in the value they place on the individual and on human dignity. [Those countries] do not consider it necessary to use a device like our Fifth Amendment, under which an accused person may not be required to testify. They go swiftly, efficiently and directly to the question of whether the accused is guilty. No nation on earth goes to such lengths or takes such pains to provide safeguards as we do, once an accused person is called before the bar of justice and until his case is completed.
Through speeches like this, Burger became known as a critic of Chief Justice Warren and an advocate of a literal,
According to President Nixon's memoirs, he had asked Burger in the spring of 1970 to be prepared to run for
Jurisprudence
The Court issued a unanimous ruling,
On July 24, 1974, Burger led the Court in a unanimous decision in
Burger joined the majority decision in Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley, which was the first special education law case decided by the Supreme Court. The Court upheld the constitutionality of Individual Education Plans, but also held that the school district did not have to provide every service necessary in order to maximize a child's potential.
Burger also emphasized the maintenance of
On issues involving criminal law and procedure, Burger remained reliably conservative. He dissented in Solem v. Helm, which held that a life sentence for a phony check was unconstitutional. He once stated personal opposition to the death penalty in his Furman v. Georgia dissent,[21] but defended it as constitutional.
Leadership
Rather than dominating the Court, Burger sought to improve administration both within the Court and within the nation's legal system. Criticizing some advocates as unprepared, Burger created training venues for state and local government advocates.[22] He also helped found the National Center for State Courts, which is now in Williamsburg, Virginia, as well as the Institute for Court Management, and National Institute of Corrections to provide professional training for judges, clerks, and prison guards.[23] Burger also began a tradition of annually delivering a State of the Judiciary speech to the American Bar Association, many of whose members had been alienated by the Warren Court. However, some detractors thought his emphasis on the mechanics of the judicial system trivialized the office of chief justice.[citation needed] Despite his reputation for being imperious, he was well-liked by the law clerks and judicial fellows who worked with him.[24]
Burger drew internal controversy within the Supreme Court throughout his tenure, as was revealed in
Consequently, the Burger Court was described as his "in name only".
Greenhouse pointed to INS v. Chadha as evidence of Burger's "foundering leadership". Burger would cause the case to be delayed for over twenty months although there had been five votes to affirm the appeals court's finding of unconstitutionality after the case had been first argued: Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell, and Stevens. Burger did not allow an opinion to be assigned, first by asking for a special conference on the case and then by delaying the case for reargument when that conference fell through even though he never held a formal vote on holding the case over for reargument.[31]
Views on women judges
No women served on the Supreme Court until 1981, and Burger was strongly opposed to giving a seat to a female judge. In 1971, President Nixon considered nominating Mildred Lillie to the Supreme Court. Former White House Counsel John Dean had said that the greatest opposition to Lillie came from Chief Justice Burger.[32] Dean indicated that Burger threatened to resign over the nomination.[33]
Views on homosexuality
Burger was deeply prejudiced against
Later life and death
Burger left office on September 26, 1986,
In 1987,
In a 1991 appearance on the MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, Burger stated that the notion that the Second Amendment guaranteed an unlimited individual right to obtain any kind of weapon "has been the subject of one of the greatest pieces of fraud, I repeat the word 'fraud,' on the American public by special interest groups".[43]
Burger died on June 25, 1995, from
Burger's casket lay in repose in the Great Hall of the United States Supreme Court Building. His remains are interred at Arlington National Cemetery.[47]
Legacy
As chief justice, Burger was instrumental in founding the Supreme Court Historical Society and was its first president. Burger is often cited as one of the foundational proponents of
Family and personal life
He married Elvera Stromberg in 1933. They had two children, Wade Allen Burger (1936–2002) and Margaret Elizabeth Burger (1946–2017).[51] Elvera Burger died at their home in Washington, D.C., on May 30, 1994, at the age of 86.[47]
See also
- Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
- List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
- List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition
- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)
- List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
- United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court
References
- ISBN 978-1439126349. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
- ^ "Perceived Qualifications and Ideology of Supreme Court Nominees, 1937–2012" (PDF). SUNY at Stony Brook. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
- ^ Barker, Lucius J. (Autumn 1973). "Black Americans and the Burger Court: Implications for the Political System". Washington University Law Review. 1973 (4): 747–777. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2017 – via Washington University Law Review Archive.
- ^ Earl M. Maltz, The Coming of the Nixon Court: The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law (University Press of Kansas; 2016)
- ISBN 9781641142687.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Warren E. Burger (1907–1995)". Uscivilliberties.org. Civil Liberties in the United States. December 1, 2012. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
- ^ Osro Cobb, Osro Cobb of Arkansas: Memoirs of Historical Significance, Carol Griffee, ed. (Little Rock, Arkansas: Rose Publishing Company, 1989), p. 99
- ^ a b Hindley, Meredith (October 2009). "Supremely Contentious: The Transformation of "Advice and Consent"". Humanities. Vol. 30, no. 5. National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ a b "Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)". Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ a b c McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
- ^ a b Graham, Fred P. (June 4, 1969). "Burger Approved by Senate Panel; A Unanimous Vote Follows Friendly Questioning -- Protester Is Barred". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ Biskupic, Joan (June 26, 1995). "Ex-chief Justice Warren Burger Dead at Age 87". Washington Post. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ a b "Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ "The Checkers Speech After 60 Years". The Atlantic. September 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
- ^ Morris, Jeffrey B. (June 18, 2019). "The Fiftieth Anniversary of Warren Burger's Appointment as Chief Justice". Yorba Linda, California: Richard Nixon foundation. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ Eisler 1993, p. 251.
- ^ Eisler 1993, pp. 251–253.
- ^ Eisler 1993, p. 252.
- ^ Eisler 1993, p. 254.
- ^ Eisler 1993, pp. 254–255
- ^ "Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ Warren E. Burger, Conference on Supreme Court Advocacy, 33 Catholic U. L.Rev. 525–526 (1984)
- ^ Christensen, George A., Journal of Supreme Court History Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17–41 (February 19, 2008), Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, University of Alabama.
- ^ Bonventre, Vincent (1995), Professional Responsibility: Conclusion, 46 Syracuse L. Rev. 765, 793 (1995), Syracuse_Law_Review.
- ^ a b "Reagan's Mr. Right". Time. June 30, 1986. Archived from the original on December 20, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Greenhouse 2005, p. 157.
- ISBN 9780465015146. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
- ^ a b "Reagan's Mr. Right". Time. June 30, 1986. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Greenhouse 2005, p. 234.
- ^ Toobin, Jeffrey (2005), The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court, Doubleday.
- ^ Greenhouse 2005, pp. 154–157.
- ISBN 9781479816019.
- ^ "'The Rehnquist Choice' by John Dean". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 30, 2001.
- ISBN 9781574417036.
- ^ "Justice White's papers reveal Bowers debate". Law.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ISBN 9780429972621.
- ^ Burger, Warren E. "Bowers v. Hardwick/ Concurrence Burger". Justia. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ISBN 9780465015146. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
- ^ Sheyn, Elizabeth. "The short heard around the LGBT world" (PDF). Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ "Examining the legacy of Chief Justice Warren Burger". constitution Daily. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. June 9, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ^ Supreme Court History, the Burger Court Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at Supreme Court Historical Society.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Stevens, John Paul (April 11, 2014). "Opinion: The five extra words that can fix the Second Amendment". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ Linda Greenhouse (June 26, 1995). "Warren E. Burger Is Dead at 87; Was Chief Justice for 17 Years". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Warren E. Burger Collection". William & Mary Libraries. December 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
- ^ Schechter, Ute (December 8, 2010). "Warren E. Burger Collection". William & Mary Libraries. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
In accordance with the donor agreement, the Warren E. Burger Papers are closed to researchers until at least 2032.* * The deed of gift specifies that the papers are to remain closed to researchers until 10 years after the last Justice who served with Warren E. Burger on the Supreme Court has passed away, or 2026, whichever comes later.
- ^ a b "Elvera S. Burger, Supreme Court Spouse". www.arlingtoncemetery.net. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
- ^ "FSM 3 Intrm. 015-017". www.fsmlaw.org. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ "Warren E. Burger Federal Building — U.S. Courthouse - St. Paul, Minnesota". www.ryancompanies.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ "Warren E. Burger Library – Mitchell Hamline School of Law". MitchellHamline.edu. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
- ^ "Mary Rose Obituary". Washington Post. Legacy.com. December 24, 2017. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
Sources
- Barker, Lucius J. Black Americans and the Burger Court: Implications for the Political System, 1973 Wash. U. L. Q. 747 (1973).
- Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993), A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions That Transformed America, New York: ISBN 0-671-76787-9
- Greenhouse, Linda. Nixon Appointee Eased Supreme Court Away from Liberal Era, The New York Times, June 26, 1995.
- ISBN 0805080570
- Schwartz, Bernard. A History of the Supreme Court Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-509387-2.
- Schwartz, Bernard, ed. The Burger Court: Counter-Revolution or Confirmation? Oxford University Press, 1998 ISBN 0-19-512259-3.
- ISBN 978-0-380-52183-8.)
{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
- Blasi, Vincent (1983). The Burger Court : the counter-revolution that wasn't (3rd ed.). New Haven: ISBN 9780300029413.
- Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
- Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
- Graetz, Michael J., and Linda Greenhouse, eds. The Burger Court and the Rise of the Judicial Right (Simon & Schuster, 2016). xii, 468 pp.
- Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
- Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
- Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
External links
- Warren Earl Burger at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- Ariens, Michael, Warren E. Burger.
- Warren E. Burger at Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Supreme Court Historical Society
- Supreme Court History, the Burger Court Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at Supreme Court Historical Society.
- Appearances on C-SPAN