History of the Jews in Alsace
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The history of the
Language and origins
The language traditionally spoken by the Jews of Alsace was a dialect of
Medieval antisemitism and massacre of 1349
Several disparaging representations of Jews in medieval Alsatian art, usually showing them with the characteristic three-pointed hat, have survived and can still be seen in situ, notably on the tympanum of the
In 1286, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, one of the leading Jewish figures of his day, was imprisoned by the German king in a fortress near Ensisheim.
In 1349, Jews of Alsace were wrongfully accused of poisoning the wells with
Early modern times
An important political figure for the Jews of Alsace and beyond was the long-serving "shtadlan" Josel of Rosheim. In 1510 he was made the parnas u-manhig (sworn guide and leader) of the Jewish communities of Lower Alsace, before becoming the German Emperor's favourite interlocutor on Jewish matters and the most influential intercessor on the Jews' behalf.
French rule until 1871
With the annexation of Alsace to France in 1681, Catholicism was restored as the principal Christian current. However, the prohibition against Jews settling in Strasbourg, and the special taxes Jews were subjected to, were not lifted. In the 18th century, Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim, the influential merchant and philanthropist, became the first Jew to be allowed to settle in the Alsatian capital again. The French Revolution then admitted Jews back into the town.
By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. Another 7500 Jews lived in neighboring Lorraine. Together they comprised three-fourths of the 40,000 Jews who lived in France at the time. The Jews were highly segregated, subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Jewish law. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in hundreds of small hamlets and villages. They were also barred from most occupations, and concentrated in trade, services, and especially in moneylending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Leading philosophers of the French Enlightenment, such as Denis Diderot and Voltaire, ridiculed and condemned French Jews as misanthropic, rapacious, and culturally backward. In 1777, a local judge forged hundreds of receipts, which he gave to Catholic peasants, to "prove" they had repaid their debts to Jewish moneylenders. The Jews protested, and a Prussian official, Christian Wilhelm von Dohm, wrote a highly influential pamphlet "On the Civic Improvement of the Jews" (1781), which advanced the cause of Jewish emancipation in both Germany and France.
Religious tolerance grew during the
Dreyfus affair
While the Dreyfus affair (1894–1906) by and large played out in France, and Alsace was a part of Germany at the time, it had immediate repercussions for the Jews in Alsace. Alfred Dreyfus was by birth a citizen of Mulhouse and thus suspected by French conservatives of innate sympathy with the German enemy by virtue of his being Alsatian and Jewish, which put him under suspicion of being doubly disloyal. One of the alleged traitor's strongest advocates was fellow Mulhousian Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, a (non-Jewish) chemist, industrialist, politician and philanthropist.[11] Another main player in the Affair, and advocate of Dreyfus' cause, was the Strasbourg-born army general Georges Picquart.
1940–1945
In 1939, there were about 20,000 Jews living in Alsace and Lorraine. Immediately following the start of World War II on 3 September 1939, the French government started evacuating Jews from Alsace and Lorraine. About 14,000 Jews were evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges in southwest France, and far from the German border. About 5,000 more Jews fled to southern France after the German invasion and defeat of France in May 1940.[13][14]
Under the terms of the Armistice of 22 June 1940, Alsace became part of the German occupation zone. On 15 July 1940, most of the remaining Alsatian Jews (about 3,000) were evicted from their homes by the German authorities and deported to Vichy France.[15] The Germans declared Alsace and Lorraine to be Judenrein (lit: cleansed of Jews).[16]
Unlike most of the German-occupied region of France, Alsace was effectively annexed by Germany by 1942, when Alsatians became German citizens by decree, and Alsace formally became part of the administrative unit (Gau) of Baden-Elsaß.[17] During World War II, Germany established the
Many Alsatian Jews who had been relocated to western regions of the country were ultimately arrested and deported. It is estimated that 2,605 Jews from Bas-Rhin[18] and 1,100 from Haut-Rhin[19] were murdered during the Holocaust.
Businessmen such as Théophile Bader, founder of the Galeries Lafayette; Pierre Wertheimer, founder of the French cosmetics company Bourjois and partner of Coco Chanel; and Albert Kahn, banker and philanthropist would have faced confiscation of their properties and/or deportation to a death camp if they had not managed to flee in time.
Jews in Alsace today
After the
During modern times the distinct dialect and culture of the Alsatian jews has been in decline amongst Alsatian Jews. This is due to the priority of the community on assimilating into French culture and the lack of priority on preserving their own culture.[22]
Presentation of Alsatian Jewish history and heritage
A presentation of the Alsatian Jews' history and culture through collections of artifacts and architectural elements can be found in the
In 1984, the site of a medieval mikvah was found in a group of houses in Strasbourg and was later added to the government list of historical monuments.[25]
The annual
Notable Jews born in Alsace
- Liliane Ackermann
- Théophile Bader
- Hans Bethe
- Gustave Bloch
- Moses Bloom
- Marcelle Cahn
- David Léon Cahun
- Isaachar Bär ben Judah Carmoly
- Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim
- Debré family
- Alfred Dreyfus
- Louis Dreyfus family
- Javal family
- Josel of Rosheim
- Albert Kahn (banker)
- Alphonse Kahn
- Zadoc Kahn
- Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont
- Friedrich Wilhelm Levi
- Alphonse Lévy (1843-1918, born in Marmoutier), painter[28]
- Maurice Lévy
- Francis Libermann
- Isidore Loeb
- Marcel Marceau
- Sam Marx
- Charles Netter
- Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne
- Camille Sée
- Isaac Strauss (1806–1888), conductor and arts collector[29]
- Benjamin Ulmann
- Claude Vigée
- Pierre Villon
- Vivelin the Red
- Émile Waldteufel
- Alexandre Weill (1811–1899), writer[29]
- Cora Wilburn
- Robert Wyler
- William Wyler
Gallery
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Museum of Alsatian Judaism in former Synagogue (1842), Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin
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Synagogue of Haguenau (1820)
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Synagogue of Colmar (1839)
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Synagogue of Mulhouse (1848)
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Synagogue of Bergheim, Haut-Rhin (1863)
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Synagogue of Sélestat (1890)
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Synagogue of Wolfisheim (1897)
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Synagogue of Saverne (1900)
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Synagogue of Wissembourg (1960)
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Romanesque capital in Sigolsheim showing Jews with characteristic hats on each lower corner
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"The Jew with amoney purse" in Rosheim
See also
References
- ^ Les Juifs à Strasbourg au Moyen âge (in French)
- ^ Histoire des Juifs d'Alsace (in French)
- ^ Histoire et mémoire des Juifs d'Alsace : recherches actuelles (in French)
- ^ Yédisch-Daïtsch, le dialecte judéo-alsacien (in French)
- ^ a b Aslanov, Cyril (2013-06-24), "Judeo-Alsatian, Hebrew Component in", Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Brill, retrieved 2024-01-18
- ^ Structure du parler judéo-alsacien (in French)
- OCLC 12975374.
- ^ L'iconographie ou les Juifs par l'image (in French)
- ISBN 1-55581-356-9.
- ^ Vicki Caron, "Alsace," in Richard S. Levy, ed., Antisemitism: A historical Encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (2005) 1:13-16
- ^ Auguste Scheurer-Kestner (1833 - 1899) Archived 2007-11-16 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- ^ La synagogue consistoriale du quai Kléber (in French)
- ^ "Alsace-Lorraine" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
- ^ Lazare, Lucien. "Limoges et Périgueux, refuges des Juifs de Strasbourg sous l'Occupation" (in French). Le judaïsme d'Alsace et de Lorraine.
- ISBN 9780393325249.
- ^ Schwarzfuchs, Simon. "Le 15 juillet 1940: La dernière expulsion des Juifs d'Alsace" (in French).
- ^ Jäckel, Eberhard (1966). "L'annexion déguisée". Frankreich in Hitlers Europa – Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in French). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlag-Anstalg GmbH. pp. 123–124.
- ^ Gutman, René. "Le Memorbuch, mémorial de la déportation et de la résistance des Juifs du Bas-Rhin" (in French). Le judaïsme d'Alsace et de Lorraine.
- ^ "Le Mémorial des Juifs du Haut-Rhin" (in French). Le judaïsme d'Alsace et de Lorraine.
- ^ "Souviens-toi de l'Oratoire Leo Cohn" (in French)
- ^ La communaute juive de Mulhouse aujourd'hui (in French)
- ^ "The Detailed History of Judaism in Alsace". TheCollector. 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
- ^ The synagogue of Ingwiller (in French)
- ^ "List of Alsatian museums displaying Jewish heritage". Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ Base Mérimée: Bain rituel juif de Strasbourg, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
- ^ European Day of Jewish Culture 2007 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ jewishheritage.org Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Alphonse Lévy 1843-1918 (in French)
- ^ ISBN 2-7165-0568-3
Further reading
- Caron, Vicki (1988). Between France and Germany: The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine, 1871-1918. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804714433.
- OCLC 903803958.
- Halff, Sylvain (September 13, 1920 – October 2, 1921). "The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine (1870–1920)". The American Jewish Year Book. 22. American Jewish Committee: 53–79. JSTOR 23601103. The recovery of Alsace by France was nevertheless welcomed by a majority of the Jews living there. Even some former representatives of Alsace in Berlin were incorporated into the French democracy and decorated by the French government.
- Hyman, Paula E. (1991). The Emancipation of the Jews of Alsace: Acculturation and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century.