Dual monarchy

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the polity known as The Dual Monarchy, see Austria-Hungary. For simultaneous rule by two monarchs at a time, see Diarchy.
See also: Real union, Personal union, and Composite monarchy
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Dual monarchy occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same

Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz
. Dual monarchy is an uncommon form of government, and has been practiced few times in history, although many of the world's most powerful countries have been or are dual monarchies.

In the 1870s, using the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary as a model,

Anglo-Irish relationship. The idea was not embraced by other Irish political leaders, and Ireland eventually fought a war of independence (1919–1921) to secede from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
.

The idea had a great appeal in the political circles of Great Britain because of its success in integrating Scotland into Great Britain. The Stuart Kings of Scotland, starting with James I, also were the heads of state of England, holding the English crown. After the 17th century brought three different civil wars, and a great deal of armed conflict, it was decided in 1707 to codify the unification of England and Scotland into the "perpetual" partnership promised by the Acts of Union. A similar series of historical events had earlier incorporated Wales into England. A century of personal union of the Crowns of Scotland and England also saw the monarchs use the parliaments of each nation against each other, and civil war, but generally benefitted the economic state of both nations. Indeed, it was the 1707 Acts which gave England and Scotland the name Great Britain. Despite its historical success, the proposal to merge Ireland into Great Britain with some form of home rule was bandied about for decades before finally coming to naught in the Irish War of Independence.

Later historians have used the term to refer to other examples where one king ruled two states, such as Henry V and Henry VI, who were effectively kings of both England and France in the fifteenth century as a result of the formation of a puppet state in a large area of France during the Hundred Years' War,[2][3] Denmark–Norway, a dual monarchy that existed from 1537 to 1814,[4] a century of personal union of Sweden and Norway (1814-1905), and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795).[5]

A dual monarchy is a stronger bond than a personal union, in which two or more kingdoms are ruled by the same person but there are no other shared government structures. States in personal union with each other have separate militaries, separate foreign policies and separate customs duties. In this sense Austria-Hungary was not a mere personal union, as both states shared a cabinet that governed foreign policy, the Army and common finances.[6]

See also

References

  1. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975. Retrieved 2008-11-24. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  2. ^ Saul, Nigel (May 1986), "Henry V and the Dual Monarchy", History Today, 36 (5): 39–43
  3. S2CID 158251523
  4. S2CID 145108242
  5. ISBN 978-1-4008-3188-3
    .
  6. ^ Columbia encyclopedia "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
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