Timeline of Jerusalem

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    This is a timeline of major events in the history of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history.[1] During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.[2]

    Chalcolithic

    • 4500–3500 BC: First settlement established near Gihon Spring (earliest archaeological evidence).

    Bronze Age: Canaanite city

    New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BCE

    Iron Age

    The Levant showing Jerusalem in c. 830 BCE
    Neo-Assyrian Empire at its greatest extent
    Achaemenid Empire under Darius III
    • 1178 BCE: The
      Papyrus Harris
      ).
    • c. 1000 BCE: According to the Bible, Jerusalem is inhabited by Jebusites and is known as Jebus.

    Independent
    Israelite
    capital

    Jerusalem becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Judah and, according to the Bible, for the first few decades even of a wider united kingdom of Judah and Israel, under kings belonging to the House of David.

    Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian period

    Persian (Achaemenid) period

    • 516 BCE: The Second Temple is built in the 6th year of Darius the Great.
    • 458 BCE: The third wave of Babylonian returnees is
      Ezra's Aliyah
      .
    • 445 BCE: The fourth and final wave of Babylonian returnees is
      Old City walls
      .
    • 410 BCE: The Great Assembly is established in Jerusalem.
    • 365/364-362 and c. 347 BCE: Judea participates in Egyptian-inspired and Sidonian-led revolts against the Achaemenids, and coins minted in Jerusalem are reflecting the short-lived autonomy.[11][12] Achaemenid general Bagoas is possibly the same as 'Bagoses' in Josephus' Antiquities, who defiles the Temple and imposes taxes on sacrifices performed there.[11][13][14]

    Hellenistic period

    Kingdoms of the Diadochi and others before the battle of Ipsus, c. 303 BCE
    The Seleucid Empire in c. 200 BCE
    Hasmonean Kingdom at its greatest extent under Salome Alexandra

    Under Alexander, the
    Seleucids

    Hasmonean kingdom

    Roman period

    Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus, 30BCE – 6CE
    Pompey in the Temple, 63 BCE (Jean Fouquet 1470–1475)

    Early Roman period

    Events from the

    apologists
    have tried to calculate a historical chronology of events without reaching consensual conclusions. All such events and dates listed here are presented under this reservation, and are generally lacking non-sectarian scholarly recognition. They are marked in the list with a cross [†].

    Giovanni Paolo Pannini
    c. 1750)
    "Flevit super illam" (He wept over it); by Enrique Simonet, 1892.
    The siege of Jerusalem, 70 CE (David Roberts, 1850)

    Late Roman period (Aelia Capitolina)

    The Roman empire at its peak under Hadrian showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 CE.

    Byzantine period

    Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476
    Helena finding the True Cross (Italian manuscript, c. 825)
    The Madaba Map depiction of sixth-century Jerusalem
    Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Jerusalem is generally considered the cradle of Christianity.[41]

    Early Muslim period

    Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates

    The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads.
      Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
      Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
      Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
    An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance (c. 950)

    Fatimid and Seljuk rule

    Crusader/Ayyubid period

    First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)

    Crusader states in 1180
    Crusaders on 15 July 1099
    1. The Holy Sepulchre, 2. The Dome of the Rock
    , 3. Ramparts
    A woodcut of Jerusalem in the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
    Main article: Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

    Ayyubids and Second Crusader Kingdom

    The Crusader defeat at the

    Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul), and again for a last time between 1241 and 1244.[61]

    Jerusalem under the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of Saladin, 1193
    The Bahri Mamluk Dynasty 1250–1382
    • Franco-Mongol Alliance
      .
    • Hulagu Khan returns to Mongolia following the death of
      Baibars.[68]

    Mamluk period

    • 1267: Nachmanides goes to Jerusalem and prays at the Western Wall. Reported to have found only two Jewish families in the city.
    • 1300: Further Mongol raids into Palestine under
      Hetham II
      , King of Armenia, was allied to the Mongols and is reported to have visited Jerusalem where he donated his sceptre to the Armenian Cathedral.
    • 1307: Marino Sanuto the Elder writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana.
    • 1318–1320: Regional governor Sanjar al-Jawli undertook renovations of the city, including building the Jawliyya Madrasa.
    • 1328:
      Tankiziyya Madrasa
      .
    • 1340: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem builds a wall around the Armenian Quarter.
    • 1347: The Black Death sweeps Jerusalem and much of the rest of the Mamluk Sultanate.
    • 1377: Jerusalem and other cities in
      Burji dynasty
      .
    • 1392–1393: Henry IV of England makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
    • 1482: The visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a sect possibly Druzes, Mamelukes, and "the most accursed of all", Jews. Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".
    • 1496:
      Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi
      writes The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron.

    Ottoman period

    Early Ottoman period

    The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, showing Jerusalem

    Late Ottoman period

    Map of Jerusalem in 1883
    "Independent" Vilayet of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Levant after the reorganisation of 1887–88

    British Mandate

    Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the Sykes–Picot Agreement
    General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City, 11 December 1917

    After 1948

    Partition into West (Israel) and East (Jordan)

    Reunification after 1967

    The Temple Mount as it appears today. The Western Wall is in the foreground with the Dome of the Rock in the background
    • 1967 5–11 June: The Six-Day War. Israel captures the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.

    Graphical overview of Jerusalem's historical periods

    Reunification of JerusalemEast JerusalemWest JerusalemBritish EmpireOttoman EmpireMamluk SultanateAyyubid dynastyKingdom of JerusalemAyyubid dynastyKingdom of JerusalemFatimid CaliphateSeljuk EmpireFatimid CaliphateIkhshidid dynastyAbbasid CaliphateTulunidsAbbasid CaliphateUmayyad CaliphateRashidun CaliphateByzantine EmpireSasanian EmpireByzantine EmpireRoman EmpireHasmonean dynastySyrian WarsAchaemenid EmpireNeo-Babylonian EmpireLate Period of ancient EgyptNeo-Babylonian EmpireNeo-Assyrian EmpireKingdom of JudahKingdom of Israel (united monarchy)JebusitesNew Kingdom of EgyptCanaan

    See also

    References

    Notes

    1. ^ Steckoll, Solomon H., The gates of Jerusalem, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968, preface
    2. ^ "Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City?". Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008.. According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.
    3. ^
      ISBN 978-0-8225-3218-7
    4. ISBN 0-385-04843-2
    5. ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0
      .
    6. ISBN 978-1-62837-026-3
      . Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely - probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital - but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.
    7. ^ Chronology of the Israelite Tribes from The History Files (historyfiles.co.uk)
    8. ISBN 0-06-015362-8
    9. ISBN 978-0-664-22068-6
      .
    10. ^ http://studentreader.com/jerusalem/#Edict-of-Cyrus Student Reader Jerusalem: "When Cyrus captured Babylon, he immediately issued the Edict of Cyrus, a decree that those who had been exiled by the Babylonians could return to their homelands and start rebuilding."
    11. ^
      JSTOR 3261210
      .
    12. ISBN 978-0-19-166255-3. Retrieved 24 September 2020. For the Sidonian revolt of King Tennes
      .
    13. ^ Richard Gottheil; Gotthard Deutsch; Martin A. Meyer; Joseph Jacobs; M. Franco (1906). "Jerusalem". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 September 2020 – via JewishEncyclopedia.com.
    14. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI, Chapter 7. William Whiston edition, London 1737. Accessed 23 September 2020.
    15. ^ "Maccabean Revolt". Virtualreligion.net. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    16. ^ Josephus The Jewish Wars (1:60)
    17. ^ Barthold Georg Niebuhr; Marcus Carsten Nicolaus von Niebuhr (1852). Lectures on Ancient History. Taylor, Walton, and Maberly. p. 465.
    18. ^ "Josephus, chapter 10". Christianbookshelf.org. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    19. ISBN 978-81-7268-095-4
      .
    20. ^ Sievers, 142
    21. ISBN 978-0-275-97140-3
      .
    22. ^ "Armenians of Jerusalem Launch Project To Preserve History and Culture". Pr-inside.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    23. ISBN 978-90-429-1662-3
      .
    24. ^ Jacob Neusner (1997). A History of the Jews in Babylonia. Vol. 2. Brill Archive. p. 351.
    25. ^ "And when he had ordained five councils (συνέδρια), he distributed the nation into the same number of parts. So these councils governed the people; the first was at Jerusalem, the second at Gadara, the third at Amathus, the fourth at Jericho, and the fifth at Sepphoris in Galilee." Josephus, Ant. xiv 54:
    26. ^ "Josephus uses συνέδριον for the first time in connection with the decree of the Roman governor of Syria, Gabinius (57 BCE), who abolished the constitution and the then existing form of government of Palestine and divided the country into five provinces, at the head of each of which a sanhedrin was placed ("Ant." xiv 5, § 4)." via Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanhedrin:
    27. ^ Armstrong 1996, p. 126
    28. ^ Sicker 2001, p. 75
    29. ISBN 978-1-900949-48-4
      .
    30. ISBN 978-0-567-02242-4
      .
    31. ^ "Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews – Book XVIII, "Cyrenius came himself into Judea, which was now added to the province of Syria"". Ccel.org. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    32. ^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, pp. 247–248: "Consequently, the province of Judea may be regarded as a satellite of Syria, though, in view of the measure of independence left to its governor in domestic affairs, it would be wrong to say that in the Julio-Claudian era Judea was legally part of the province of Syria."
    33. ^ A History of the Jewish People, H.H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, p. 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province [in 6 CE, p. 246], Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others)."
    34. ISBN 0-674-39731-2
      , p. 251: "But after the first agitation (which occurred in the wake of the first Roman census) had faded out, we no longer hear of bloodshed in Judea until the days of Pilate."
    35. ISBN 978-1-4514-1664-0
      .(pp94-111). Minneapolis: Fortress Press
    36. ^ Drower, Ethel Stefana (1953). The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
    37. East
      ."
    38. Jewish Antiquities
      XX, ix, 1.
    39. ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, III, xxxii.
    40. ^ Christopher Mackay. "Ancient Rome a Military and Political History" 2007: 230
    41. ISBN 978-1-107-03656-7
      .
    42. Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is Antioch
      that is referred to."
    43. ISBN 0-520-03731-6
    44. ISBN 978-1-58983-200-8
    45. ^ The Emperor Justinian and Jerusalem (527–565)
    46. ^ Hussey, J.M. 1961. The Byzantine World. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, p. 25.
    47. ISBN 0-345-39168-3
    48. ^ "Surah Al-Isra - 1-111".
    49. ^ "Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 21, Number 281: "Do not set out on a journey except for three Mosques i.e. Al-Masjid-AI-Haram, the Mosque of Allah's Apostle, and the Mosque of Al-Aqsa, (Mosque of Jerusalem)."". Islamicity.com. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    50. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2
    51. ISBN 978-0-8146-5081-3
      .
    52. ISBN 978-1-84631-698-2
      .
    53. ISBN 978-0-7546-5740-8
      .
    54. ISBN 978-0-7614-1487-2
      .
    55. ISBN 978-1-58477-695-6
      .
    56. ^ a b Guy le Strange (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems from AD 650 to 1500, Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers. Florence: Palestine Exploration Fund.
    57. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9
      .
    58. ^ Singh, Nagendra. 2002. "International Encyclopedia of Islamic Dynasties"'
    59. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2007. Historic Cities of the Islamic World
    60. ISBN 0-521-06161-X
    61. ISBN 978-0-415-23000-1
      .
    62. ISBN 978-0-253-20551-3
      . ... in the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II ...concluded a treaty with the Saracens in 1229 that placed Jerusalem under Christian control but allowed Muslim and Christian alike freedom of access to the religious shrines of the city. ... Within fifteen years of Frederick's departure from the Holy Land, the Khwarisimian Turks, successors to the Seljuks, rampaged through Syria and Palestine, capturing Jerusalem in 1244. (Jerusalem would not be ruled again by Christians until the British occupied it in December 1917, during World War I.)
    63. ISBN 978-0-521-39038-5. During the period of Christian control of Jerusalem between 1229 and 1244 ... {{cite book}}: External link in |series= (help
      )
    64. ISBN 978-0-226-89422-5
      . (footnote 19): It is perhaps worth noting that the same sultan, al-Malik al-Kamil, was later involved in the negotiations with Emperor Frederick II that briefly reestablished Latin control in Jerusalem between 1229 and 1244.
    65. ISBN 978-1-137-35838-7
      . Later, during the years 1099 through 1187 AD and 1229 through 1244 AD, Christian Crusaders occupied Jerusalem ...
    66. ISBN 978-1-84519-395-9
      . (Introduction by Moshe Ma'oz) ... When the Christian Crusaders occupied Jerusalem (AD 1099–1187, 1229–1244) ...
    67. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jerusalem (After 1291)". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    68. ^ Jerusalem Timeline From David to the 20th century Archived 27 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    69. ^ "10 Facts about the Walls of Jerusalem". eTeacher Hebrew. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
    70. ISBN 978-0-521-87292-8
      .
    71. ISBN 978-0-415-96679-5
      .
    72. ISBN 90-04-09705-8
      .
    73. ISBN 978-1-56656-304-8
    74. ^ Salmon, Thomas (1744). Modern History, Or, The Present State of All Nations: Describing Their Respective Situations, Persons, Habits, and Buildings, Manners, Laws and Customs ... Plants, Animals, and Minerals. p. 461.
    75. ^ Fisk and King, 'Description of Jerusalem,' in The Christian Magazine, July 1824, p. 220. Mendon Association, 1824.
    76. ^ Shvarts, Shifra. "Health Services in Eretz Israel (Palestine) in the Nineteenth Century." The Workers' Health Fund in Eretz Israel: Kupat Holim, 1911-1937, Boydell & Brewer, 2002, pp. 7–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt7zsv0p.9. Accessed 12 Oct. 2022.
    77. ^ Shvarts, 2002, p. 10.
    78. ^ "Batei Mahseh Square". Jerusalem Municipality. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
    79. ^ "Mishkenot Sha'ananim". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    80. ^ Mishkenot Sha'ananim Archived 10 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
    81. ^ Hasson, Nir (18 April 2011). "A new state-funded project lets photo albums tell the history of the Land of Israel – Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
    82. ISBN 978-0-674-03772-4
      .
    83. ISBN 0-8050-4848-0. The group assembled at the Wall shouting "the Wall is ours". They raised the Jewish national flag and sang Hatikvah, the Israeli anthem. The authorities had been notified of the march in advance and provided a heavy police escort in a bid to prevent any incidents. Rumours spread that the youths had attacked local residents and had cursed the name of Muhammad
      .
    84. ^ Levi-Faur, Sheffer and Vogel, 1999, p. 216.
    85. ^ Sicker, 2000, p. 80.
    86. ^ 'The Wailing Wall in Jerusalem Another Incident', The Times, Monday, 19 August 1929; p. 11; Issue 45285; col D.
    87. ^ Prince-Gibson, Eetta (27 July 2006). "Reflective truth". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
    88. ISBN 965-517-190-6
      , p.104
    89. ISBN 0-905035-32-1
      . p. 104: Albert Aghazarian "The significance of Jerusalem to Christians". This writer states that "Jews did not own any more than 20% of this quarter" prior to 1948
    90. ^ "Palestine and Palestinians", p. 117.
    91. ^ "Trump Jerusalem move sparks Israeli-Palestinian clashes", BBC News, 7 December 2017
    92. ^ "Paraguay becomes third country to open embassy in Jerusalem". Retrieved 23 May 2018.

    Bibliography

    External links
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Jerusalem&oldid=1211669432"