Hazarajat
34°49′00″N 67°49′00″E / 34.8167°N 67.8167°E
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Hazaristan
Hazarajat is primarily made up of the provinces of
rivers originate from Hazarajat.Etymology and usage
The name "Hazara" first appears in the 16th-century book
The Hazara people[6] and surrounding peoples use the names "Hazarajat" or "Hazaristan" to identify the historic Hazara lands. "Hazarajat" is a compound of "Hazara" and the Dari suffix "jat",[7] which is used to make words associated with land in the south, central and west Asia.[8][need quotation to verify]
The Arab geographer
Geography
Topography
The Hazarajat lies in the central Afghan highlands, among the Koh-i Baba mountains and the western extremities of the Hindu Kush. Its boundaries have historically been inexact and shifting. Its physical limitations, however, are roughly marked by the Bā-miān Basin to the north, the headwaters of the Helmand River to the south, Firuzkuh to the west, and the Unai Pass to the east. The regional terrain is mountainous and extends to the Safid Kuh and the Siāh Kuh mountains, where the highest peaks reach between 15,000 feet (4,600 m) and 17,000 feet (5,200 m). Both sides of the Kuh-e Bābā range contain a succession of valleys. The north face of the range descends steeply, merging into low foothills and small semi-arid plains, while the south face stretches towards the Helmand Valley and the mountainous district of Behsud.[4][11]
Northwestern Hazarajat encompasses the district of
The northeastern part of the Hazarajat is the site of ancient
Climate
Hazarajat is mountainous,[14] and a series of mountain passes extend along its eastern edge. One of them, the Salang Pass, is blocked by snow six months out of the year. Another, the Shibar Pass, at a lower elevation, is blocked by snow only two months out of the year.[15] Bamyan is the colder part of the region, with severe winters.[16]
Hazarajat is the source of the rivers that run through
History
History of Afghanistan | |
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410–557 | |
Nezak Huns | 484–711 |
The area was ruled successively by the
19th century
In the 18th and 19th centuries, a sense of "Afghan-ness" developed among the
Until the late 19th century, the Hazarajat remained somewhat independent and only the authority of local chieftains was obeyed.
Afghanistan's
The travels of Captains P. J. Maitland and M. G. Talbot from Herat, through Obeh and Bamyan, to Balkh, during the autumn and winter of 1885, explored the Hazarajat proper. Maitland and Talbot found the entire length of the road between Herat and Bamyan difficult to traverse.[29] As a result of the expedition, parts of the Hazarajat were surveyed on one-eighth inch scale and thus made to fit into the mapped order of modern nation-states.[30] More thought and attention was put into demarcating the definite borders of modern nations than ever before, which entailed great difficulties in frontier regions such as the Hazarajat.
During the Second
Various members of the
The geographical reach of the authority of the Afghan state was extended into the Hazarajat during the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan. Caught between the strategic interests of foreign powers and disappointed by the demarcation of the Durand Line in southern Afghanistan, which cut into Pashtun territory, he set out to bring the northern peripheries of the country more firmly under his control. This policy had disastrous consequences for the Hazarajat, whose inhabitants were singled out by Abdur Rahman Khan's regime as particularly troublesome: "The Hazara people had been for centuries past the terror of the rulers of Kabul".[36]
20th and 21st century
In the 1920s the ancient
In 1979, there were reportedly one and a half million Hazaras in the Hazarajat and Kabul, although a reliable census has never been taken in Afghanistan.
During the rule of the Taliban, once again, ethnic and sectarian violence struck Hazarajat. In 1997, a revolt broke out among Hazara people in Mazar-i-Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban; 600 Taliban were killed in subsequent fighting.[42] In retaliation, the genocidal policies of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's era were adopted by Taliban. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north; the intention was ethnic cleansing of Hazara.[43] At that stage, Hazarajat does not exist as an official region; the area comprises the administrative provinces of Bamyan, Ghor, Maidan Wardak, Ghazni, Oruzgan, Juzjan, and Samangan.[39] In March 2001, two giant Buddhist statues, Buddhas of Bamiyan, were also destroyed even though there was a lot of condemnation.[44]
Demographics
Ethnic groups
The Hazaras constitute the majority of the Hazarajat population.
Language
Health
Leprosy has been reported in the Hazarajat region of Afghanistan. The vast majority (80%) of the leprosy victims are Hazara.[45]
A 1989 report noted that common diseases in the Hazarajat included
See also
References
- ^ "Bamyan Province". Naval Postgraduate School. 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
- ^ Dames, M. Longworth (2012-04-24), "Hazāristān", Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936), Brill, retrieved 2023-09-14
- ^ DISAPPEARING PEOPLES?: INDIGENOUS GROUPS AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA, p.156 ("Some Hazara prefer to call the area Hazaristan, using the more modern "istan" ending.")
- ^ a b c d e Khazeni, Arash. "HAZĀRA i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-415-34473-9. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- ^ Bellew, H.W. (1880). The Races of Afghanistan: Being a Brief Account of the Principal Nations Inhabiting that Country. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. p. 114.
- ^
ISBN 9781136800160. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
Hazarajat is a composite name made up of Hazara and the Farsi-Arabic plural suffix, jat [...].
- ISBN 0-7007-0630-5.
- ^ Ḥamd-Allah Mostawfi, Nozhat al-qolub, tr. Guy Le Strange, London 1919. pp 415–16
- ^ S. A. Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, London, 1998, p. 39.
- ^ Wilfred Thesiger "The Hazaras of Central Afghanistan", The Geographical Journal 71/3, 1955, pp. 313.
- ^ W. Barthold, An Historical Geography of Iran, Princeton, 1984, p. 51.
- ^ W. Barthold, An Historical Geography of Iran, Princeton, 1984, p. 52.
- ^ Anonymous, Ḥodud al-ʿālam, tr. Minorsky, London, 1937; reprinted, 1982, p. 105.
- ^ Johannes Humlum, La geographie de l'Afghanistan, Copenhagen, 1959, p. 64.
- ^ Ebn Ḥawqal, Ke-tāb ṣurat al-arż, trs. J. H. Kramers and G. Wiet as Configuration de la terre, II, Paris, 1964, p. 227.
- ^ Ḥamd-Allah Mostawfi, Nozhat al-qolub, tr. Guy Le Strange, London 1919, p. 212
- ^ S. A. Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, London, 1998, p. 71.
- ^ W. Barthold, An Historical Geography of Iran, Princeton, 1984, p. 82
- ^ J. P. Ferrier, Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, and Beloochistan, London, 1856, p. 221
- ^ Johannes Humlum, La geographie de l’Afghanistan, Copenhagen, 1959, p. 87
- ^ Robert L. Canfield, Hazara Integration into the Afghan Nation, New York, 1973, p. 3
- ^ Christine Noelle, State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan, Richmond, 1997, p. 22
- ^ C. Masson, Narrative of Various Journeys in Baloochistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab. London, 1842, II, p. 296
- ^ W. Barthold, An Historical Geography of Iran, Princeton, 1984, pp. 82–83
- ^ J. P. Ferrier, Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, and Beloochistan, London, 1856, pp. 219–20
- ^ Klaus Ferdinand, Preliminary Notes on Hazāra Culture, Copenhagen, 1959,p. 18
- ^ S. A. Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, London, 1998, p. 95
- ^ Anonymous, "Captain Maitland's and Captain Talbot's Journeys in Afghanistan", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 9, 1887 p. 103
- ^ Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, London, 1991 [1983], pp. 170–78
- ^ T. H. Holdich, The Indian Borderland, 1880–1900, London, 1901, p. 41
- ^ A. C. Yate, Travels with the Afghan Boundary Commission, Edinburgh, 1887 pp. 147–48
- ^ C. E. Yate, Northern Afghanistan, Edinburgh, 1888, p. 9
- ^ C. E. Yate, Northern Afghanistan, Edinburgh, 1888, pp. 7–8
- ^ Peter Lumsden, "Countries and Tribes bordering on the Koh-e Baba Range", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 7, 1885, pp. 562–63
- ^ Mir Munshi, ed., The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan, II, London, 1900, p. 276
- ^ Barnett Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, New Haven, 2002, p. 26
- ^ Barnett Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, New Haven, 2002. pp. 186, 191, 223
- ^ a b Barnett Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, New Haven, 2002, p. 246
- )
- ^ a b Nation, Ethnicity and the Conflict in Afghanistan: Political Islam and the rise of ethno-politics 1992–1996 by Raghav Sharma, 2016.
- ^ Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, p. 58
- ^ Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, pp. 67–74
- ^ "Taliban blow apart 2,000 years of Buddhist history". The Guardian. 3 March 2001.
- ^ Dr. Mohammad Salim Rasooli. Leprosy Situation in Afghanistan in 2001–2006 Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine. Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) National Leprosy Control Program. 7–9 July 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-929824-00-0. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
External links
Media related to Hazarajat at Wikimedia Commons