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'''Christopher Edward Nolan''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|l|ə|n}}; born 30 July 1970) is an English [[film director]], [[screenwriter]], and [[Film producer|producer]] who holds both British and American citizenship. He is one of the [[List of highest-grossing directors|highest-grossing directors in history]].
'''Christopher Edward Nolan''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|l|ə|n}}; born 30 July 1970) is an English [[film director]], [[screenwriter]], and [[Film producer|producer]] who holds both British and American citizenship. He is one of the [[List of highest-grossing directors|highest-grossing directors in history]], and among the most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of his time.


Having made his directorial debut with ''[[Following]]'' (1998), Nolan gained considerable attention for his second feature ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000), for which he was nominated for [[List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan|numerous accolades]], including the [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]]. The acclaim garnered by his [[independent films]] gave Nolan the opportunity to make the big-budget thriller ''[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]'' (2002) and the mystery drama ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'' (2006). He found further popular and critical success with ''[[The Dark Knight Trilogy]]'' (2005–2012); ''[[Inception]]'' (2010), which received eight Academy Award nominations, including for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and Best Original Screenplay; ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' (2014); and ''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017), which earned him his first Academy Award nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. His ten films have grossed over US$4.7{{nbsp}}billion worldwide and garnered a total of 34 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominations and ten wins. Nolan has co-written several of his films with his brother [[Jonathan Nolan|Jonathan]], and runs the production company [[Syncopy Inc.]] with his wife [[Emma Thomas]].
Having made his directorial debut with ''[[Following]]'' (1998), Nolan gained considerable attention for his second feature ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000), for which he was nominated for [[List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan|numerous accolades]], including the [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]]. The acclaim garnered by his [[independent films]] gave Nolan the opportunity to make the big-budget thriller ''[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]'' (2002) and the mystery drama ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'' (2006). He found further popular and critical success with ''[[The Dark Knight Trilogy]]'' (2005–2012); ''[[Inception]]'' (2010), which received eight Academy Award nominations, including for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and Best Original Screenplay; ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' (2014); and ''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017), which earned him his first Academy Award nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. His ten films have grossed over US$4.7{{nbsp}}billion worldwide and garnered a total of 34 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominations and ten wins. Nolan has co-written several of his films with his brother [[Jonathan Nolan|Jonathan]], and runs the production company [[Syncopy Inc.]] with his wife [[Emma Thomas]].

Revision as of 20:12, 7 February 2019

For other people named Christopher Nolan, see Christopher Nolan (disambiguation).

Christopher Nolan
Filmmaker
Years active1989–present
Spouse
​
(m. 1997)​
Children4
RelativesJonathan Nolan (brother)
John Nolan (uncle)
Lisa Joy (sister-in-law)

Christopher Edward Nolan,

highest-grossing directors in history
, and among the most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of his time.

Having made his directorial debut with

The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005–2012); Inception (2010), which received eight Academy Award nominations, including for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay; Interstellar (2014); and Dunkirk (2017), which earned him his first Academy Award nomination for Best Director. His ten films have grossed over US$4.7 billion worldwide and garnered a total of 34 Oscar nominations and ten wins. Nolan has co-written several of his films with his brother Jonathan, and runs the production company Syncopy Inc. with his wife Emma Thomas
.

Nolan's films are typically rooted in

practical special effects, innovative soundscapes, large-format film photography, and analogous relationships between visual language and narrative elements. In addition to his filmmaking, he is an advocate for film preservation and the continued availability of film stock
.

Early life

Nolan attended University College London, and used its Flaxman Gallery for a scene in Inception (2010).[1]

Nolan was born in

2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and Star Wars (1977).[16] Around the age of eight, he made a stop motion animation homage to the latter called Space Wars. His uncle, who worked at NASA building guidance systems for the Apollo rockets, sent him some launch footage: "I re-filmed them off the screen and cut them in, thinking no-one would notice," Nolan later remarked.[4][17][18] From the age of eleven, he aspired to be a professional filmmaker.[13]

Career

1989–1997: Career beginnings

When Nolan's family relocated to Chicago during his formative years, he started making films with Adrien and

Public Broadcasting Service).[24] The second was Larceny (1995), filmed over a weekend in black and white with limited equipment and a small cast and crew.[25] Funded by Nolan and shot with the society's equipment, it appeared at the Cambridge Film Festival in 1996 and is considered one of UCL's best shorts.[26]

After earning his bachelor's degree in English literature in 1993, Nolan worked as a

corporate videos and industrial films.[22][7][27] He also made a third short, Doodlebug (1997), about a man chasing an insect around a flat with a shoe, only to discover when killing it that it is a miniature of himself.[28] During this period in his career, Nolan had little or no success getting his projects off the ground; he later recalled the "stack of rejection letters" that greeted his early forays into making films, adding "there's a very limited pool of finance in the UK. To be honest, it's a very clubby kind of place ... Never had any support whatsoever from the British film industry."[29]

1998–2004: Breakthrough

In 1998 Nolan directed his first feature,

social relations".[31] Following was made on a modest budget of £3,000, and was shot on weekends over the course of a year.[32] To conserve film stock, each scene in the film was rehearsed extensively to ensure that the first or second take could be used in the final edit.[33][34] Co-produced with Emma Thomas and Jeremy Theobald, Nolan wrote, photographed, and edited the film himself.[33] Following won several awards during its festival run[35][36] and was well received by critics; The New Yorker wrote that it "echoed Hitchcock classics", but was "leaner and meaner".[14] Janet Maslin of The New York Times was impressed with its "spare look" and agile hand-held camerawork, saying, "As a result, the actors convincingly carry off the before, during and after modes that the film eventually, and artfully, weaves together."[37] On 11 December 2012 it was released on DVD and Blu-ray as part of The Criterion Collection.[38]

[The] difference between shooting Following with a group of friends wearing our own clothes and my mum making sandwiches to spending $4 million of somebody else's money on Memento and having a crew of a hundred people is, to this day, by far the biggest leap I've ever made.

—Nolan (in 2012) on the jump from his first film to his second.[30]

As a result of Following's success, Nolan was afforded the opportunity to make his breakthrough hit

Independent Spirit Awards for Best Director and Best Screenplay, and a Directors Guild of America (DGA) Award nomination.[45][46] Memento was considered by numerous critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s.[47] In 2017, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[48]

Oscar-winning film director Steven Soderbergh (pictured) supported Nolan in his transition to studio filmmaking.

Impressed by his work on Memento, Steven Soderbergh recruited Nolan to direct the psychological thriller Insomnia (2002), starring Academy Award winners Al Pacino, Robin Williams, and Hilary Swank.[49] Warner Bros. initially wanted a more seasoned director, but Soderbergh and his Section Eight Productions fought for Nolan, as well as his choice of cinematographer (Wally Pfister) and editor (Dody Dorn).[50] With a $46 million budget, it was described as "a much more conventional Hollywood film than anything the director has done before".[49] A remake of the 1997 Norwegian film of the same name, Insomnia is about two Los Angeles detectives sent to a northern Alaskan town to investigate the murder of a local teenager. It received positive reviews from critics and performed well at the box office, earning $113 million worldwide.[51][52] Film critic Roger Ebert praised the film for introducing new perspectives and ideas on the issues of morality and guilt. "Unlike most remakes, the Nolan Insomnia is not a pale retread, but a re-examination of the material, like a new production of a good play."[53] Erik Skjoldbjærg, the director of the original film, was satisfied with Nolan's version, calling it a "well crafted, smart film ... with a really good director handling it".[54] Richard Schickel of Time deemed Insomnia a "worthy successor" to Memento, and "a triumph of atmosphere over a none-too-mysterious mystery".[55]

After Insomnia, Nolan planned a

Fox Searchlight Pictures, but eventually left the project, citing the similarities to his previous films.[59]

2005–2013: Mainstream and critical success

In early 2003 Nolan approached Warner Bros. with the idea of making a new

BAFTA awards.[67][68] On the film's 10th anniversary, Forbes published an article describing its influence: "Reboot became part of our modern vocabulary, and superhero origin stories became increasingly en vogue for the genre. The phrase "dark and gritty" likewise joined the cinematic lexicon, influencing our perception of different approaches to storytelling not only in the comic book film genre but in all sorts of other genres as well."[69]

Before returning to the Batman franchise, Nolan directed, co-wrote, and produced

Best Art Direction),[73] and earned over $109 million worldwide.[74][75] Roger Ebert described it as "quite a movie – atmospheric, obsessive, almost satanic".[76] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called it an "ambitious, unnerving melodrama".[77] Philip French wrote in his review for The Guardian: "In addition to the intellectual or philosophical excitement it engenders, The Prestige is gripping, suspenseful, mysterious, moving and often darkly funny."[78]

The Dark Knight at the 2008 European premiere in London.
The cast of Inception
at the premiere in July 2010.

In July 2006 Nolan announced that the follow-up to Batman Begins would be called

Academy Award for Best Sound Editing and a posthumous Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Heath Ledger.[89] Nolan was recognised by his peers with nominations from the DGA, Writers Guild of America (WGA), and Producers Guild of America (PGA).[45] Ten years after its release, Bilge Ebiri of The Village Voice wrote, "Its politics have been discussed ad infinitum. Its stylistic influence has become ubiquitous, then passé, then somehow aspirational ... The Dark Knight is perhaps the most powerful exploration of guilt the modern American blockbuster has given us."[90]

After The Dark Knight's success, Warner Bros. signed Nolan to direct

Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects.[98] Nolan also received BAFTA, Golden Globe, DGA, and PGA Award nominations, as well as a WGA Award for his work on the film.[45] While in post-production on Inception, Nolan gave an interview for These Amazing Shadows (2011), a documentary spotlighting film appreciation and preservation by the National Film Registry.[99] He also appeared in Side by Side (2012), a documentary about the history, process, and workflow of both digital and photochemical film creation.[100]

In 2012 Nolan directed his third and final Batman film,

a gunman opened fire inside the theater, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.[107] Nolan released a statement to the press expressing his condolences for the victims of what he described as a senseless tragedy.[108]

Nolan at the 2013 premiere of Man of Steel in London

During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises in 2010, Goyer told Nolan of his idea to present Superman in a modern context.[109][110] Impressed with Goyer's first contact concept, Nolan pitched the idea for Man of Steel (2013) to Warner Bros,[109] who hired Nolan to produce and Goyer to write.[111][112] Nolan offered Zack Snyder to direct the film, based on his stylized adaptations of 300 (2007) and Watchmen (2009) and his "innate aptitude for dealing with superheroes as real characters".[113] Starring Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Kevin Costner, Russell Crowe, and Michael Shannon, Man of Steel grossed more than $660 million at the worldwide box office, but received a divided critical reaction.[114][115] However, Nolan was thoroughly impressed by Snyder's work, saying that the director "knocked it out of the park", and believed the film would have the same potential to excite audiences as when he himself saw the Christopher Reeve version in 1978.[116]

2014–present: Large-scale epics and film preservation

In 2014 Nolan and Emma Thomas served as executive producers on Transcendence, the directorial debut of Nolan's longtime cinematographer Wally Pfister.[117][118] Starring Johnny Depp, Rebecca Hall, Paul Bettany, Kate Mara, Cillian Murphy, and Morgan Freeman, Transcendence was released in theaters on 18 April 2014 to mostly unfavorable reviews and disappointing box office results.[119][120] A. A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a C- rating, pointing out that "[Pfister] lacks Nolan's talent for weaving grand pop spectacle out of cultural anxieties."[121]

Nolan's younger brother, Jonathan, co-wrote the screenplay for Interstellar.

Nolan also directed, wrote, and produced the science-fiction film

Best Sound Editing and Best Production Design.[134] Nolan curated the short film Emic: A Time Capsule From the People of Earth (2015). It was specifically inspired by the themes of Interstellar, and "attempts to capture and celebrate the human experience on Earth".[135][136]

In 2015 Nolan's production company Syncopy formed a joint venture with

non-profit organization dedicated to film preservation.[140] Having been instrumental in keeping Kodak and the production of film stock alive in the 2010s, Nolan and visual artist Tacita Dean invited representatives from leading American film archives, labs, and presenting institutions to participate in an informal summit entitled Reframing the Future of Film at the Getty Museum in March 2015.[141][142] Subsequent events were held at Tate Modern in London, Museo Tamayo in Mexico City, and Tata Theatre in Mumbai.[143] On 7 May it was announced that Nolan and Martin Scorsese had been appointed by the Library of Congress to serve on the National Film Preservation Board (NFPB) as DGA representatives.[144] Later that year, he was featured in the documentary Cinema Futures (2016) by Austrian filmmaker Michael Palm.[145] Nolan and Thomas opted to take a step back and only serve as executive producers on Zack Snyder's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and Justice League (2017), the sequels to Man of Steel.[146][147]

In 2017, Nolan directed and produced

little ships of Dunkirk. "We did it at the same time of year to get a sense of what it was like, and it turned out to be an incredibly dangerous experience. And that was with no bombs dropping on us."[148] For Dunkirk, Nolan said he was inspired by the work of Robert Bresson, silent films such as Intolerance (1916) and Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927), as well as by The Wages of Fear (1953).[149] Describing the film as a survival tale with a triptych structure, he wanted to make a "sensory, almost experimental movie" with minimal dialogue.[150] Nolan said he waited to make Dunkirk until he had earned the trust of a major studio to let him make it as a British film, but with an American budget.[151] Before filming, Nolan also sought advice from Spielberg, who later said in an interview with Variety, "Knowing and respecting that Chris [Nolan] is one of the world's most imaginative filmmakers, my advice to him was to leave his imagination, as I did on Ryan, in second position to the research he was doing to authentically acquit this historical drama."[152] Starring Fionn Whitehead, Jack Lowden, Aneurin Barnard, Harry Styles, Tom Hardy, Mark Rylance, Cillian Murphy, and Kenneth Branagh,[153] Dunkirk was released in theaters on 21 July 2017 to widespread critical acclaim and strong box office results,[154][155][156] grossing over $525 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing World War II film of all time. In his review, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote: "It's one of the best war films ever made, distinct in its look, in its approach and in the effect it has on viewers. There are movies—they are rare—that lift you out of your present circumstances and immerse you so fully in another experience that you watch in a state of jaw-dropped awe. Dunkirk is that kind of movie." Manohla Dargis of The New York Times lauded the film, calling it "a tour de force of cinematic craft and technique, but one that is unambiguously in the service of a sober, sincere, profoundly moral story that closes the distance between yesterday's fights and today's."[157] Dunkirk received eight nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards; winning one for Best Sound, three at the 75th Golden Globes, and eight at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director (Nolan's first Oscar nomination for directing); winning three for Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Film Editing.[158][159][160] Nolan was also nominated by the DGA and PGA, among other accolades.[161][162]

Nolan (right) with Keir Dullea, Katharina Kubrick, Ron Sanders and Jan Harlan at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.

In the months following the

2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), made from the original camera negative.[163] He presented the film at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, with members of Kubrick's family in attendance.[164] While in Cannes, Nolan also held a two-hour masterclass at the Palais des Festivals. USA Today observed that the director was greeted "like a rock star", and with a prolonged standing ovation.[165] After the premiere, Warner Bros. released the "unrestored" prints in a select few locations to both critical and commercial success.[166][167] In the spring of 2018, Nolan was featured in James Cameron's Story of Science Fiction, a documentary series about the science fiction genre.[168] On 25 January 2019, Warner Bros. set a 17 July 2020 release date for Nolan's next film, which is currently untitled.[169][170]

Filmmaking

Aesthetics

Regarded as an

shallow depth of field, and modern locations and architecture.[173] Aesthetically, the director favours deep, evocative shadows, documentary-style lighting, hand-held camera work, natural settings, and real filming locations over studio work.[174][175][176] Nolan has noted that many of his films are heavily influenced by film noir.[177] He has continuously experimented with metafictive elements, temporal shifts, elliptical cutting, solipsistic perspectives, nonlinear storytelling, labyrinthine plots, and the merging of style and form.[177][178][179][180] Discussing The Tree of Life (2011), Nolan spoke of Terrence Malick's work and how it has influenced his own approach to style, "When you think of a visual style, when you think of the visual language of a film, there tends to be a natural separation of the visual style and the narrative elements. But with the greats, whether it's Stanley Kubrick or Terrence Malick or Hitchcock, what you're seeing is an inseparable, a vital relationship between the image and the story it's telling".[181]

A map showing the structure of Memento (2000)

Drawing attention to the intrinsically manipulative nature of the medium, Nolan uses narrative and stylistic techniques (notably

crosscutting several scenes of parallel action to build to a climax.[177][184]

Embedded narratives and crosscutting between different time frames is a major component of Nolan's auteurship. Following contains four timelines and intercuts three; Memento intercuts two timelines, with one moving backward; The Prestige contains four timelines and intercuts three; Inception intercuts four timelines, all of them framed by a fifth.

point of view in his films, and makes frequent use of "the shot that walks into a room behind a character, because ... that takes [the viewer] inside the way that the character enters".[30] On narrative perspective, Nolan has said, "You don't want to be hanging above the maze watching the characters make the wrong choices because it's frustrating. You actually want to be in the maze with them, making the turns at their side."[188]

In collaboration with composer

Edith Piaf's song Non, je ne regrette rien.[186] For 2014's Interstellar, Zimmer and Nolan wanted to move in a new direction: "The textures, the music, and the sounds, and the thing we sort of created has sort of seeped into other people's movies a bit, so it's time to reinvent."[190] The score for Dunkirk was written to accommodate the auditory illusion of a Shepard tone. It was also based on a recording of Nolan's own pocket watch, which he sent to Zimmer to be synthesised.[186] Responding to some criticism over his experimental sound mix for Interstellar, Nolan remarked, "I've always loved films that approach sound in an impressionistic way and that is an unusual approach for a mainstream blockbuster ... I don't agree with the idea that you can only achieve clarity through dialogue. Clarity of story, clarity of emotions — I try to achieve that in a very layered way using all the different things at my disposal — picture and sound."[191]

Method

Films are subjective – what you like, what you don't like, but the thing for me that is absolutely unifying is the idea that every time I go to the cinema and pay my money and sit down and watch a film go up onscreen, I want to feel that the people who made that film think it's the best movie in the world, that they poured everything into it and they really love it. Whether or not I agree with what they've done, I want that effort there – I want that sincerity. And when you don't feel it, that's the only time I feel like I'm wasting my time at the movies.[192]

—Nolan, on sincerity and ambition in filmmaking.

Nolan has described his filmmaking process as a combination of intuition and geometry. "I draw a lot of diagrams when I work. I do a lot of thinking about etchings by Escher, for instance. That frees me, finding a mathematical model or a scientific model. I'll draw pictures and diagrams that illustrate the movement or the rhythm that I'm after."[193] Caltech physicist and Nobel Laureate Kip Thorne compared Nolan's intuition to scientists such as Albert Einstein, noting that the director intuitively grasped things non-scientists rarely understand.[194] Regarding his own decision-making of whether or not to start work on a project, Nolan has proclaimed a belief in the sincerity of his passion for something within the particular project in question as a basis for his selective thought.[195] A famously secretive filmmaker, Nolan is also known for his tight security on scripts, even going as far as telling the actors of The Dark Knight Rises the ending of the film verbally to avoid any leaks and also keeping the Interstellar plot secret from his composer Hans Zimmer.[196][197][198]

He prefers shooting on film to digital video, and opposes the use of digital intermediates and digital cinematography, which he feels are less reliable than film and offer inferior image quality. In particular, the director advocates for the use of higher-quality, larger-format film stock such as anamorphic 35 mm, VistaVision, 65 mm, and IMAX.[30][199] Nolan uses multi-camera for stunts and single-camera for all the dramatic action, from which he then watches dailies every night, saying, "Shooting single-camera means I've already seen every frame as it's gone through the gate because my attention isn't divided to multi-cameras."[30] He deliberately works under a tight schedule during the early stages of the editing process, forcing himself and his editor to work more spontaneously. "I always think of editing as instinctive or impressionist. Not to think too much, in a way, and feel it more."[193] Nolan also avoids using temp music while cutting his films.[200]

When working with actors, Nolan prefers giving them the time to perform as many takes of a given scene as they want. "I've come to realize that the lighting and camera setups, the technical things, take all the time, but running another take generally only adds a couple of minutes ... If an actor tells me they can do something more with a scene, I give them the chance, because it's not going to cost that much time. It can't all be about the technical issues."[30] Gary Oldman praised the director for providing a relaxed atmosphere on set, adding, "I've never seen him raise his voice to anyone." He observed that Nolan would give the actors space to "find things in the scene", and not just give direction for direction's sake.[201] Kenneth Branagh also recognised Nolan's ability to provide a harmonious work environment, comparing him with Danny Boyle and Robert Altman: "These are not people who try to trick or cajole or hector people. They sort of strip away the chaos."[202]

Nolan chooses to minimize the amount of

practical effects whenever possible, and only using CGI to enhance elements which he has photographed in camera. For instance, his films Batman Begins, Inception, and Interstellar featured 620, 500, and 850 visual-effects shots, respectively, which is considered minor when compared with contemporary visual-effects epics, which may have upwards of 1,500 to 2,000 VFX shots:[203] "I believe in an absolute difference between animation and photography. However sophisticated your computer-generated imagery is, if it's been created from no physical elements and you haven't shot anything, it's going to feel like animation. There are usually two different goals in a visual effects movie. One is to fool the audience into seeing something seamless, and that's how I try to use it. The other is to impress the audience with the amount of money spent on the spectacle of the visual effect, and that, I have no interest in".[30] Nolan shoots the entirety of his films with one unit, rather than using a second unit for action sequences. That way, Nolan keeps his personality and point of view in every aspect of the film. "If I don't need to be directing the shots that go in the movie, why do I need to be there at all? The screen is the same size for every shot ... Many action films embrace a second unit taking on all of the action. For me, that's odd because then why did you want to do an action film?"[30]

Themes

Nolan's work explores

existential, ethical, and epistemological themes such as subjective experience, distortion of memory, human morality, the nature of time, causality, and construction of personal identity.[204][205] "I'm fascinated by our subjective perception of reality, that we are all stuck in a very singular point of view, a singular perspective on what we all agree to be an objective reality, and movies are one of the ways in which we try to see things from the same point of view".[192][206] His films contain a notable degree of ambiguity and often examine the similarities between filmmaking and architecture.[207] Film critic Tom Shone described Nolan's oeuvre as "epistemological thrillers whose protagonists, gripped by the desire for definitive answers, must negotiate mazy environments in which the truth is always beyond their reach."[4] In an essay titled The rational wonders of Christopher Nolan, film critic Mike D'Angelo argues that the filmmaker is a materialist dedicated to exploring the wonders of the natural world. "Underlying nearly every film he's ever made, no matter how fanciful, is his conviction that the universe can be explained entirely by physical processes."[208]

paradoxes are prominently featured in Nolan's work.[192] The Penrose stairs featured in Inception as an example of the impossible objects that can be created in lucid dream
worlds.

Apart from the larger themes of corruption and conspiracy, his characters are often emotionally disturbed, obsessive, and morally ambiguous, facing the fears and anxieties of loneliness, guilt, jealousy, and greed. By grounding "everyday neurosis – our everyday sort of fears and hopes for ourselves" in a heightened reality, Nolan makes them more accessible to a universal audience.[209] The protagonists of Nolan's films are often driven by philosophical beliefs, and their fate is ambiguous.[210] In some of his films, the protagonist and antagonist are mirror images of each other, a point which is made to the protagonist by the antagonist. Through the clashing of ideologies, Nolan highlights the ambivalent nature of truth.[182] The director also uses his real-life experiences as an inspiration in his work, saying, "From a creative point of view, the process of growing up, the process of maturing, getting married, having kids, I've tried to use that in my work. I've tried to just always be driven by the things that were important to me."[211] Writing for The Playlist, Oliver Lyttelton singled out parenthood as a signature theme in Nolan's work, adding; "the director avoids talking about his private life, but fatherhood has been at the emotional heart of almost everything he's made, at least from Batman Begins onwards (previous films, it should be said, pre-dated the birth of his kids)."[212]

Nolan's most prominent recurring theme is the concept of

lucid dreaming and dream incubation.[216] The film's characters try to embed an idea in a person's mind without their knowledge, similar to Freud's theory that the unconscious influences one's behavior without one's knowledge.[217] Most of the film takes place in interconnected dream worlds; this creates a framework where actions in the real (or dream) worlds ripple across others. The dream is always in a state of emergence, shifting across levels as the characters navigate it.[218] Like Memento and The Prestige, Inception uses metaleptic storytelling devices and follows Nolan's "auteur affinity of converting, moreover, converging narrative and cognitive values into and within a fictional story".[219]

Nolan's work has often been the subject of extensive

9/11.[228] In 2018, the conservative magazine The American Spectator published an article, In Search of Christopher Nolan, writing, "All of Nolan's films, while maintaining a strong patriotism, plunges below the surface into the murky waters of philosophy, probing some of the deepest human struggles in our unfortunately postmodern age."[229] The article further argues that Dunkirk echoes the work of absurdist playwrights like Samuel Beckett and the bleak, existential novels of Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre.[229] Nolan has said that none of his films are intended to be political.[230]

Influences

Nolan has credited M. C. Escher as a major influence.

The filmmaker has often cited

Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. The director has called Memento a "strange cousin" to Funes the Memorious, and has said, "I think his writing naturally lends itself to a cinematic interpretation because it is all about efficiency and precision, the bare bones of an idea."[232]

Other filmmakers whom Nolan has cited as influences include

James Bond films,[244] citing them as a "a huge source of inspiration" and has expressed his admiration for the work of composer John Barry.[245]

Nolan's habit for employing non-linear storylines was particularly influenced by the

Pulp Fiction (1994), stating that he was "fascinated with what Tarantino had done".[30] Inception was partly influenced by Dante's Inferno.[207] For Interstellar, he mentioned a number of literary influences, including Flatland by Edwin Abbott Abbott, The Wasp Factory by Iain Banks, and Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time.[246] Other influences Nolan has credited include figurative painter Francis Bacon,[247] architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and authors Raymond Chandler, James Ellroy, Jim Thompson,[14] and Charles Dickens (A Tale of Two Cities was a major influence on The Dark Knight Rises).[248]

Views on the film industry

Christopher Nolan is a vocal proponent of the continued use of film stock, and prefers it over digital recording and projection formats, summing up his belief as, "I am not committed to film out of nostalgia. I am in favor of any kind of technical innovation but it needs to exceed what has gone before and so far nothing has exceeded anything that's come before".[249] Nolan's major concern is that the film industry's adoption of digital formats has been driven purely by economic factors as opposed to digital being a superior medium to film, saying, "I think, truthfully, it boils down to the economic interest of manufacturers and [a production] industry that makes more money through change rather than through maintaining the status quo."[30]

Nolan (right) and director Colin Trevorrow discussing the importance of film at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival

Shortly before Christmas of 2011, Nolan invited several prominent directors, including, Edgar Wright, Michael Bay, Bryan Singer, Jon Favreau, Eli Roth, Duncan Jones, and Stephen Daldry, to Universal CityWalk's IMAX theatre for a private screening of the first six minutes of The Dark Knight Rises, which had been shot on IMAX film and edited from the original camera negative. Nolan used this screening in an attempt to showcase the superiority of the IMAX format over digital, and to warn the filmmakers that unless they continued to assert their choice to use film in their productions, Hollywood movie studios would begin to phase out the use of film in favor of digital.[30][250] Nolan explained, "I wanted to give them a chance to see the potential, because I think IMAX is the best film format that was ever invented. It's the gold standard and what any other technology has to match up to, but none have, in my opinion. The message I wanted to put out there was that no one is taking anyone's digital cameras away. But if we want film to continue as an option, and someone is working on a big studio movie with the resources and the power to insist [on] film, they should say so. I felt as if I didn't say anything, and then we started to lose that option, it would be a shame. When I look at a digitally acquired and projected image, it looks inferior against an original negative anamorphic print or an IMAX one."[30] Nolan has lent out IMAX lenses from his personal collection to fellow directors to use on movies such as Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015).[251]

Nolan has been critical of

prime (non-zoom) lenses.[253] In particular, Nolan has criticized the loss of brightness caused by 3D projection, which can be up to three foot-lamberts dimmer. "You're not that aware of it because once you're 'in that world,' your eye compensates, but having struggled for years to get theaters up to the proper brightness, we're not sticking polarized filters in everything."[254] Nolan has also argued against the notion that traditional film does not create the illusion of depth perception, saying "I think it's a misnomer to call it 3D versus 2D. The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our depth cues come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading."[253]

Nolan is also an advocate for the importance of films being shown in large-screen cinema theaters as opposed to home video formats, as he believes that, "The theatrical window is to the movie business what live concerts are to the music business – and no one goes to a concert to be played an MP3 on a bare stage."[255] In 2014 Christopher Nolan wrote an article for The Wall Street Journal where he expressed concern that as the film industry transitions away from photochemical film towards digital formats, the difference between seeing films in theaters versus on other formats will become trivialised, leaving audiences no incentive to seek out a theatrical experience. Nolan further expressed concern that with content digitised, theaters of the future will be able to track best-selling films and adjust their programming accordingly, a process that favors large heavily marketed studio films, but will marginalise smaller innovative and unconventional pictures. In order to combat this, Nolan believes the industry needs to focus on improving the theatrical experience with bigger and more beautiful presentation formats that cannot be accessed or reproduced in the home, as well as embracing the new generation of aspiring young innovative filmmakers.[255] As a filmmaker he opposes motion interpolation, commonly referred to as the "soap opera effect", as the default setting on television.[256] In 2018, Nolan and Paul Thomas Anderson reached out to television manufacturers in an attempt to "try and give directors a voice in how the technical standards of our work can be maintained in the home."[257]

Recurring collaborators

His wife, Emma Thomas has co-produced all of his films (including Memento, in which she is credited as an associate producer). He regularly works with his brother, Jonathan Nolan (creator of Person of Interest and Westworld), who describes their working relationship in the production notes for The Prestige: "I've always suspected that it has something to do with the fact that he's left-handed and I'm right-handed, because he's somehow able to look at my ideas and flip them around in a way that's just a little bit more twisted and interesting. It's great to be able to work with him like that".[258] When working on separate projects, the brothers always consult each other.[259]

Composer Hans Zimmer, one of Nolan's most frequent collaborators

As a director, I'm sort of a human lens through which everyone's efforts are focused. A big part of my job is making decisions about how all the great talent that I'm working with blends into a single consciousness

—Nolan on collaboration and leadership.[260]

The director has worked with screenwriter David S. Goyer on all his comic-book adaptations.

Lee Smith has been Nolan's editor since Batman Begins, with Dody Dorn editing Memento and Insomnia.[264] David Julyan composed the music for Nolan's early work, while Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard provided the music for Batman Begins and The Dark Knight.[265] Zimmer scored The Dark Knight Rises, and has worked with Nolan on his subsequent films.[266] Zimmer has said his creative relationship with Nolan is highly collaborative, and that he considers Nolan a "co-creator" of the music.[267] The director has worked with sound designer Richard King and re-recording mixer Gary Rizzo since The Prestige.[268] Nolan has frequently collaborated with special-effects supervisor Chris Corbould,[269] stunt coordinator Tom Struthers[270] first assistant director Nilo Otero,[271] and visual effects supervisor Paul Franklin.[272] Production designer Nathan Crowley has worked with him since Insomnia (except for Inception).[273] Nolan has called Crowley one of his closest and most inspiring creative collaborators.[274] Casting director John Papsidera has worked on all of Nolan's films, except Following and Insomnia.[275]

Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Cillian Murphy, and Tom Hardy have been frequent collaborators since the mid-2000s. Caine is Nolan's most prolific collaborator, having appeared in seven of his films, and is regarded by Nolan to be his "good luck charm".[276] In return, Caine has described Nolan as "one of cinema's greatest directors", comparing him favorably with the likes of David Lean, John Huston, and Joseph L. Mankiewicz.[277][278][279] Nolan is also known for casting stars from the 1980s in his films, i.e. Rutger Hauer (Batman Begins), Eric Roberts (The Dark Knight), Tom Berenger (Inception), and Matthew Modine (The Dark Knight Rises).[280] Modine said of working with Nolan, "There are no chairs on a Nolan set, he gets out of his car and goes to the set. And he stands up until lunchtime. And then he stands up until they say 'Wrap'. He's fully engaged – in every aspect of the film."[281]

Personal life

Nolan and his wife Emma Thomas in January 2011

Nolan is married to

scientific objectivity, wishing it were applied "in every aspect of our civilization."[194]

Nolan prefers not to use a mobile phone or an email address,[287] saying, "It's not that I'm a Luddite and don't like technology; I've just never been interested ... When I moved to Los Angeles in 1997, nobody really had cell phones, and I just never went down that path."[288] He also prohibits use of phones on set.[289]

Recognition

Having made some of the most influential and popular films of his time,

Mark Cousins also applauded Nolan for embracing big ideas, "Hollywood filmmakers generally shy away from ideas — but not Christopher Nolan".[298] Scott Foundas of Variety declared Nolan "the premier big-canvas storyteller of his generation",[299] while Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called him "the great proceduralist of 21st century blockbuster filmmaking, a lover of nuts-and-bolts minutiae."[300]

The filmmaker has been praised by many of his contemporaries, and some have cited his work as influencing their own.

Michael Mann complimented Nolan for his "singular vision" and called him "a complete auteur".[303] Nicolas Roeg said of Nolan, "[His] films have a magic to them ... People talk about 'commercial art' and the term is usually self-negating; Nolan works in the commercial arena and yet there's something very poetic about his work."[303] Martin Scorsese identified Nolan as a filmmaker creating "beautifully made films on a big scale",[304]
and Luca Guadagnino called him "one of the ultimate auteurs."[305] Damien Chazelle said of Nolan, "This is a filmmaker who has managed, time and again, to make the most seemingly impersonal projects — superhero epics, deep-space mind-benders — feel deeply personal".[306]

Wong Kar-Wai,[315] Steven Soderbergh,[316] Sam Mendes,[317] Werner Herzog,[318] Matthew Vaughn,[319] Paul Thomas Anderson,[320] Denis Villeneuve,[321] Paul Greengrass,[322] Rian Johnson,[323] and others.[324] Noted film critic Mark Kermode complimented the director for bringing "the discipline and ethics of art-house independent moviemaking" to Hollywood blockbusters, calling him "living proof that you don't have to appeal to the lowest common denominator to be profitable".[325]

In 2013 a survey of seventeen film academics showed that Nolan was among the most studied directors in Britain.[326] His work has also been recognised as an influence on video games.[327][328] Renowned video game designer Hideo Kojima compared Dunkirk to his own work: "Its approach to technology in movie making and refusal to rely on defeating one's enemies as a portrayal of war, reminds me in many ways of my work on Metal Gear and where I hope to see my next game go".[329] Nolan appeared in Time's 100 most influential people in the world in 2015 and in the Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2011 and 2013.[330][331]

Awards and honors

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan
Nolan's hand and shoeprints in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood

Nolan screened Following at the 1999

Honorary Fellow of UCL in 2006, and received an honorary doctorate in literature (DLit) in 2017.[334][335]

In 2009, the director received the Board of the Governors Award from the American Society of Cinematographers. ASC president Daryn Okada said, "Chris Nolan is infused with talent with which he masterfully uses to collaboratively create memorable motion pictures ... his quest for superlative images to tell stories has earned the admiration of our members."[336] In 2011 Nolan received the Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts[337] and the ACE Golden Eddie Filmmaker of the Year Award from American Cinema Editors.[338] That year he also received the Modern Master Award, the highest honor presented by the Santa Barbara International Film Festival. The executive director of the festival Roger Durling stated: "Every one of Nolan's films has set a new standard for the film community, with Inception being the latest example."[339] In addition, Nolan was the recipient of the inaugural VES Visionary Award from the Visual Effects Society.[340] In July 2012 he became the youngest director to be honored with a hand-and-footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles.[341]

The Art Directors Guild (ADG) selected Nolan as the recipient of its Cinematic Imagery Award in 2015, an honor given to those whose body of work has "richly enhanced the visual aspects of the movie-going experience".[342] He was selected as the 2015 Class Day speaker at Princeton University. "Nolan, more than a film producer, is a thinker and visionary in our age and we are thrilled to have him deliver the keynote address," said Class Day co-chair Hanna Kim.[343] Nolan was awarded the Empire Inspiration Award at the 20th Empire Awards.[344] The director was also honored with a retrospective at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis.[345] On 3 May 2017, Nolan received the 2017 FIAF Award before a special 70 mm screening of Interstellar at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills.[346] In 2018, Nolan was awarded the inaugural Vanguard Award from The Digital Entertainment Group, in recognition of his use of technology "to deliver increased scale and resolution, enhanced color and immersive audio to film audiences both in cinemas and in the home theater environment."[347]

Nolan was appointed

Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for his services to film.[348]

Filmography

Main article: Christopher Nolan filmography

Directed features

Critical, public and commercial reception to Nolan's directorial features as of 30 September 2018.

Year Film Rotten Tomatoes[349] Metacritic[350]
BFCA[351]
 CinemaScore[352] Budget Box office[353]
1998 Following 80% (7/10 average rating) (25 reviews) 60 (11 reviews) — — $6 thousand $240.4 thousand
2000 Memento 92% (8.2/10 average rating) (169 reviews) 80 (34 reviews) 90/100 — $9 million $39.7 million
2002 Insomnia 92% (7.7/10 average rating) (199 reviews) 78 (36 reviews) 93/100 B $46 million $113.7 million
2005 Batman Begins 84% (7.7/10 average rating) (275 reviews) 70 (41 reviews) 91/100 A $150 million $374.2 million
2006 The Prestige 75% (7.1/10 average rating) (195 reviews) 66 (36 reviews) 83/100 B $40 million $109.7 million
2008
The Dark Knight
 94% (8.6/10 average rating) (333 reviews) 84 (39 reviews) 96/100 A $185 million $1.005 billion
2010 Inception 86% (8.1/10 average rating) (344 reviews) 74 (42 reviews) 94/100 B+ $160 million $828.3 million
2012 The Dark Knight Rises 87% (8/10 average rating) (351 reviews) 78 (45 reviews) 91/100 A $250 million $1.085 billion
2014 Interstellar 72% (7/10 average rating) (337 reviews) 74 (46 reviews) 80/100 B+ $165 million $677.5 million
2017 Dunkirk 92% (8.7/10 average rating) (413 reviews) 94 (53 reviews) 90/100 A− $100 million $527.3 million
2020 Untitled WB event film

In 2016, Memento, The Dark Knight, and Inception appeared in

The 100 Greatest Movies.[355]

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Further reading

External links
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