Elmira, New York

Coordinates: 42°05′38″N 76°48′35″W / 42.09389°N 76.80972°W / 42.09389; -76.80972
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city. For the adjacent town, see Elmira (town), New York.

Elmira
City
City Council
Members
Area
EDT)
ZIP Codes
14901, 14904, 14905
Area code607
FIPS code36-015-24229
Websitewww.CityOfElmira.net

Elmira (

2010 census, a decline of more than 7 percent.[4]

The City of Elmira is in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by the

Town of Elmira. It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a short distance north of the Pennsylvania
state line.

History

Early history

The region of Elmira was inhabited by the Cayuga nation (also known as the Kanawaholla) of the Haudenosaunee prior to European colonization. Cayuga residing in the region maintained relations with European settlers, primarily related to the fur trade, but were otherwise relatively isolated from encroaching colonial settlements.[5]

During the American Revolutionary War, the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 was mounted by the Continental Army against the four Haudenosaunee nations which had allied with the British. The expeditionary force fought a combined British-Haudenosaunee force at the Battle of Newtown, south of the current city, in which the Continental Army was victorious.[6] After the conclusion of the war, the Haudenosaunee and the United States signed a treaty at Elmira in 1791 to settle territorial disputes in the region.[7] Most of the Cayuga emigrated under pressure from encroaching American settlements with the other nations of the Haudenosaunee to Canada, where they resettled on land provided by the British Crown.[citation needed]

The first European-American settler in Elmira was Abraham Miller, who served as a captain in the Continental Army. Miller constructed a cabin after resigning just before the end of the Revolutionary War. Miller's Pond and Miller Street are named after him and are near the location of his house.[8]

Elmira's formation

The New York legislature established the Township of Chemung, now

Major General
Matthew Carpenter's daughter. This naming occurred, according to this book, in 1821 at the constitutional convention to which Matthew was a delegate. In any case, the City of Elmira, nicknamed "The Queen City," was incorporated in 1864 from part of the town of Elmira and the village of Elmira. The remaining part of the town of Elmira exists still, surrounding the city on the west, north and east. The city and town share an intricately entwined history.

It appears that Amos Carpenter in his 1898 book was referencing an 1879 book.[10]

White Man's Legend.

In the early days, when new settlements had to be named, the white man, in imitation of his aboriginal forerunner, gave a name to his settlement that was associated either with tradition, or, as in this case, with his ideal of loveliness. According to Hon. Hiram Gray, Matthew Carpenter, then a member or the legislature and a man of influence, having seen this beautiful valley, resolved that Newtown should be the principal city, and that it should bear the name of a lady friend for whom he entertained a high opinion, and accordingly, in 18[0]8, the name was changed to Elmira.

Elmira served as a transportation hub for New York's Southern Tier in the 1800s, connecting commercial centers in

Army training and muster point early in the Civil War
.

In 1872 construction began on the

Utica, Ithaca and Elmira Railroad, eventually creating a route to Cortland and Syracuse via Horseheads, Breesport and Van Etten. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
, completed in 1884, competed with the Erie's New York City to Buffalo line.

  • 1909 Extension of Chemung Canal.
    1909 Extension of Chemung Canal.
  • 1869 map showing Elmira's location as a transportation hub in Chemung County
    1869 map showing Elmira's location as a transportation hub in Chemung County
  • Map of Delaware, Lackawanna and Westerny Railroad in New York State / Pennsylvania, 1893.
    Map of Delaware, Lackawanna and Westerny Railroad in New York State / Pennsylvania, 1893.
  • Aerial view of station - Erie Railway, Elmira Station, Railroad Avenue, Elmira New York
    Aerial view of station - Erie Railway, Elmira Station, Railroad Avenue, Elmira New York

Prisoner-of-war camp

Main article: Elmira Prison

A great deal of the 30-acre (120,000 m2) Union installation, known as Camp Rathbun, fell into disuse as the Civil War progressed, and the camp's

prisoner of war camp in the summer of 1864. The camp, in use from June 6, 1864, until autumn 1865, was dubbed "Hellmira" by its inmates. Towner's history of 1892 [11] and maps from the period indicate the camp occupied a somewhat irregular parallelogram
, running about 1,000 feet (300 m) west and approximately the same distance south of a location several hundred feet west of Hoffman Street (Foster Avenue) and Winsor Avenue, bordered on the south by Foster's Pond, on the north bank of the Chemung River.

In the months the site was used as a camp, 12,123

National Cemetery
" in 1877. The prison camp site is today a residential area.

  • Evening roll-call at Camp Rathburn, ca. 1864.
    Evening roll-call at Camp Rathburn, ca. 1864.
  • Changing of the guard at Camp Rathburn, ca. 1864.
    Changing of the guard at Camp Rathburn, ca. 1864.
  • Artillery on guard over prisoners at Camp Rathburn, ca. 1864.
    Artillery on guard over prisoners at Camp Rathburn, ca. 1864.
  • Civil War monument dedicated to soldiers who were trained and imprisoned at Camp Rathburn, dedicated May 3, 1992.
    Civil War monument dedicated to soldiers who were trained and imprisoned at Camp Rathburn, dedicated May 3, 1992.

Reformatory and correctional facility

Main article: Elmira Correctional Facility

The state legislature authorized the building of a state prison for first offenders in 1866. It opened in 1876 as the Elmira Reformatory, under the direction of Zebulon Brockway, serving offenders aged sixteen to thirty. It was the first institution of its kind, and a model for others to follow.[12] In 1970 the complex was renamed the Elmira Correctional and Reception Center.

  • Elmira Reformatory, circa 1897.
    Elmira Reformatory, circa 1897.

Elmira economy

In 1950, the Elmira's population peaked at about 50,000, which represented 57 percent of Chemung County's total population at the time. Today, the city has approximately 25,000 residents, which represents 34 percent of Chemung County's population. This population decline is due to the national decline in railroads and manufacturing as well as a population shift to the outer suburbs around Elmira. The Elmira Metro area has nearly 100,000 people.

The population decline began during the recession of the early 1970s during which several large employers (Ann Page, American Bridge, General Electric, American LaFrance, Westinghouse and Remington Rand) either closed their factories or moved to other states. The decline was exacerbated by the flood of 1972, during which many of the downtown businesses and single-family homes were destroyed or replaced by subsequent Urban Renewal projects in the Chemung River flood plain.

Current manufacturing employers

Anchor Glass Container Corporation,

Elmira Heights. Anchor Glass produces a diverse line of flint, amber, green and other colored glass containers of various types and designs for the beer, food, beverage and liquor markets in North America. Anchor Glass is now wholly owned by the Ardagh Group S.A.[14]

CAF-USA Inc[15] has its main U.S. plant in Elmira Heights on the site of the former American Bridge Company. CAF USA is a subsidiary company of Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, a Spanish manufacturer of passenger rail products (including trains, high-speed trains, locomotives, light rail
vehicles and other rail equipment). CAF-USA Inc trains are typically designed for North America's market, based on Spanish design and technologies.

Elmira Heat Treating,

heat treatment
technologies to both domestic and international customers such as Hilliard Corp., Ford Motors, General Signal and others.

Hardinge, Inc. (formerly Hardinge Brothers),[17] established in 1890 and now headquartered in Elmira, manufactures precise turning machines for the domestic and international market. Starting in 1995, Hardinge began expanding their product line and over the years has acquired L. Kellenberger & Co. AG,[18] Hauser-Tripet-Tschudin AG,[19] Jones & Shipman,[20] and Usach Technologies, Inc.[21] In 2004 they also acquired Bridgeport,[22] world-famous for its milling machines and machining centers.

Hilliard Corporation,

MTD.[24]

Kennedy Valve,

waterworks distribution, potable and wastewater treatment, and fire protection system projects. They are most famous for their fire hydrants which can be found around the world. Kennedy Valve was acquired by McWane in 1988.[26]

Trayer Products,[27] established in 1929, manufactures parts mostly for the heavy truck industry; primarily truck chassis parts such as king pins and shackles.

Hurricane Agnes and the 1972 flood

View from Erie Lackawanna train tracks, looking down Water Street during the flood of 1972. The Chemung Canal bank building can be seen in the background.

During the summer of 1972,

Eastman Kodak sent crews as part of Operation Rebuild. Their efforts rebuilt 78 homes and assisted in the repairs of countless others.[30]

Elmira city leaders approached the

New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) to lead the redevelopment of the city post-flood. With a select group of businessmen and city officials attempting to minimize public input, the UDC implemented the "New Elmira Plan". This entailed the removal of buildings along the river to create Riverside Park, and razing other buildings in the business district for two parking garages. Altogether, forty percent of Elmira's commercial space was eliminated as part of the plan. Local citizens lamented the loss of character and vibrancy of downtown Elmira.[31]

"Storm of the Century" – 1993 snow blizzard

In March 1993, the city of Elmira was hit hard by a snow blizzard, nicknamed "Storm of the Century", that added 17 inches of snow to Elmira in a single day.[32]

2012 tornado

On July 26, 2012, an

EF1 tornado touched down near Cottage Drive off of Route 352 and traveled through Golden Glow and the rest of the city. Moderate damage was seen after the storm passed and hundreds of trees and power lines were blown down. No one was injured. The tornado was 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide and took the city by surprise as this area has not been prone to tornadic activity.[33]

Geography and climate

Elmira is at 42°5′23″N 76°48′34″W / 42.08972°N 76.80944°W / 42.08972; -76.80944 (42.089874, −76.809559).[34]

The Chemung River at Elmira

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.6 sq mi (19.6 km2), of which 7.3 sq mi (19.0 km2) is land and 0.27 sq mi (0.7 km2) (3.56%) is water.

The Chemung River flows eastward through the city. Elmira is built almost entirely in the flood plain of the Chemung River and has suffered many floods, the worst from Hurricane Agnes in 1972. Newtown Creek, flowing from the north, joins the Chemung River at the city's southeast corner.

Corning
.

Climate data for Elmira, New York (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		70
(21) 		86
(30) 		93
(34) 		96
(36) 		102
(39) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		107
(42) 		93
(34) 		87
(31) 		69
(21) 		107
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56
(13) 		56
(13) 		67
(19) 		81
(27) 		88
(31) 		92
(33) 		93
(34) 		92
(33) 		89
(32) 		79
(26) 		68
(20) 		57
(14) 		95
(35)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 33.7
(0.9) 		36.3
(2.4) 		44.8
(7.1) 		58.5
(14.7) 		71.1
(21.7) 		79.2
(26.2) 		83.7
(28.7) 		82.1
(27.8) 		74.9
(23.8) 		61.7
(16.5) 		48.8
(9.3) 		38.5
(3.6) 		59.4
(15.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 24.8
(−4.0) 		26.4
(−3.1) 		34.0
(1.1) 		45.9
(7.7) 		57.7
(14.3) 		66.5
(19.2) 		71.0
(21.7) 		69.5
(20.8) 		62.2
(16.8) 		50.3
(10.2) 		39.3
(4.1) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		48.2
(9.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 15.9
(−8.9) 		16.5
(−8.6) 		23.1
(−4.9) 		33.4
(0.8) 		44.4
(6.9) 		53.9
(12.2) 		58.3
(14.6) 		56.9
(13.8) 		49.5
(9.7) 		38.8
(3.8) 		29.9
(−1.2) 		22.5
(−5.3) 		36.9
(2.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −3
(−19) 		−1
(−18) 		6
(−14) 		21
(−6) 		31
(−1) 		41
(5) 		47
(8) 		46
(8) 		36
(2) 		27
(−3) 		16
(−9) 		6
(−14) 		−6
(−21)
Record low °F (°C) −24
(−31) 		−21
(−29) 		−10
(−23) 		6
(−14) 		21
(−6) 		32
(0) 		40
(4) 		31
(−1) 		23
(−5) 		15
(−9) 		3
(−16) 		−16
(−27) 		−24
(−31)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.12
(54) 		1.86
(47) 		2.73
(69) 		3.26
(83) 		3.10
(79) 		4.19
(106) 		4.05
(103) 		3.82
(97) 		4.09
(104) 		3.53
(90) 		2.73
(69) 		2.59
(66) 		38.07
(967)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.4
(21) 		9.5
(24) 		11.2
(28) 		1.5
(3.8) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		2.7
(6.9) 		8.4
(21) 		41.8
(106)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 7
(18) 		7
(18) 		7
(18) 		1
(2.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(5.1) 		5
(13) 		11
(28)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.2 9.8 10.6 12.5 13.2 12.6 11.8 11.4 10.6 13.0 10.6 11.8 140.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.4 5.6 3.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 3.6 21.7
Source:
NOAA[35][36]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
187015,863—
188020,54129.5%
189030,89350.4%
190035,67215.5%
191037,1764.2%
192045,99323.7%
193047,3973.1%
194045,106−4.8%
195049,71610.2%
196046,517−6.4%
197039,945−14.1%
198035,327−11.6%
199033,724−4.5%
200030,940−8.3%
201029,200−5.6%
202026,523−9.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[37][38]

As of the

Latino
of any race were 3.14% of the population.

There were 11,475 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% were married couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 13.0% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,292, and the median income for a family was $33,592. Males had a median income of $31,775 versus $22,350 for females. The

poverty line
, including 32.6% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.

The

Chemung County
with a population in 2000 of 90,070.

The Elmira MSA was ranked as the 59th safest place to live out of 344 Metro Areas in 2005 by

Morgan Quitno Press.[40]

The three largest ethnic groups in Elmira are Irish, German and Italian.[41]

City government

Mayors of Elmira
Mayor Party Term
Daniel J. Mandell R 2016–present
Susan J. Skidmore D 2012–2015
John S. Tonello D 2006–2011
J. William O'Brien D 3/2005-2006
Stephen M. Hughes D 1998-2/2005
Howard F. Townsend R 1994–1997
James E. Hare D 1988–1993
Stephen J. Fesh Jr. R 1984–1987
Mary P. Ciccariello D 1982–1983
Robert G. Densberger R 1980–1981
John M. Kennedy D 1976–1979
Richard C. Loll R 1972–1975
Edward T. Lagonegro D 1968–1971
Howard H. Kimball R 1966–1967
Edward T. Lagonegro D 1962–1965
Edward A. Mooers R 1956–1961
Emory Strachen R 1940–1955
J. Maxwell Beers R 1936–1939
Henry W. Honan D 1934–1935
W. Glenn Sweet R 1932–1933
Frank P. Robinson D 1930–1931
David N. Heller D 1926–1929
J. Norton Wood R 1922–1925
George W. Peck D 1920–1921
Harry N. Hoffman - 1914–1919
Daniel Sheehan D 1908–1913
Z. Reed Brockway - 1906–1907
William T. Coleman R 1904–1905
Daniel Sheehan - 1902–1903
Frank H. Flood - 1900–1901
Edgar Denton De 1898–1899
Frederick Collin - 1894–1897
David C. Robinson D 1892–1894
Charles S. Davison D 1888–1892
John B. Stanchfield D 1886–1888
Henry Flood - 1884–1886
Stephen T. Arnot D 1883–1884
David B. Hill D 1882–1883
Alexander Diven
 R 1880–1882
Granville D. Parsons - 1878–1880
Robert T. Turner - 1876–1878
Howard M. Smith - 1875–1876
Luther Caldwell - 1873–1874
Patrick H. Flood - 1872–1873
John Arnot, Jr.
 D 1870–1871
Stephen McDonald - 1868–1870
Eaton N. Frisbie - 1867–1868
John I. Nicks R 1865–1867
John Arnot, Jr.
 D 1864–1865
* Source: City Clerk of the City of Elmira [1]

The city government is a

Council-Manager
form of government in which the City Manager is the primary administrator of the city. There is one mayor elected at large and six council members elected from each of six council districts. The term of office of the mayor and council members was two years, until a 2003 referendum extended the terms to four years (four-year terms began after the 2007 election). The mayor and council members are all part-time employees. The City Manager, City Clerk, City Chamberlain, City Assessor, and Corporation Counsel are all appointed by the City Council. All remaining department heads serve at the request of the City Manager.

The city has 125 miles (201 km) of road, 210 miles (340 km) of water lines, and 175 miles (282 km) of sewer lines. There are four ZIP codes in the City of Elmira: 14901 (northside), 14902 (downtown), 14904 (southside), and 14905 (West Elmira).

Facts about city government

Media

Star-Gazette building on East Church Street

Newspapers

Radio

Television

Transportation infrastructure

Public transportation

The

Chemung County Transit System
operates regularly scheduled fixed route service within the City of Elmira and Village of Horseheads. Another route links Elmira with Corning Community College, also linking passengers with the Steuben County Transit System (SCT) and Corning Erwin Area Transit System (CEATS).

Elmira is served by several intercity bus operators.

Fullington Trailways discontinued service between Elmira and Williamsport, Pennsylvania in April 2022.[45]

Air transportation

The

Myrtle Beach
.

Culture

The welcome sign at the entrance to the City of Elmira
Steele Memorial Library

The City Slogan is "Honoring the Past, Building the Future". It is featured on an Entrance sign erected in 2003 into the city from Exit 56 of the Southern Tier Expressway along with honored Elmirans including (L to R) Brian Williams, Hal Roach, Ernie Davis, Mark Twain, Eileen Collins, John Jones, and Tommy Hilfiger. The slogan was designated by Mayor Stephen Hughes following the conclusion of a slogan contest in which Marlin Stewart, Alan and Barbara Hutchinson, and James Lloyd were recognized for their contributions to the winning slogan. In 2021, the sign was defaced as Brian Williams was replaced with Judge Jeanine Pirro.[46]

On at least two hilltops near the city (mostly on Harris Hill to the northwest) pioneer pilots established the sport of gliding in America. Harris Hill is the site of the National Soaring Museum and was also used for glider trainings during World War 2.[47] These sites are now recognized as National Landmarks of Soaring.

The SS Elmira Victory, a World War 2 era Victory Ship, was named after the city.

Historic places

The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:[52][53][54][55]

Notable people

References

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  2. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  3. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Elmira, New York
  4. ^ "The fastest shrinking city in America". August 17, 2021.
  5. ^ "Chemung County History Timeline 1771-2013". Chemung County History. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  6. ^ "This Day in History: Battle of Chemung, or Newtown, New York". History.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  7. ^ Janowski, Diane (December 31, 2014). "Elmira History: Treaty of Painted Post signed in Elmira". Star Gazette Newspaper. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  8. ^ "Elmira Wedding Resources/History". Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
  9. ^ "How Elmira got its name -- maybe", As one story goes, city's moniker may have originated during judge's visit to tavern. From the Star-Gazette, August 1, 2008 by Jim Pfiffer. https://www.chemungvalleymuseum.org/usr/How%20Elmira%20Got%20its%20Name%20article.pdf
  10. ASIN B000XXWLKQ
    .
  11. ^ "Elmira Prison Camp (Civil War) History". www.joycetice.com. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Electrostatics" to "Engis" (11 ed.). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  13. ^ "Anchor Glass Container Corporation". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  14. ^ Reuters Editorial (July 17, 2012). "Ardagh buys Anchor Glass for 721 mln euros". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 30, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2016. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  15. ^ "CAF Raillway Solutions - CAF Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  16. ^ "Home". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  17. ^ "Hardinge Group - The Machine Tool Leader". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  18. ^ "SEC Info - Hardinge Inc - '8-K' for 11/29/95". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  19. ^ "Purchase of Swiss Trio Makes Hardinge More Competitive in Grinders. - Free Online Library". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  20. ^ "Hardinge acquires Jones & Shipman". Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  21. ^ "Machinery News Articledetailaspxarticleid=46992 - Machinery". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  22. ^ "PM News: Hardinge Acquires Bridgeport Machine". Production Machining. November 21, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  23. ^ "Home". Hilliard Corporation. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  24. ^ "Hilliard Featured in Local Business Profile". Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  25. ^ "Kennedy Valve - Manufacturers of Quality Waterworks Products". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  26. ^ "Kennedy Valve History | Kennedy Valve Co". www.kennedyvalve.com. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  27. ^ "Trayer". Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  28. ^ "Chemung County Historical Society: The Second Flood of 1972". Chemung County Historical Society. June 26, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  29. ^ "The flood of 1972: 45 years later". www.weny.com. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  30. ^ Rachel Dworkin (June 11, 2012). "Operation Rebuild: Eastman Kodak's Rather Filthy Secret". Chemung County Historical Society. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  31. OCLC 1110124741.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  32. ^ "A history of blizzards and snow storms near Elmira". WETM - MyTwinTiers.com. December 27, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  33. ^ "Recap of July 2012 Tornado". May 30, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  34. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  35. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  36. ^ "Station: Elmira, NY". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  37. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  38. ^ "United States Census Bureau QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  39. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  40. ^ "Morgan Quitno's 13th Annual Safest Metro Award in Safest Order". www.morganquitno.com. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  41. ^ "Elmira, NY (New York) Houses, Apartments, Rent, Mortgage Status, Home and Condo Value Estimator, Cars, Bedrooms, Owners, Prices, Averages, Residents Info". www.city-data.com. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  42. ^ "Police Department Administration". City of Elmira, New York. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  43. ^ "City Manager's Office". City of Elmira, New York. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  44. ^ https://web.coachusa.com/CoachUsaAssets/files/98/Binghamton.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  45. ^ "Fullington Tours, Clearfield, Pennsylvania - Tours, Cruises and Travel Packages". Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  46. ^ "Welcome to Elmira sign defaced with Judge Jeanine Pirro over Brian Williams". WETM - MyTwinTiers.com. July 1, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  47. ^ "World War II Glider Training at Harris Hill Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  48. ^ "Designs unveiled shows what new LECOM school could look like". My Twin Tiers. September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  49. ^ "1890's Looff Carousel". Attractions. Eldridge Park Carousel Preservation Society. May 12, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  50. ^ "Mark Twain's Grave". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
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External links

New International Encyclopedia article "Elmira
".
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