Voiced dental fricative
| Voiced dental fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ð | |||
| IPA number | 131 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
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help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ð | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F0 | ||
| X-SAMPA | D | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| Voiced dental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ð̞ | |||
| ɹ̪ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
|
help | |||
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The voiced dental fricative is a
teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants
.
The letter ⟨ð⟩ is sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative.[1] However, the approximant can be explicitly indicated with the lowering diacritic: ⟨ð̞⟩. Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include ⟨ʋ̠⟩ (retracted [ be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance.
The fricative and its
th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such as Greek have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones
.
Within
Assyrian
.
Features
Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an
approximant
[ð̞].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | idhull | [iðuɫ] | 'idol' | ||
| Aleut[4] | damo | [ðɑmo] | 'house' | ||
Arabic |
Modern Standard[5] | ذهب | [ˈðæhæb] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology. Represented by the letter ḏāl .
|
| Gulf | |||||
| Najdi | |||||
| Tunisian | [ˈðhæb] | See Tunisian Arabic phonology | |||
| Arpitan | Genevan and Savoyard |
Genèva | [ðə'nɛːva] | 'Geneva' | Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling. |
| Bressan | vachiére | [va'θiðə] | 'woman cow herder' | Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well. | |
| Aromanian[6] | zală | [ˈðalə] | 'butter whey' | Corresponds to [ z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
| |
Assyrian |
ܘܪܕܐ werda | [wεrð̞a] | 'flower' | Common in the d ] in other varieties.
| |
| Asturian | Some dialects | fazer | [fäˈðeɾ] | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ]. |
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ / qađ | ⓘ | 'goose' | ||
| Basque[7] | adar | [að̞ar] | 'horn' | Allophone of /d/ | |
| Berta | [fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́] | 'to sweep' | |||
| Burmese[8] | အညာသား | [ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá] | 'inlander' | Commonly realized as an affricate [d̪͡ð].[9] | |
| Catalan[10] | cada | [ˈkaðə] | 'each' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /d/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Cree | Woods Cree (th-dialect) | nitha | [niða] | 'I' | Reflex of Proto-Algonguian *r. Shares features of a sonorant.
|
| Dahalo[11] | [ example needed ] |
Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̪/, and may be simply a plosive [ d̪] instead.[11]
| |||
| Elfdalian | baiða | [ˈbaɪða] | 'wait' | ||
Emilian
|
Bolognese | żänt | [ðæ̃:t] | 'people' | |
| English | Received Pronunciation[12] | this | [ðɪs] | 'this' | |
| Western American English | ⓘ | Interdental.[12] | |||
| Extremaduran | ḥazel | [häðel] | 'to do' | Realization of etymological 'z'. Can also be realized as [θ] | |
| Fijian | ciwa | [ðiwa] | 'nine' | ||
| Galician | Some dialects[13] | fazer | [fɐˈðeɾ] | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ, z, z̺]. |
| German | Austrian[14] | leider | [ˈlaɛ̯ða] | 'unfortunately' | Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | δάφνη / dáfni | [ˈðafni] | 'laurel' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Gwich'in |
niidhàn | [niːðân] | 'you want' | ||
| Hän | ë̀dhä̀ | [ə̂ðɑ̂] | 'hide' | ||
Harsusi |
[ðebeːr] | 'bee' | |||
| Hebrew | Iraqi | אדוני | ⓘ | 'my lord' | Commonly pronounced [ d]. See Modern Hebrew phonology
|
| Temani | גָּדוֹל/ğaḏol | [dʒaðol] | 'large, great' | See Yemenite Hebrew | |
Judeo-Spanish |
Many dialects | קריאדֿור / kriador | [kɾiaˈðor] | 'creator' | Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in many dialects. |
| Kabyle | ḏuḇ | [ðuβ] | 'to be exhausted' | ||
| Kagayanen[15] | kalag | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Kurdish | [ example needed ] |
An approximant; postvocalic allophone of /d/. See Kurdish phonology. | |||
| Malay | Malaysian | azan | [a.ðan] | 'azan' | Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with /z/. See Malay phonology |
Malayalam
|
'അത്' | [aðɨ̆] | 'That' | Colloquial usage. | |
| Mari | Eastern dialect | шодо |
[ʃoðo] | 'lung' | |
| Norman | Jèrriais | méthe | [mɛð] | 'mother' | Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as [ɾ], and sometimes as [l] or [z]. |
| Northern Sámi | dieđa | [d̥ieðɑ] | 'science' | ||
| Norwegian | Meldal dialect[16] | i |
[ð̩ʲ˕ː] | 'in' | Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant[16] corresponding to /iː/ in other dialects. See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Gascon | que divi | [ke ˈð̞iwi] | 'what I should' | Allophone of /d/. See Occitan phonology |
| Portuguese | European[17] | nada | [ˈn̪äðɐ] | 'nothing' | Northern and central dialects. Allophone of /d/, mainly after an oral vowel.[18] See Portuguese phonology |
| Sardinian | nidu | ⓘ | 'nest' | Allophone of /d/ | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Many Outer Hebrides dialects[19] | Màiri | [ˈmaːði] | 'Mary' | Often slightly palatalized. Common Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, standard in Lewis[20] and also common in Harris, Benbecula and South Uist; otherwise realized as [ɾʲ],[21] as [ʒ] in southern Barra, or as [j] in Tiree. |
| Sioux | Lakota | zapta | [ˈðaptã] | 'five' | Sometimes with [z] |
| Spanish | Most dialects[22] | dedo | [ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞] | 'finger' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[23] Allophone of /d/. See Spanish phonology |
| Swahili | dhambi | [ðɑmbi] | 'sin' | Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[24] | bada | [ˈbɑːð̞ä] | 'to take a bath' | An approximant;[24] allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
| Some dialects better source needed ] |
i | [ð̩ʲ˕ː] | 'in' | A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant | |
| Syriac | Western Neo-Aramaic | ܐܚܕ |
[aħːeð] | 'to take' | |
| Tamil | ஒன்பது | [onbäðɯ] | 'nine' | Intervocalic allophone of /t/. See Tamil phonology | |
| Tanacross | dhet | [ðet] | 'liver' | ||
| Turkmen | ýyldyz | [jɯldɯð] | 'star' | Realization of the /z/ phoneme | |
| Tutchone | Northern | edhó | [eðǒ] | 'hide' | |
| Southern | adhǜ | [aðɨ̂] | |||
| Venetian | mezorno | [meˈðorno] | 'midday' | ||
| Welsh | bardd |
[barð] | 'bard' | See Welsh phonology | |
Zapotec |
Tilquiapan[25] | [ example needed ] |
Allophone of /d/ | ||
Danish [ð] is actually a velarized
See also
- Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
- Sibilant consonant § Possible combinations
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:210)
- ^ Kenneth S. Olson, Jeff Mielke, Josephine Sanicas-Daguman, Carol Jean Pebley & Hugh J. Paterson III, 'The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, Vol. 40, No. 2 (August 2010), pp. 201–211
- S2CID 151863976.
- ^ "damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary | Glosbe". glosbe.com. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
- ^ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:37)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Hualde (1991:99–100)
- ^ Watkins (2001:291–292)
- ^ Watkins (2001:292)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:55)
- ^ a b Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 143.
- ^ "Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) | Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG". ilg.usc.es. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ^ Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979:14)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ^ Ó Dochartaigh (1997)
- ^ Oftedal (1956:129)
- ^ "Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s'".
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^ a b Engstrand (2004:167)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ Grønnum (2003:121)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:59, 63)
References
- ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, S2CID 249411809
- Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, S2CID 249414876
- Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.), Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-05655-7
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Illustrations of the IPA: Castilian Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 (inactive 1 November 2024))
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link - Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 (inactive 2024-11-02))
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link - Ó Dochartaigh, Cathair (1997), Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland I-V, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 978-1-85500-165-7
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, S2CID 38504322
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española [Acoustic phonetics of the Spanish language] (in Spanish), Gredos, ISBN 978-84-249-0131-8
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, S2CID 249416512
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk [Norwegian phonetics] (in Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, S2CID 232344700
