History of the Jews in Vietnam

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Jews are a minor

ethno-religious group in Vietnam, consisting of only about 300 people as of 2007.[1] Although Jews have been present in Vietnam and Judaism has been practiced since the late 19th century, most adherents have been, and remain today, expatriates, with few to no native Vietnamese converts.[2]

Nguyen Dynasty and French protectorate

19th century

The first Jews to visit Vietnam likely arrived during the

Jewish Chronicle
in the 1860s and 1870s.

The

Saigon-Mỹ Tho, in Cochinchina, and the founder and general director of the 'Messageries Fluviales de Cochinchine'",[4][5] which, with the backing of French governmental subsidies, greatly facilitated the spread of French trade in Indo-China by the route of Mekong river.[6] Jules Rueff was still active in regional trade as late as April 1889, when he co-signed a petition to the French government requesting relief on duties being charged on cotton imports from Indochina.[7]

A coastal and river steamship was later (1920) built in France and christened 'Jules Rueff' to recognize his role in the development of the region's maritime activities.[8] This ship was sunk in 1943 during WWII by the US submarine Bowfin.[9]

Between 1883 and 1886, Jewish soldiers and officers fought in the French army in the

Tonkin Campaign. One such soldier, from a family of multiple members in the French military was Louis Naquet. Naquet, who eventually achieved the rank of Captain and was killed in action during World War I, received the Medaille du Tonkin[10] for his actions in Tonkin and Annam, becoming chevalier of the 'Ordre Royal du Cambodge.[11][12]

Early 20th century

According to the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia,

École française d'Extrême-Orient (French School of the Far East) in Hanoi.[13] The École française d'Extrême-Orient's website notes that the school was founded in Hanoi in 1902.[14]

The Alliance Israélite Universelle appears to have had some activity in Haiphong during the 1920s.[15]

According to the

Vietnamese Communist Party), directed from Moscow and Canton, and indeed there was a "growing threat to colonial rule in Southeast Asia."[17]

World War II and Vichy France

See also: History of the Jews during World War II and Vichy France

As late as 1939, the estimated combined population of the Jewish communities of

Tourane in French Indochina numbered approximately 1,000 individuals.[18] There were also reportedly eighty Jews in Tonkin during the period of Vichy rule, of which forty-nine were in the military and twenty-seven were in the foreign legion.[19]

In 1940 the

École française d'Extrême-Orient (French School of the Far East), who was deemed useful by the resident superior of Tonkin – an exemption to the discriminatory laws could be made.[23] The anti-Jewish laws were repealed in January 1945.[24]

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

In 1954, with the dissolution of

French-Indochina War
. The 1956 American Jewish Yearbook listed the Jewish population of French Indochina at 1,500, as noted above, but in its 1957 printing, there is no mention of a Jewish population in the region.

Ho Chi Minh reportedly suggested in 1946 that North Vietnam could serve as a home base for a Jewish government-in-exile before the establishment of the State of Israel. David Ben-Gurion, then the new executive head of the World Zionist Organization, first spoke of this encounter to the press in 1966.[26]

Republic of Vietnam

In 1971, about 12 French Jews still remained in South Vietnam, all in Saigon.[27] During the Vietnam War, temporary Jewish communities were organized throughout South Vietnam, consisting largely of United States military personnel. Approximately 30,000 Jewish-Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces in Vietnam; amongst them, Colonel Jack H. Jacobs won the Medal of Honor for heroism for his service.[28][29]

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Gradually, as the communist government began accepting economic reforms, the number of Jewish visitors to the country increased.

The discovery of the wild

halachic
decisors to declare the animal kosher.

In 2005, the U.S. State Department's "International Religious Freedom Report" noted "There were no reported

anti-Semitic incidents during the period covered by this report. The country's small Jewish population is comprised almost entirely of expatriates."[2]

In 2006,

Hebrew with Russian subtitles) provides a look at the challenges faced by the emissaries upon their arrival, as well as a glimpse of the makeup of the Jewish community that existed upon their arrival. According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, the Chabad Center is reportedly used largely by business people and tourists from Israel and the United States, and as of 2007, there are some 100 Do Thai, or Jews in Hanoi and about 200 in Ho Chi Minh City.[1] According to Hartman, about 10,000 to 15,000 Jewish business people and tourists visit Vietnam each year.[31]
In 2014, Chabad opened a Jewish center in Hanoi.

Vietnamese refugees in Israel

Main article: Vietnamese refugees in Israel
Vietnamese boat people awaiting rescue.

From 1977 to 1979, the

Israeli citizenship and rights as well as government-subsidized apartments.[32] According to the Vietnamese Embassy in Israel, by 2015 approximately 150 to 200 former Vietnamese refugees and descendants were still in Israel while about half have left Israel mainly for the US and France.[32]
Very few have formally converted to Judaism having retained their former religions.

Prominent Vietnamese in Israel

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Cassedy, Ellen "Economic opportunities lure Jews to land of Ho Chi Minh" Jewish Telegraphic Agency 2007-09-30 "JTA - Jewish & Israel News". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  2. ^ a b International Religious Freedom Report 2005 – Vietnam. U.S. Department of State.
  3. ^ by Jacob de Haas, published by Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1946, page 404
  4. ^ "Les Messageries Fluviales de Cochinchine". 7 September 2010.
  5. ^ http://www.entreprises-coloniales.fr/inde-indochine/Messag._fluv._Coch._1881-1927.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Rueff, Jules.
  7. ^ See [1] and footnote xxxv for original French source material, noted as "Datée de Paris le 16 avril 1889. Reproduite dans l'Avenir du Tonkin du samedi 8 juin 1889, N° 156."
  8. ^ Madrolle, Claudius To Angkor Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1939 and additional reference is made to travel on this ship in Horace Bleackley's A Tour in Southern Asia: (Indo-China, Malaya, Java, Sumatra, and Ceylon, 1925–1926), published by John Lane, London 1928
  9. ^ "Navires avant 1970".
  10. ^ GeneaWiki: Médaille du Tonkin (in French)
  11. ^ GeneaWiki: Ordre royal du Cambodge (in French)
  12. ISBN 0-8047-2633-7
    Pages 47–48
  13. ^ Landman, Isaac The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia...: An Authoritative and Popular Presentation of Jews and Judaism Since the Earliest Times, 1942 Page 626; Comay, Joan & Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia Who's Who in Jewish History: After the Period of the Old Testament Routledge, 1995
    ISBN 0-415-12583-9
    Page 231
  14. ^ "École française d'Extrême-Orient: History". Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
  15. ^ "Alliance Israélite Universelle: Nord-Vietnam". Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
  16. ^ Appy, Christian G. Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of United States Imperialism, 1945–1966 University of Massachusetts Press, 2000, Page 279
  17. ISBN 0-631-21013-X
  18. ^ Statistics of Jews, American Jewish Committee, 1940.
  19. ISBN 0-8047-5047-5
    Page 145
  20. ISBN 0-8248-2868-2
  21. ISBN 0-8047-5047-5
    Pages 144–145
  22. ^ "The Lippmann Affair". 15 November 2015.
  23. ISBN 0-7391-1146-9
    Pages 65–66
  24. ISBN 0-253-33854-9
    Page 69
  25. ISBN 0-8143-1843-6
    Page 472
  26. ^ "Ben-gurion Reveals Suggestion of North Vietnam's Communist Leader". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 8 November 1966. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  27. ISBN 0-233-96144-5
    Page 74
  28. ^ Jewish-American military participation Archived 1 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Fort Gordon Equal Opportunity Office.
  29. ISBN 978-0-8010-1119-1
  30. ^ עלה לרשת: הסרט התיעודי על חב"ד בוויאטנם ● לצפייה (in Hebrew and Russian). Chabad. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  31. ^ Frank, Benn. "Visiting The Jews of Vietnam". The Baltimore Jewish Times. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016 – via Be'chol Lashon.
  32. ^ a b c Weinglass, Simona (20 September 2015). "35 years on, where are Israel's Vietnamese refugees?". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  33. ^ Documentary, March 20, 2013. (5 August 2010). "The Journey of Vaan Nguyen". Zygote Films. Retrieved 30 June 2016 – via Vimeo.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ The Dudley Review 6 (2000), "Meta-Morphology", p. 61-66 ; The Dudley Review 7,1 (Spring 2001), "State of grace", p. 9-14, avec son propre travail photographique – photographies en noir et blanc : "Saint-Ives" (p. 60), "Mount Auburn Cemetery" (p. 61), "The biter bitten" (p. 62), "Les jardins de la fontaine" (p. 63), "Régis et Sophie" (p. 64), "Empire State Building" (p. 65)
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