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The [[martial arts]] actor [[Bruce Lee]] is well known as a person who was born in the [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown of San Francisco]].<ref>http://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451</ref> Other notable [[Chinese Americans]] such as politician [[Gary Locke]] and NBA player [[Jeremy Lin]] grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns. Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters. |
The [[martial arts]] actor [[Bruce Lee]] is well known as a person who was born in the [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown of San Francisco]].<ref>http://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451</ref> Other notable [[Chinese Americans]] such as politician [[Gary Locke]] and NBA player [[Jeremy Lin]] grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns. Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters. |
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A negotiation board game by the name of Chinatown features themes and aspects of the immigrant experience from [[Chinatown, New York City|New York's Chinatown]] during the late 1960's.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/47/chinatown|title=Chinatown|website=BoardGameGeek|access-date=2017-08-30}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 20:31, 30 August 2017
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Template:Contains Chinese text A Chinatown (
The development of most Chinatowns typically resulted from mass migration to an area without any, or with very few Chinese residents.
Definition
The
Further ambiguities with the term can include Chinese
In some cities in Spain, the term denotes an area, neighborhood or district where prostitution or other businesses related to the sex industry are concentrated; i.e. a red-light district. Some examples of this are the Chinatown of Salamanca and the Chinatown of Barcelona, although in Barcelona there was a small Chinese community in the 1930s.
History
Trading centres populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughout
As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, which was to provide a transitional place into a new culture. As net migration has slowed into them, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving as ethnic enclaves.[10]
In Asia
Binondo's Chinatown located in Manila, Philippines is the oldest Chinatown in the world, established in 1594.[11]
Several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those in
Chinese presence in
The Chinatown centered on Yaowarat Road in Bangkok, Thailand, was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782.[16]
In the West
An early enclave of Chinese people emerged in the 1830s in
The
Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the
The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially when labor disputes arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with the
Other Chinatowns in European capitals, including
France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of Wenzhou, in the Zhejiang province of China. Significant Chinatowns sprung up in Belleville and the 13th arrondissement of Paris.
-
-
Chinatown, San Francisco, one of the largest Chinatowns in North America -
Paifang gate to Chinatown, Boston
1970s to the present
By the late 1970s, refugees and exiles from the Vietnam War played a significant part in the redevelopment of Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many existing Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past had been largely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China.
In 2001, the events of September 11 have resulted in a mass migration of about 14,000 Chinese workers from Manhattan's Chinatown to Montville, Connecticut due to the fall of the garment industry and workers transitioning to casino jobs fueled by the development of the Mohegan Sun casino.
In 2012,
Chinese-themed shopping centers
In recent years, Chinese-themed shopping centers have started to take on a role as historical and touristic centers, though the centers themselves are not "Chinatowns" by definition, usually as they are built in areas where the Chinese populations are intermixed with the general population at large. For example, the "Chinatown" in
Characteristics
The features described below are characteristic of many modern Chinatowns.
Demographics
The early Chinatowns such as those in
Architectural styles
Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese as
Paifangs usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from the
-
Entrance to Chinatown, Sydney -
Paifang inPhiladelphia -
Paifang in Buenos Aires, Argentina -
Chinatown, Boston looking towards the paifang -
-
Chinatown entry arch inNewcastle, England -
Chinese Garden of Friendship, part ofSydney Chinatown -
Chinese stone lions at the Chinatown gate in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada -
Harbin Gates in Chinatown of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada -
Millennium Gate on Pender Street in Chinatown ofVancouver, British Columbia, Canada -
Chinese Cultural Centre in Calgary, Alberta, Canada -
Chinese language signs
Chinese characters are very commonly seen in areas officially labeled as "Chinatown", and many stores that are located in such districts use Chinese calligraphy on storefront signs. Many Chinatowns, such as the one in Oakland, California, employ bilingual street signs that are in Chinese as well as English.
In
-
Street signs in Oakland Chinatown in English and Chinese -
McDonald's in the Triangle de Choisy in Paris -
The 700 block ofNorthwest, Washington, D.C.showing a Subway restaurant with Chinese characters. -
Neon signs in Chinese and Thai adorn buildings alongsideBangkok's Chinatown
.JPG)
.jpg)
Chinese restaurants
 | This section contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. (March 2015) |
Most Chinatowns are centered on food, and as a result Chinatowns worldwide are usually popular destinations for various ethnic Chinese and other Asian cuisines such as Vietnamese, Thai, and Malaysian. Some Chinatowns, such as in Singapore, have developed their own localized style of Chinese cuisine. Chinatown restaurants serve both as major economic components and as social gathering places. In the Chinatowns in many western countries, restaurant work may be the only type of employment available for poorer immigrants, especially those who cannot converse fluently in the language of the adopted country. Most Chinatowns generally have a range of authentic and tourist-oriented restaurants.
Some restaurants in Chinatown do not cater towards non-Chinese customers. Because of ethnic Chinese immigration and the expanded palate of many contemporary cultures, the remaining
Cantonese seafood restaurants
These types of restaurants flourished and became in vogue in Hong Kong during the 1960s, and subsequently began opening in various Chinatowns overseas. Owing to their higher menu prices and greater amount of investment capital required to open and manage one (due to higher levels of staffing needed), they tend to be more common in Chinatowns and satellite communities in developed countries and in fairly affluent Chinese immigrant communities, notably in Australia, Canada, and the United States, where they have received significant population of Hong Kong Chinese émigrés. Poorer immigrants usually cannot start these kinds of restaurants, although they too are employed in them. There are generally fewer of them in the older Chinatowns; for example, they are practically non-existent in Vancouver's Chinatown, but are found in its suburbs such as Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Competition between these restaurants is often fierce; hence owners of seafood restaurants hire and even "steal" the best chefs, many of whom are from Hong Kong.[citation needed]
Barbecue delicatessens/restaurants
Also, Chinese
Vietnamese immigrants, both ethnic Chinese and non-Chinese, have opened restaurants in many Chinatowns, serving Vietnamese pho beef noodle soups and Franco-Vietnamese sandwiches. Some immigrants have also started restaurants serving Teochew Chinese cuisine. Some Chinatowns both old and new may also contain several pan-Asian restaurants offering a variety of Asian noodles under one roof.
Localized cuisines
Chop suey and chow mein eateries (United States)
Often lit by neon signage, restaurants offering chop suey or chow mein, mainly for the benefit of non-Chinese customers, were frequent in older Chinatowns. These dishes also are offered in standard barbecue restaurants and takeouts (take-away restaurants).
Chifas (Peru)
A special feature of the Chinatown in
Chinese and Asian businesses
Most Chinatown businesses are engaged in the
Markets and supermarkets
In addition to the restaurant trade, grocery stores and seafood markets serve a key function in Chinatown economies, and these stores sell Chinese ingredients to such restaurants as well as to the general public. Some markets are
Stores also sell a variety of grocery items imported from East Asia (chiefly Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea) and Southeast Asia (principally Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia). For example, most Chinatown markets stock items such as sacks of Thai
Chinese bakeries
Many Chinatowns have had ethnic bakeries for years, offering a large variety of steamed, boiled, or fried delicacies as well as baked goods. Most of the foods on offer were of Chinese origin, but storekeepers often added items adopted or adapted from the surrounding national culture. Chinese bakeries in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan were especially influential in mixing ingredients and techniques from other world cultures, developing new foods that have become standard items. In North America and elsewhere, the non-Chinese population has gradually discovered these delicacies, and Chinese bakeries have begun to sell their products to a wider market.
Religious supplies
In keeping with
These businesses also sell red, wooden Buddhist altars and small statues for worship. Per Chinese custom, an offering of fresh oranges is usually placed in front of the statue in the altar. Sometimes altars are stacked atop each other. These altars may be found in many Chinatown businesses as well as homes, to bring good luck and prosperity.
Antiquated features
Many early Chinatowns featured large numbers of Chinese-owned
These traditional businesses no longer exist in many Chinatowns and have been replaced by Chinese grocery stores, restaurants that serve more authentic Chinese cuisine, and other establishments. While opium dens no longer exist, illegal basement gambling parlors are still places of recreation in many Chinatowns, where men gather to play mahjong and other games.
Annual events
Many Chinatowns close off streets for
Chinese New Year
Most Chinatowns present Chinese New Year (also known as Lunar New Year) festivities with dragon and lion dances accompanied by the rhythm of clashing cymbals, clanging on a gong, clapping of hardwood clappers, pounding of drums, and loud Chinese firecrackers. Special performances are held in front of Chinese businesses, where the "lion" character attempts to "eat" a head of lettuce or to catch an orange in its mouth. The lion costume typically contains two dancers, and performances may involve several athletic stunts. Dragon dancers often perform in larger groups, animating a long tubular dragon costume. In return, storekeepers usually donate some money to the performers, who usually belong to local martial arts clubs.
Ironically, many lion and dragon dances are considered better preserved in true form in overseas Chinatowns rather than in China itself. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that traditional Chinese customs, including lion and dragon dances, were unable to flourish during the political and social instabilities of
Chinese New Year dragon and lion dances are intended particularly to scare off evil spirits and bring good fortune to the community. They are also specially commissioned to celebrate a
Mid-Autumn Festival
The Mid-Autumn Festival or "August Moon Festival" is an annual celebration that occurs sometime between August to October, depending on the lunar calendar and local customs. Many stores sell special
Miss Chinatown Beauty Pageant
Some Chinatowns hold an annual "Miss Chinatown" beauty pageant, such as Miss New York Chinese Pageant (formerly known as Miss Greater Chinatown NYC Beauty Pageant), "Miss Chinatown San Francisco," "Mr & Miss Chinatown Philippines," "Miss Chinatown Hawaii," "Miss Chinatown Houston" or "Miss Chinatown Atlanta"[citation needed].
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CelebratingBrooklyn Chinatown -
Moon festival lantern parade in Chinatown, Los Angeles, 1954 -
Like Chinese worldwide, the people in Calgary, Alberta's Chinatown perform dragon dances for good luck -
Mooncakes, often eaten during the Mid-Autumn festival
Benevolent and business associations
.JPG)
A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a common
Some examples include San Francisco's prominent
The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active in Chinatown, London. Paris has an institution in the Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the former French Indochina.
Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned with ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active.
Names
English
Although the term "Chinatown" was first used in Asia, it does not come from a Chinese language. Its earliest appearance seems to have been in connection with the Chinese quarter of Singapore, which by 1844 was already being called "China Town" or "Chinatown" by the British colonial government.[35][36] This may have been a word-for-word translation into English of the Malay name for that quarter, which in those days was probably "Kampong China" or possibly "Kota China" or "Kampong Tionghua/Chunghwa/Zhonghua".
The first appearance of a Chinatown outside Singapore may have been in 1852, in a book by the Rev. Hatfield, who applied the term to the Chinese part of the main settlement on the remote South Atlantic island of
One of the earliest American usages dates to 1855, when San Francisco newspaper The Daily Alta California described a "pitched battle on the streets of [SF's] Chinatown." [38] Other Alta articles from the late 1850s make it clear that areas called "Chinatown" existed at that time in several other California cities, including Oroville and San Andres.[39][40] By 1869, "Chinatown had acquired its full modern meaning all over the U.S. and Canada. For instance, an Ohio newspaper wrote: "From San Diego to Sitka..., every town and hamlet has its 'Chinatown'."[41]
In British publications before the 1890s, "Chinatown" appeared mainly in connection with California. At first, Australian and New Zealand journalists also regarded Chinatowns as Californian phenomena. However, they began using the term to denote local Chinese communities as early as 1861 in Australia[42] and 1873 in New Zealand.[43] In most other countries, the custom of calling local Chinese communities "Chinatowns" is not older than the twentieth century.
Several alternate English names for Chinatown include China Town (generally used in
Chinese
In
A more modern Chinese name is 華埠 (Cantonese: Waa Fau, Mandarin: Huábù) meaning "Chinese City", used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs. Bù, pronounced sometimes in Mandarin as fù, usually means seaport; but in this sense, it means city or town. Likewise, Tong yan fau ( 唐人埠 Tángrén bù "Tang people's town") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation of Chinatown—Zhōngguó Chéng ( 中國城) is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in various Chinatowns.
Some Chinatowns have unique Chinese names used by the local Chinese. For example, the Chinese name for Chinatown in Singapore is Niúchēshǔi ( 牛车水), which literally means "ox-cart water" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. The Chinatown in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, while officially known as Petaling Street (Malay:Jalan Petaling), Malaysian Chinese call the street by its Cantonese name ci4 cong2 gaai1 ( 茨厂街, pinyin: Cíchǎng Jiē), literally "tapioca factory street", after a tapioca starch factory that once stood in the area. In Manila, the area is called Mínlúnluò Qū 岷倫洛區, literally the "district near the Rivers Mín Coherent to the River Luò". This is however a transliteration of the local term "Binondo" and an allusion to its proximity to the Pasig River.
Other languages
In
The Spanish-language term is usually barrio chino (Chinese neighborhood; plural: barrios chinos), used in Spain and Latin America. (However, barrio chino or its Catalan cognate barri xinès do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.).
The Vietnamese term for Chinatown is Khu người Hoa (Chinese district) or phố Tàu (Chinese street). Vietnamese language is prevalent in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Montreal as ethnic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them.
In Japanese, the term "chūkagai" (literally "Chinese Street") is the translation used for
Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such as Dutch and German.
Locations
Africa
There are three noteworthy Chinatowns in Africa located in the coastal African nations of Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa. South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa. Derrick Avenue in Cyrildene, Johannesburg hosts South Africa's largest Chinatown.
Americas
In the
The oldest Chinatown in the Americas is in
-
Manhattan Chinatown
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San Francisco's Chinatown -
Entrance to Victoria's Chinatown -
Arch honors Chinese-Mexican community of Mexico City, built in 2008, Articulo 123 Street
Asia
Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of
-
Yokohama Chinatown's Goodwill Gate in Japan -
Kan Yin Temple (Kwan Yin Si), a place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago, also serves as a Mandarin school -
-
Chinese New Year celebrated inChinatown, Kolkata, India.
Australia and Oceania
The
Sydney's main Chinatown centers on Sussex Street in the Sydney downtown. It stretches from Central Station in the east to Darling Harbour in the west, and is Australia's largest Chinatown.
The
Chinatown Gold Coast is a precinct in the Central Business District of Southport, Queensland, that runs through Davenport Street and Young Street. The precinct extends between Nerang Street in the north and Garden Street/Scarborough Street east-west. Redevelopment of the precinct was established in 2013 and completed in 2015 in time for Chinese New Year celebrations.
There are additional Chinatowns in Brisbane and Perth in Australia.
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Paifang at Sydney Chinatown
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Paifang at Bendigo Chinese Precinct -
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Melbourne Chinatown entrance at Little Bourke Street
Europe
Several urban Chinatowns exist in major European capital cities. There is
The
In the United Kingdom, several exist in Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Manchester and Newcastle Upon Tyne. The Chinatown in Liverpool is the oldest Chinese community in Europe.[51] The Chinatown in London was established in the Limehouse district in the late 19th century. The Chinatown in Manchester is located in central Manchester.
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Map of Chinatown Milan -
Gate of Chinatown, Liverpool England, is the largest multiple-span arch outside of China, in the oldest Chinese community in Europe -
Gerrard Street, Chinatown, London -
Chinatown in Birmingham, England -
In popular culture
Chinatowns have been referenced in various films including
Chinatowns have also been mentioned in the song "Kung Fu Fighting" by Carl Douglas whose song lyrics says "... There was funky China men from funky Chinatown...."[52]
The martial arts actor Bruce Lee is well known as a person who was born in the Chinatown of San Francisco.[53] Other notable Chinese Americans such as politician Gary Locke and NBA player Jeremy Lin grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns. Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters.
A negotiation board game by the name of Chinatown features themes and aspects of the immigrant experience from
See also
- Africans in Guangzhou, the largest people of the African diaspora living in China
- Chinatown bus lines
- Europe Street, a street in China dedicated to European culture
- Jack Manion San Francisco's Chinatown squad
- List of ethnic enclaves in North American cities
- List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations
References
Citations
- ^ "Connecticut's Unexpected Chinatowns".
- ^ "Fortune, friction and decline as casino 'Chinatown' matures".
- ^ "Definition of Chinatown".
- ^ "Where You Live Chinatown". Archived from the original on 2014-03-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America".
- ^ Asians in Thriving Enclaves Keep Distance From Whites
- ^ "Chinatown Revisited".
- ^ "From Chinatown to Ghost Town". Nhpr.org. 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ Raitisoja, Geni "Chinatown Manila: Oldest in the world", Tradio86.com, July 8, 2006, accessed March 19, 2011.
- ^ Takekoshi, Yosaburo (2004). economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan, Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 124.
- ^ Li, Qingxin (2006). Maritime Silk Road. China International Press. p. 157.
- ^ Abeyesekere, Susan (1987). Jakarta: A History. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. p. 6.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Taipei Times article
- ^ "The History of Chinatown Bangkok". Yaowarat Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ a b "History of Liverpool Chinatown". The Liverpool Chinatown Business Association. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Documentary film about the early history of San Francisco's Chinatown, KPIX-TV, 1963.
- ISBN 978-0-7627-1076-8. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ Sales, Rosemary; d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. "London's Chinatown" in Donald, Stephanie; Kohman, Eleonore; Kevin, Catherine. (eds) (2009). Branding Cities: Cosmopolitanism, Parochialism, and Social Change. Routledge. pp. 45–58.
- ^ Melia Robinson (May 27, 2015). "This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest growing Chinatowns in the world". Business Insider. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
- ^ "Albany's new 'Chinatown' features teahouse; other businesses sought". Bizjournals.com. 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ "Developers Plan Chinatown Outside Raleigh". Wwaytv3.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The Best Chinese Probably Isn't In Chinatown". Huffingtonpost.com. 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
- ^ Bonnie Tsui. American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods.
- ^ "Chinatown Area Plan (San Francisco Chinatown)". Archived from the original on 2014-05-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Chinatown Philadelphia PA".
- ^ "China City Of America: New Disney-Like Chinese-Themed Development Plans To Bring $6 Billion To Catskills In New York State".
- ^ "American FactFinder". Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The End of Chinatown". Theatlantic.com. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ John Marzulli (May 9, 2011). "Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities". New York: © Copyright 2012 NY Daily News.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing". QueensBuzz.com. January 25, 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
- ^ "Trade and Commerce in Singapore". Simmond's Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany: 335. Jan–Apr 1844. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ Sydney Morning Herald. 1844-07-23. p. 2.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Hatfield, Edwin F. (1852). St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope. p. 197.
- ^ Alta California. 1855-12-12. p. 1.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Alta California. 1857-12-12. p. 1.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Alta California. 1858-06-04. p. 2.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Defiance Democrat. 1869-06-12. p. 5.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Ballarat Star. 1861-02-16. p. 2.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Tuapeka Times. 1873-02-06. p. 4.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b Bacon, Daniel: Walking the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd ed., page 50, Quicksilver Press, 1997
- ^ a b Richards, Rand: Historic San Francisco, 2nd Ed., page 198, Heritage House Publishers, 2007
- ^ a b Morris, Charles: San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire, pgs. 151-152, University of Illinois Press, 2002
- ^ "Chinatown Vancouver Online". Vancouverchinatown.ca. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
- ISBN 978-0-307-27824-1. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ^ "China Town Antwerpen". Chinatown-antwerpen.be. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
- ^ "What happened to cardiff china town? - Discussion Board". Britishchineseonline.com. 2005-10-05. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
- ^ "Liverpool and it's Chinese Children". Halfandhalf.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
- ^ Carl Douglas. "Kung Fu Fighting".
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ http://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451
- ^ "Chinatown". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Sources
- Chew, James R. "Boyhood Days in Winnemucca, 1901–1910." Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 1998 41(3): 206–209. ISSN 0047-9462 Oral history (1981) describes the Chinatown of Winnemucca, Nevada, during 1901–10. Though many Chinese left Winnemucca after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, around four hundred Chinese had formed a community in the town by the 1890s. Among the prominent buildings was the Joss House, a place of worship and celebration that was visited by Chinese president Sun Yat-Sen in 1911. Beyond describing the physical layout of the Chinatown, the author recalls some of the commercial and gambling activities in the community.
- ISBN 0975925571, San Francisco's Chinatown during the 1906 earthquake and in the early 1920s. ([1])
- "Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain", K. Scott Wong, Melus (Vol. 20, Issue 1), 1995. Scholarly work discussing the negative perceptions and imagery of old Chinatowns.
- Pan, Lynn. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (1994). Book with detailed histories of Chinese diaspora communities (Chinatowns) from San Francisco, Honolulu, Bangkok, Manila, Johannesburg, Sydney, London, Lima, etc.
- Williams, Daniel. "Chinatown Is a Hard Sell in Italy", Washington PostForeign Service, March 1, 2004; Page A11.
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