Agriculture in Florida

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strawberries, and watermelons
are also important crops.

Crops

Strawberry

Strawberry field in Florida before 1913

Mycosphaerella fragariae/Ramularia tulasnei, Ramularia or Ramularia Leaf Spot) is common here.[12]

cv. '

vulnerable to Botrytis Fruit Rot in the conditions around the University of Florida's Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Dover.[13] Chandler et al., 2006 finds 'CR' is the worst among several common varieties, although 'Sweet Charlie' can be close.[13] It is possible that the Botrytis problem in 'CR' could be remedied with different fungicide timing.[13]

cv. ' Sweet Charlie ' was developed at the University of Florida.[14] Chandler et al., 2006 finds 'SC' is consistently somewhat susceptible to Botrytis Fruit Rot,[13]

The varieties 'Florida Radiance', 'Strawberry Festival' (not to be confused with the Florida Strawberry Festival), and 'Florida Beauty' are among the most commonly grown here.[15] 'FR' is higher yielding in real producer conditions in the state than 'SF'.[15]

Although

disease resistance is an economically important trait in this crop, there is insufficient study of growers' willingness to pay.[9] What little information is available suggests that it is low.[9] Unsurprisingly there is even less interest in resistance on the consumer side, due to lack of understanding.[9]

Peach

Peaches have probably been grown here since the 1500s, brought by the Spanish.[16] By the late 1700s an export trade had developed with the mid-Atlantic states, with Baltimore the first hub to distribute Florida peaches into the surrounding region.[16] Similar to the strawberry tool above, a cut-down SNP array for genomic selection has been adapted[10] by the University of Florida for peaches.[8]

Peach is a growing crop due to

cultivars are commercially nonviable here.[19]

Citrus

Citrus groves in Florida seen from the Bok Tower Gardens
in 2008

Although citrus cultivation began there in the 1500s, commercial scale production was only attempted in the 1920s.

Pasco County where Dade City is located.[22]

As of 2019[update] oranges make up 93% of Florida's citrus production, followed by 6% for grapefruit, and 1% for

state beverage). The top 5 citrus-producing counties, according to data in 2019, was "DeSoto (12.8 million boxes), Polk (12.5 million boxes), Highlands (10.8 million boxes), Hendry (10.5 million boxes) and Hardee (8.16 million boxes)", according to Florida Agriculture by the Numbers. Together they contribute 71% of Florida's total citrus production. The Central produced the most citrus, followed by the Western area and the Southern areas.[23] International citrus fresh fruit exports totaled to "2.05 million 4/5 bushel cartons", and Japan received the majority of the grapefruit exports. Canada received most of Florida's orange and tangerine exports. Florida Agriculture by the Numbers reports "4.70 million gallons of Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ), and 0.38 million gallons of Frozen Concentrated Grapefruit Juice (FCGJ) was exported in the 2018–2019 season".[23]

Tomatoes

Tomato picking in Princeton, Florida in 1957
Main article: Tomato production in Florida

The state is #1 in fresh-market tomatoes.[25][26] Harvest is almost year-round, from October to June.[25] The highest temperatures of the summer from July to September end profitable yield and even the heat of June and October limit productivity, such that April to May and November to January are the largest harvests of the year.[25]

Mangoes

Main article: Mango production in Florida

Florida is the largest mango producer in the United States.[27] The first commercial mango orchard in Florida was planted in 1833.[28] In the 20th century Mango growing and breeding was a hobby of wealthy men in South Florida including Henry Ford and Thomas Edison.[29]

Sugarcane

Sugarcane growing near Tampa, Florida ca. 1920

The state is the country's largest producer of sugarcane, which is primarily processed into sugar.[30]

The sugarcane industry in Florida began in the 1760s during the British colonial period.

sugar from Cuba in 1960.[32]

Most of the sugarcane is produced in organic soils along the southern and southeastern shore of Lake Okeechobee in Southern Florida, where the growing season is long and winters are generally warm.[32]

Other crops

Burquest and Stockbridge Company employees loading celery crates onto trucks near Sarasota, Florida in 1945

The largest farm category by sales in Florida is the $2.3 billion ornamental industry, which includes nursery, greenhouse, flower, and sod products.[33]

Other products include tomatoes and

green beans for the U.S.[34]

The state has a near monopoly on

saw palmetto berries, an alternative medicine said to treat prostate and urinary disorders.[35]

Much of the

Regional IPM Centers provide integrated pest management plans specifically for the southern part of the state.[36]

California and Florida account for most commercial persimmon production in the United States. The first commercial orchards in Florida were planted in the 1870s and production peaked in the 1990s before declining. Most persimmon orchards in the US are small scale (70% less than 1 acre or 0.5 hectares and 90% less than 5 acres or 2 hectares).[38]

Environmental concerns

The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture, especially water pollution, is a major issue in Florida today.[39][30]

Labor

Much of the agricultural labor from Florida's early colonial through the Civil War was done by slaves.[40]

The Florida tomato industry has historically relied on

migrant labor.[41] Exploitation of that labor was widespread with the town of Immokalee, Florida being "known as ground zero for modern day slavery."[42]

Pests and diseases

Gray Mold

Gray Mold is caused by

soil fumigation with alternatives, and because further applications must be made during the season and post-harvest to make up for inadequate efficacy of these alternatives.[2]

Other pests and diseases

Plant infested with citrus canker

Citrus greening disease is incurable. A study states that it has caused the loss of $4.5 billion between 2006 and 2012. As of 2014, it was the major agricultural concern.[45] Results of the annual Commercial Citrus Inventory showed that citrus acreage in 2019 was down 4% than 2018 and was the lowest in a series that began in 1966. There was a net loss of 16,411 acres during the 2018–2019 season and was twice what was lost in the previous season. Of a survey conducted of 25 published counties, 24 of them, or 96% recorded decrease in acreage. Only Sarasota County showed an increase in acreage during the 2018–2019 season.[23] Other major citrus concerns include citrus root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus, the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, and the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri.[16]
: 377 

Tomato, bell pepper, and strawberry were the largest users of

methyl iodide/chloropicrin mix has served well, producing equal performance to MB in pepper.[46]

The Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is a threat to blueberry, peach, cherry, strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry here.[16] D. suzukii was introduced to much of North America from its initial introduction to California, including to Florida.[16]

Strawberry anthracnose is commonly caused by Colletotrichum acutatum here.[6] Adaskaveg & Hartin 1997 identify the most common strains on strawberry here.[6]

The Fall Armyworm (

SfABCC2mut in Florida in 2012, 2014, or 2016.[48] Because this allele is very common in Puerto Rico, they fail to support any substantial immigration of FAW from PR to Florida, contrary to earlier studies including Huang above.[48]

Ceratitis capitata, male

The Medfly (

eradicated from North America entirely.[49]: 79 [50]

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Both are economically significant in fresh-market tomato here.[51]

The Silverleaf Whitefly (SLW,

crop diseases.[52] Since then Strain A has disappeared from the United States entirely and Strain B has continued to be a widespread problem here.[52]

The Saltmarsh Caterpillar (Estigmene acrea) is a common pest of fruit and vegetable cultivation in Florida.[53]

After arrival in the 1930s in Alabama, the Red Imported Fire Ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta) quickly spread to Florida.[54] It is a significant agricultural drag due to its soil disruption, its mound building interfering with field machines, feeding on the plants themselves, and attacks on livestock.[54]

Production

In 2002 peppers and tomatoes were #1 and #2 in dollar value for the state and citrus fruit, especially oranges, were also a major part of the economy.[46] By 2019 tomatoes were #1, oranges #2, and peppers were #3.[55] Of exports, meat is Florida's biggest earner.[55]

Florida was ranked in 2019, "first in the value of production for fresh market bell peppers and tomatoes, as well as grapefruit, oranges, sugarcane, and watermelons" in the United States according to Florida Agriculture by the Numbers.[56]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Jones, Katie (2022-03-03). "How Plant City became the Winter Strawberry Capital of the World". WTSP. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  2. ^ a b c Guan, Zhengfei; Wu, Feng; Whidden, Alicia (2020-11-05). "FE1013/FE1013: Florida Strawberry Production Costs and Trends". Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), UFl. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  3. ^
    Florida Strawberry Growers Association
    . 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mertely, J.C.; Oliveira, M. S.; Peres, N. A. (2022-02-15). "PP230/PP152: Botrytis Fruit Rot or Gray Mold of Strawberry". Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), UFl. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  5. ^ "Special Days & Discounts". Florida Strawberry Festival. 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  6. ^
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  7. ^ "Strawberry - Plant Breeding Program". University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF IFAS). 2022-07-08. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
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    S2CID 226217178. ORCIDs: KC 0000-0003-4391-5262. NB 0000-0001-8625-2740. JDZ 0000-0001-8360-486X. EvdW 0000-0002-9443-5974. TMD http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5455-0524
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  12. ^ "PP359/PP359: Leaf Spot Diseases of Strawberry". Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), UFl. 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
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  17. ^ "Peaches can be profitable in three years: Researcher to growers". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS). University of Florida. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  18. ^ "FE1016/FE1016: Establishment and Production Costs for Peach Orchards in Florida: Enterprise Budget and Profitability Analysis". Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), UFl. 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  19. ^ a b c d "RFAC018/AC018: Alternative Opportunities for Small Farms: Peach and Nectarine Production Review". Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), UFl. 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  20. ^ Everett, Jenny. "Kumquat: Florida's Other Citrus". gardenandgun.com. Garden and Gun. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  21. ^ Wronka, Tim. "Kumquat crops down as festival returns Saturday". baynews9.com. Bay News. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  22. ^ Filips, Sara. "Kumquat Growers to host 2-day open house event ahead of festival". wfla.com. WFLA. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  23. ^ a b c d Hudson, Mark (2019). "Florida Agriculture By The Numbers-2019" (PDF). Florida Agriculture by the Numbers: 23.
  24. ^ Hudson, Mark (2019). "FLORIDA AGRICULTURE BY THE NUMBERS-2019" (PDF). Florida Agriculture by the Numbers: 11.
  25. ^ a b c "FE1027/FE1027: The US Tomato Industry: An Overview of Production and Trade". Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida. 2021-08-30. FE1027. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  26. ^ "Tomatoes". Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  27. ^ Rusnak, Paul. "More Florida Mangoes, Please! Scientists Are Working on It". growingproduce.com. Growing Produce. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  28. ^ Sowder, Amy. "What's the mango's origin story?". The Packer. thepacker.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  29. ^ Hughes, Debbie. "Growing mangoes in Southwest Florida". news-press.com. News-Press. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  30. ^ a b Adno, Michael. "A Fire in the River: Big Sugar and 'Black Snow' in the Everglades". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  31. ^ Mitchell, Scott. "The Sweet History of Sugarcane". ocalastyle.com. Ocala Style. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  32. ^ a b "Sugar & Sweeteners: Background". United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  33. ^ Doug Mayo (June 28, 2019). "Florida Panhandle Ag Facts from the 2017 Ag Census". Panhandle Agriculture. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019.
  34. ^ "Corn, Green Bean Prices Rise After Florida Freezes". Calorielab. January 1, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012.
  35. ^ Moore, Mary Helen (October 8, 2018). "Berry poachers at heart of change in harvest rules". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  36. ^
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  37. ISBN 978-1-60107-002-9
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  38. ^ Sarkhosh, Ali; Andersen, Peter C.; Huff, Dustin M. "JAPANESE PERSIMMON CULTIVARS IN FLORIDA1". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. University of Florida. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  39. ^ "Pollutants threaten the Everglades' future". Earthmagazine.org. January 5, 2012.
  40. ^ Sellers, Sean; Asbed, Greg (Autumn 2011). "The History and Evolution of Forced Labor in Florida Agriculture". Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts. 5 (1): 29–49.
  41. ^ Jonsson, Patrik. "Trafficking: In Florida's tomato fields, a fight for ethical farm labor grows". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  42. ^ Cohen, Lisa (30 May 2017). "How America's 'ground-zero' for modern slavery was cleaned up by workers' group". CNN. cnn.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  43. ^ "Strawberry Advisory System". AgroClimate. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  44. ^ a b
  45. ^ Doering, Christopher (February 5, 2014). "Nelson lauds effect for state, Rubio opposes wide reach". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. p. 1A. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
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  48. ^ a b c
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  51. ^
    • Louws, F. J.; Wilson, M.; Campbell, H. L.; Cuppels, D. A.; Jones, J. B.; Shoemaker, P. B.; Sahin, F.; Miller, S. A. (2001). "Field Control of Bacterial Spot and Bacterial Speck of Tomato Using a Plant Activator". Plant Disease. 85 (5). Scientific Societies: 481–488.
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  52. ^
    University of Florida Entomology Department
    . 2002-11-05. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  53. University of Florida Entomology Department
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  54. ^ a b "red imported fire ant - Solenopsis invicta". University of Florida Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - (UF/IFAS). 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  55. ^
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  56. ^ Hudson, Mark (2019). "FLORIDA AGRICULTURE BY THE NUMBERS-2019" (PDF). Florida Agriculture by the Numbers (2019 ed.): 9.
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