Republicanism in New Zealand
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Republicanism in New Zealand is the political position that New Zealand's system of government should be changed from a constitutional monarchy to a republic.
New Zealand republicanism dates back to the 19th century, but it was only a fringe movement until the late 20th century. The main current republican lobby group, New Zealand Republic, was established in 1994.
Contemporary republican debate in New Zealand focuses on the issues of
Because New Zealand's constitution is uncodified, a republic could be enacted by statute, as a simple act of parliament.[2] It is generally assumed that this would only occur following a nationwide referendum.[3] Several prime ministers and governors-general have identified themselves as republicans, but no government has yet taken any meaningful steps towards enacting a republic.
History
The term "republic" in New Zealand has been used as a protest and a pejorative against the central government and/or royalty, to describe an area independent of the central government.
19th century
The first use of the term "republic" to connote an independent state in New Zealand came in 1840 when Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson described the New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson (Wellington), which had its own constitution and governing council, as such.[4] The existence of the council prompted Hobson to declare British sovereignty over the entirety of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, despite the fact the Treaty of Waitangi was still being signed throughout the country.[5] Hobson dispatched the Colonial Secretary, Willoughby Shortland along with some soldiers to demand the settlers disband their "illegal association" and remove the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand.[5]
Later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for representative government, which was granted by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers' Constitutional Association in 1848, advocated a New Zealand republic.[6][7]
In 1879 the people of
20th century
In the 1911 general election Colonel Allen Bell, the Reform Party candidate for the Raglan seat, advocated the abolition of the monarchy. The armed forces considered that Bell had broken his Oath of Allegiance. He was asked to resign his commission, which he did in January 1912.[9]
In 1966 Bruce Jesson founded the Republican Association of New Zealand, and later the Republican Party in 1967. The party had a stridently nationalist platform.[10] Republican Party activity petered out after the 1969 general election and the party wound up in 1974.
In May 1973, a remit was proposed at the
In March 1994 the Republican Coalition of New Zealand was formed to promote the move to a republic. The following year, the Monarchist League of New Zealand (now Monarchy New Zealand) was established to defend the constitutional monarchy.[12]
In 1994 Prime Minister Jim Bolger suggested to the 44th Parliament in the Address In Reply debate that New Zealand should move to become a republic by 2001. Bolger stated that New Zealand's links with Britain were in decline, and that the country should acknowledge that "the tide of history is moving in one direction."[13] He denied that his views relate to his Irish heritage.[13]
Bolger spoke to Queen Elizabeth about the issue of New Zealand becoming a republic when he was prime minister and recalled "I have more than once spoken with Her Majesty about my view that New Zealand would at some point elect its own Head of State, we discussed the matter in a most sensible way and she was in no way surprised or alarmed and neither did she cut my head off."[14]
In 1998, Richard Nottage, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade, called for New Zealand to consider becoming a republic, arguing that the position of the "British monarch" [sic] as head of state "looks strange in Asian eyes".[15]
In 1999 the Republican Coalition relaunched itself as the Republican Movement of Aotearoa New Zealand, similar to the
21st century
In November 2004, Prime Minister
- Election of the head of state indirectly by a supermajority of members of Parliament, similar to the bi-partisan appointment model proposed in Australia;
- Election of the head of state directly by the New Zealand electorate using the Single Transferable Vote electoral system, similar to Ireland.
On 21 April 2010 the bill was defeated at its first reading 53–68
The debate
Arguments for change
Supporters of a New Zealand republic have said:
- New Zealand should have a New Zealander, or more correctly a New Zealand citizen resident in New Zealand, as its head of state;[21] a "resident for president";[22]
- New Zealand needs to assert its independence, nationhood and maturity to the world;[23]
- New Zealand's constitution—and indeed the attitudes of New Zealanders—are republican in their outlook.[24]
- New Zealand already maintains the governor-general—who is described as a "virtual head of state".[25] The governor-general is a New Zealander and does everything the head of state should do;
- Because the sovereign and governor-general have little real power, they are not an effective check on the parliamentary executive (the prime minister and Cabinet), the argument that the sovereign or governor-general "denies power" to politicians and is politically neutral yet can fire a prime minister is contradictory;[26]
- An elected or appointed head of state would be a more effective check on the executive;
- A republic does not necessarily mean withdrawing from the Commonwealth. As of June 2022, 36 out of the 56 member states (65 per cent) are republics.[27]
- The prime minister should not have the power to dismiss the governor-general at will and vice versa.[28]
Other republicans have focused on the principles of a monarchy: many disagree with the hereditary principle (based on a form of primogeniture) that determines succession of the throne. They argue that in a modern and democratic society no one should be expected to defer to another simply because of their birth.[29] Some assert that the hereditary monarch and unelected governor-general have no mandate to dismiss an elected government.[30]
At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting of October 2011, the leaders of the 16 Commonwealth realms agreed that they would support change to their respective succession laws regarding male primogeniture, and allow the monarch to marry a Roman Catholic. The ban on Catholics from being the monarch would remain, because the monarch has to be in "Communion with the Church of England."[31]
Arguments against change
Supporters of the
- "Constitutional monarchy is tried and proven system of government, some of the most politically stable nations in the world are constitutional monarchies; whereas some of the most unstable and repressive regimes have been republics."[32] In the words of former Governor-General Sir Michael Hardie Boys, "If it ain't broke, don't fix it".[33]
- For New Zealand, "monarchy summarises the inheritance of a thousand years of constitutional government and our links with a glorious past,"[34]
- New Zealand is already an independent, sovereign nation with a national identity of its own;[26]
- The monarchy is a symbol of unity between New Zealand and the other Commonwealth realms that share the same person as monarch; part of a "global family".[35]
- The monarch is politically neutral and is a symbol of national unity rather than division;[26]
- The monarch has "little real practical political powers and is a protector of and not a threat to democracy";[36]
- Hereditary selection of the sovereign is the "most natural" non-partisan way to choose a leader.[37]
Cost
Supporters of the monarchy have argued that it costs New Zealand taxpayers only a small outlay for royal engagements and tours, and the modest expenses of the governor-general's establishment. They state "[t]his figure is about one dollar per person per year", about $4.3 million per annum.[38] An analysis by New Zealand Republic in 2010 wrote that the office of governor-general cost New Zealand taxpayers about $7.6 million in ongoing costs.[39] They compared this cost to the president of Ireland, a head of state of a country with a similar population size, who cost €3.4 million – NZ$6 million on the exchange rate at the time.[40] Monarchy New Zealand said that republicanism supporters arbitrarily inflated the costs on the governor-general, instead stating that the Irish President's cost was closer to NZ$12.8 million once the extra costs were included.[41]
Public opinion
Date | Participants | Firm | Republic | Monarchy | Neutral/Undecided | Lead | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 February - 23 March 2023 | 2,012 | Lord Ashcroft | 34% | 44% | 6% | 10% | |
29 September – 6 October 2022 | 1,016 | Talbot Mills | 27% | 38% | 36% | 11% | |
17–21 September 2022 | not stated | 1News Kantar | 27% | 50% | 23% | 23% | Not stated if weighed |
November 2021 | not stated | 1News Kantar | 33% | 47% | 20% | 14% | Not stated if weighed |
22–26 October 2020 | 1,003 | Research New Zealand | 20% | 44% | 36% | 24% | Online poll |
8–24 April 2019 | 1,000 | Curia | 55% | 39% | 6% | 11% | Non-standard question |
26 November – 3 December 2008 | 500 | Research New Zealand | 42% | 48% | 9% | 6% | Non-standard question |
As of 2010[update], the New Zealand public were generally in favour of the retention of the monarchy, with polls showing it to have between 50 and 70 per cent support.
The institution still enjoys the support of New Zealanders, particularly those born before
An October 2011 survey of 500 business professionals asked "What Is Your Level Of Support For New Zealand Becoming A Republic?". 27 per cent said not at all, 24 per cent said somewhat opposed, 23.1 per cent were neutral, 14.8 per cent said moderately in favour and 11.1 per cent said strongly in favour.[48]
On the eve of a royal tour by
On 17 July 2013, a televised debate on TV3's The Vote held three polls, two separate votes by the studio audience at the start and end of the programme, and one via Twitter, Facebook, web and text voting, on the question "Should we ditch the Royals?" The first studio audience vote before the show was 43 per cent yes, and the second after the show was 65 per cent, while the public vote result was 41 per cent yes and 59 per cent no.[52]
From 8 to 24 April 2019, a nationwide poll of 1,000 randomly-selected voting-age New Zealanders was conducted, which showed that 55 per cent of New Zealanders want a New Zealander as the country's next head of state, while 39 per cent want the next British monarch. Support for a New Zealander being the country's next head of state was recorded strongest among Māori respondents, with 80 per cent in support, and respondents aged 18–30, with 76 per cent in support.[53]
Following the 2020 general election, an online poll of 1,003 New Zealanders aged eighteen and over found that 20 per cent agreed that "New Zealand should become a republic", with 36 per cent of the respondents remaining neutral and 44 per cent disagreeing outright. The poll also found that 19 per cent wanted to change the national flag, and ten per cent wanted to change the country's name.[54]
A 1 News/Kantar poll conducted shortly after the death of Queen Elizabeth in September 2022 found increased support for the monarchy: 50 per cent of respondents wanted to retain the monarch, with 27 per cent supporting a republic.[55]
Political party positions
As of 2013[update], three
Labour
The Labour Party adopted a policy of holding a binding referendum on the issue at their 2013 conference.[56] Then-leader Andrew Little supported a New Zealand republic, saying "when it comes to our constitutional arrangements in New Zealand I have a firm view that our head of state should come from New Zealand."[57] Former Labour Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern states that she is a republican, and that she would "encourage national debate over cutting ties with the royal family".[58]
In 2002, Labour Prime Minister Helen Clark stated:
- "…the idea of a nation such as New Zealand being ruled by a head of state some 20,000 km away is absurd. It is inevitable that New Zealand will become a republic. It is just a matter of when the New Zealand people are bothered enough to talk about it – it could be 10 years, or it could be 20 years, but it will happen."[59][60]
Then-Deputy Prime Minister Michael Cullen declared that he supported the monarchy, stating in 2004 he was "a sort of token monarchist in the Cabinet these days."[61] In 2010 he repudiated that stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen's reign ends.[62] Former Prime Minister David Lange expressed support for a New Zealand republic, stating: "Do such things matter? They certainly do. We suffer in this country from a lack of emotional focus... New Zealand will become a republic just as Britain will be blurred into Europe".[63]
In 2023, Prime Minister Chris Hipkins stated that although he favoured a republic, he did not intend to pursue New Zealand becoming a republic during his premiership: "Ideally, in time, New Zealand will become a fully independent country, will stand on our own two feet in the world, as we by and large do now ... I don’t think that swapping out the governor general for some other form of head of state is necessarily an urgent priority right now, though."[64]
National
The
At the 2014 election the former Chair of New Zealand Republic, Lewis Holden, was nominated as candidate for the Rimutaka electorate but failed to enter Parliament with incumbent Labour MP Chris Hipkins retaining the electorate, and Holden holding a list ranking too low (at 66 on the National list) to enter parliament. Among the 2014 caucus of new National Members of Parliament, a number of portraits of the Queen have been placed in their Wellington offices through an initiative led by Monarchy New Zealand. In 2009, former Prime Minister John Key said he was "not convinced it [a republic] will be a big issue in the short term",[66] but that he thinks a republic is "inevitable"; since this statement he has affirmed his support for the monarchy and made it clear that while he was prime minister a republic would not happen "on his watch".[67]
Green
Support for a republic is strongest amongst the supporters of the
Minor parties
During a debate for the
Former
Governors-general
In 2004 former Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard said publicly that the monarch should be replaced by a New Zealand head of state. Her predecessor, Sir Paul Reeves has stated that he would not oppose a republic. Sir Michael Hardie Boys has supported the status quo.[33] On 29 July 2006, outgoing Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright stated she had no views as to whether New Zealand becomes a republic, noting: "We often overlook the intense loyalty and love the Māori people have for the Queen – probably more intense than many people of European descent. This is a history that's never going to die."[72]
Constitutional issues
New Zealand is a unitary state and does not have a codified, entrenched constitution. Some have argued New Zealand is a de facto republic.[60][73] New Zealand has made constitutional changes without difficulty in the past, such as the abolition of its upper house of parliament in 1951, the introduction of proportional representation in 1996 and most recently the creation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand as the court of final appeal. Legal academics have espoused the view that the legal changes required for a republic are not complex.[1][74][75][76] Some have argued that the changes required are less radical than the move to MMP in 1996.[77]
Type of republic
Most proponents of a republic, such as Sir
Treaty of Waitangi / Te Tiriti o Waitangi
The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi) is an agreement signed between Māori tribes and representatives of the British Crown, signed in 1840. Because of the relationship between Māori and the Crown, the Treaty of Waitangi is often cited as a constitutional issue for a New Zealand republic.[1] Some academics expressed concern that governments could use republicanism to evade treaty responsibilities.[81] With the division of the Crown between the United Kingdom and New Zealand following the passing of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947,[82] the "Crown in Right of New Zealand" became party to the Treaty.[83] Legal academics state that the Treaty would be unaffected by New Zealand becoming a republic, as the new head of state would inherit the Crown's responsibilities. In 2004, Professor Noel Cox argued "In strict legal terms, if New Zealand became a republic tomorrow it would make no difference to the Treaty of Waitangi. Speaking as a lawyer, it's a long-established principle that successive governments take on responsibility for previous agreements."[84][85]
Realm of New Zealand
The Realm of New Zealand consists of New Zealand proper and two states in free association, Niue and the Cook Islands. Should New Zealand become a republic, the Realm of New Zealand would continue to exist without New Zealand, the Ross Dependency and Tokelau.[86] This would not be a legal hurdle to a New Zealand republic,[87] and both the Cook Islands and Niue would retain their status as associated states with New Zealand, as New Zealand shares its head of state with the Cook Islands and Niue in the same way the United Kingdom shares its head of state with the other Commonwealth realms.
Commonwealth membership
Following the
See also
- Lobby groups
- Former political parties
- New Zealand Republican Party (1967)
- New Zealand Republican Party (1995)
- The Republic of New Zealand Party
References
Citations
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Bibliography
- Cox, Noel (2008). A Constitutional History of the New Zealand Monarchy: The evolution of the New Zealand monarchy and the recognition of an autochthonous polity. ISBN 978-3-639-00877-7.
- Holden, Lewis (2009). The New Zealand Republic Handbook - a guide to creating the New Zealand republic. ISBN 978-0-473-15257-4.
- ISBN 978-1-869-40875-6.
- Hamer, D.A. (1990). The Making of Wellington, 1800-1914. Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0864732002.
- Knight, Dean R. (1 August 2011). "Patriating Our Head of State: A Simpler Path?". In Morris, Caroline; Boston, Jonathan; Butler, Petra (eds.). Reconstituting the Constitution. Springer. pp. 107–120. S2CID 150918595.
- ISBN 9781776560868.
- Whelan, Alan; Cook, Barrie (1997). New Zealand Republic. Wellington: Niu Pacific Limited. ISBN 0473047802.
External links
- Res Publica : New Zealand international anti-monarchy Web directory
- Monarchy New Zealand
- New Zealand Republic