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Ganchali Bidi, Kannada Kali..

"Kannada" redirects here. For other uses, see
Kannada people
.
Ganchali Bidi, Kannada Kali..
Kannadiga
Native speakers
38 million (2007)[1]
11 million as a second language[2]
Early form
Kannada alphabet (Brahmic)
Kannada Braille
Official status
Official language in
Karnataka
Regulated byVarious academies and the Government of Karnataka[4]
Language codes
ISO 639-1kn
ISO 639-2kan
ISO 639-3kan
Distribution of native Kannada speakers in India[5]

Kannada

scheduled languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka.[10]

The Kannada language is written using the

Rashtrakuta Dynasty.[12][13] Kannada has an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years.[14]

Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the Ministry of Culture, the

classical language.[15][16][17] In July 2011, a centre for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language.[18]

History

Kannada is a Southern Dravidian language and according to Dravidian scholar Sanford Steever, its history can be conventionally divided into three periods; Old Kannada (halegannada) from 450–1200 A.D., Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) from 1200–1700 A.D., and Modern Kannada from 1700 to the present.[19] Kannada is influenced to an appreciable extent by Sanskrit. According to the Dravidian scholars Bhadriraju Krishnamurti and Kamil Zvelebil, Kannada and Tamil split into independent languages from the Proto-Tamil–Kannada subgroup around 8th–6th. century B.C.,[20][21][22] Influences of other languages such as Prakrit and Pali can also be found in Kannada language. The scholar Iravatham Mahadevan proved that Kannada was already a language of rich oral tradition earlier than 3rd century B.C., and based on the native Kannada words found in Prakrit and Tamil inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a widespread and stable population.[21][23] The scholar K.V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages which are now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language with lesser influence from other languages.[21]

Influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit

The sources of influence on Kannada grammar appear to be three-fold; Panini's grammar, non-Paninian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar.[24] Literary Prakrit seemed to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. The vernacular Prakrit speaking people, may have come in contact with the Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purpose. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax show significant Sanskrit and Prakrit influence.[24][25]

Some examples of naturalised (tadbhava) words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are baṇṇa derived from vaṇṇa, arasu (king), and from Sanskrit, varṇa (color), hunnime (new moon) from puṇṇivā, paurṇimā (full moon), and rāya from rāja (king).[26] Kannada has numerous borrowed (tatsama) words such as dina, kopa, surya, mukha, nimiṣa, anna.[27]

Early epigraphy

Kadamba Dynasty
)
Old-Kannada inscription dated 578 AD (Badami Chalukya dynasty) at Badami cave temple no.3
Western Ganga Dynasty
)
Rashtrakuta Dynasty) at Durga Devi temple in Hampi
, Karnataka
Rashtrakutas over the Chola dynasty in the famous battle of Takkolam
Bellary district
Old-Kannada inscription ascribed to King Vikramaditya VI (Western Chalukya Empire), dated 1112 AD, at the Mahadeva Temple in Itagi, Koppal district of Karnataka state
Hoysala Empire) at Ishwara temple of Arasikere town in the Hassan district
Kannada inscription dated 1509 A.D., of King Krishnadevaraya (Vijayanagara Empire), at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi describes his coronation
Kannada inscription (1654 A.D.) at Yelandur with exquisite relief

Pre-old Kannada (or Purava HaleGannada) was the language of

Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 230 BC) has been suggested to contain words in identifiable Kannada.[31]

A possibly more definite reference to Kannada is found in the '

Oxyrynchus in Egypt.[32][33] The play is concerned with a Greek lady named Charition who has been stranded on the coast of a country bordering the Indian Ocean. The king of this region, and his countrymen, sometimes use their own language, and the sentences they spoke include Koncha madhu patrakke haki (lit having poured a little wine into the cup separately) and paanam beretti katti madhuvam ber ettuvenu (lit having taken up the cup separately and having covered it, I shall take wine separately).[34] The language employed in the papyrus indicates that the play is set in one of the numerous small ports on the western coast of India, between Karwar and Mangalore.[34]

The written tradition of Kannada begins in the early centuries of common era. The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing

Western Ganga King Kongunivarma (c.350 – 370) is also older than the Halmidi inscrption.[43]

Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far.

Pulakesi I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script.[45][46]

The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to early 8th century AD belongs to the

Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, Dakshina Kannada district, and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem.[47] The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in Old Kannada is that of Dhavala. It dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district.[48] The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink.[48]

Main articles: Halmidi inscription, Kappe Arabhatta, Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena, Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar, Atakur inscription, Doddahundi nishidhi inscription, and List of people associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions

Coins

Some early

Mysore Kingdom, the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery.[52][53][54] The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,[55] a few coins of the Kadambas of Hangal are also available.[56]

Literature

Main article: Kannada literature

Old Kannada

Main articles:
Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire, and Hoysala literature

The oldest existing record of Kannada poetry in tripadi metre is the

extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola.[61]

Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the

Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the early 9th century.[68] Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century CE (in the commentary on Nemrinatham, a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the 4th century CE.[69]

The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi. The works of this period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. Two of the early writers of this period are Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularised the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter.[70] A famous Jaina writer of the same period is Janna, who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works.[71]

The

Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi.[72]

Middle Kannada

Main articles:
Literature of the Kingdom of Mysore

During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) language and literature. Kumara Vyasa, who wrote the Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari, was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the Mahabharata.[73] During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms.[74][75][76] During this period, several Hindi and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.[77]

Hindu saints of the

Vadirajatirtha, Vijaya Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period.[78] Kanakadasa's Ramadhanya Charite is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle.[79] This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya (lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music.[80][81][82]

Modern Kannada

Main articles: Modern Kannada literature and Kannada poetry

The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Hosagannada or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern

Pilgrim's Progress, along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs, The History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood, Christian Gottlob Barth's Bible Stories and "a Canarese hymn book."[84]

Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya, Navya, Navyottara, Dalita and Bandaya. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced a number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as

Jnanpith awards,[85] the highest number awarded to any Indian language.[86]

Dialects

Main article: Kannada dialects

There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The

Gulbarga Kannada
, Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background.

Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga, Holiya and Urali.

Status

Kannada billboards in India.

The Director of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Udaya Narayana Singh, submitted a report in 2006 to the Indian government arguing for Kannada to be made a classical language of India.[87] In 2008 the Indian government announced that Kannada was to be designated as one of the classical languages of India.[15]

Writing system

Main articles:
Kannada braille
The Kannada language edition of Wikipedia.

The language uses forty-nine

phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: anusvara ಂ and visarga ಃ). The character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The script itself, derived from Brahmi script, is fairly complicated like most other languages of India owing to the occurrence of various combinations of "half-letters" (glyphs), or symbols that attach to various letters in a manner similar to diacritical marks in the Romance languages. The Kannada script is almost perfectly phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme
in languages like English. The Kannada script is syllabic.

Obsolete Kannada letters

Arcaic n in Kannada script .
Historical form of representing ನ್ in Kannada script.

Kannada literary works employed the letters ಱ (transliterated 'ṟ' or 'rh') and ೞ (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ (ra) and ಳ (la) respectively.[88]

Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. ನ್ Likewise, this has its equivalent in Telugu, where it is called Nakaara pollu. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the Dakshina Kannada district). Now hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನ್ (consonant n).[citation needed].

Kannada script evolution

The image below shows the evolution of Kannada script[89] from prehistoric times to the modern period. The Kannada script evolved in stages:

Proto-Kannada → Pre–Old Kannada → Old Kannada → Modern Kannada.

The Proto-Kannada script has its root in ancient

BCE. The Pre-Old-Kannada script appeared around the 4th century CE
. Old-Kannada script can be traced to around the 10th century CE, whereas Modern-Kannada script appeared around the 17th century CE.


Dictionary

A German priest, the Reverend Ferdinand Kittel, composed the first Kannada–English dictionary, consisting of more than 70,000 words.[90] Ferdinand Kittel also wrote a book on Kannada grammar called "A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language".[91]

G. Venkatasubbaiah edited the first modern Kannada-Kannada dictionary, a 9,000-page, 8-volume series published by the Kannada Sahitya Parishat. He also wrote a Kannada-English dictionary and a kliṣtapadakōśa, a dictionary of difficult words.[92][93]

Kannada script in computing

Transliteration

Several transliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha[94] (based on ITRANS), Pada Software[95] and several internet tools like Google transliteration, Quillpad[96] (predictive transliterator). Nudi, the Government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration.

Unicode
Main article: Kannada (Unicode block)
Kannada[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+0C8x ಀ ಁ ಂ ಃ ಄ ಅ ಆ ಇ ಈ ಉ ಊ ಋ ಌ ಎ ಏ
U+0C9x ಐ ಒ ಓ ಔ ಕ ಖ ಗ ಘ ಙ ಚ ಛ ಜ ಝ ಞ ಟ
U+0CAx ಠ ಡ ಢ ಣ ತ ಥ ದ ಧ ನ ಪ ಫ ಬ ಭ ಮ ಯ
U+0CBx ರ ಱ ಲ ಳ ವ ಶ ಷ ಸ ಹ ಼ ಽ ಾ ಿ
U+0CCx ೀ ು ೂ ೃ ೄ ೆ ೇ ೈ ೊ ೋ ೌ ್
U+0CDx ೕ ೖ ೝ ೞ
U+0CEx ೠ ೡ ೢ ೣ ೦ ೧ ೨ ೩ ೪ ೫ ೬ ೭ ೮ ೯
U+0CFx  ೱ   ೲ  ೳ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Grammar

The canonical word order of Kannada is

SOV
(subject–object–verb) as is the case with Dravidian languages. Kannada is a highly inflected language with three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter or common) and two numbers (singular and plural). It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things. The first authoritative known book on Kannada grammar is Shabdhamanidarpana by Keshiraaja. The first available Kannada book is a treatise on poetry: Kavirajamarga.

The most influential account of Kannada grammar is

Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana (c. 1260 CE).[97][98] The earlier grammatical works include portions of Kavirajamarga (a treatise on alańkāra) of the 9th century, and Kavyavalokana and Karnatakabhashabhushana (both authored by Nagavarma II in the first half of the 12th century).[98]

Compound bases

Compound bases, called samāsa in Kannada, are a set of two or more words compounded together.[99] There are several types of compound bases, based on the rules followed for compounding.[clarification needed] Examples: tangaaLi, hemmara, immadi.

Gender

According to Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana, there are nine[clarification needed] gender forms in Kannada. However, in modern Kannada literature only three gender forms are used in practice: masculine, feminine, and neutral.[100]

Masculine Pullinga

Words that denote male persons are considered to have masculine gender.

Feminine Streelinga

Words that denote female persons are considered to have feminine gender.

Neutral Napumsaka

Nouns that do not belong to either of the above two classes are considered to have neutral gender.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
  2. ^ TNN (14 March 2010). "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language". Times of India. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  3. ^ Zvelebil (fig.36)and Krishnamurthy (fig.37) in Shapiro and Schiffman (1981), pp.95-96
  4. ^ The Karnataka official language act, 1963 – Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A. Government of Karnataka. 1963. p. 33.
  5. ^ http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/overview/languages/himal1992max.jpg
  6. ^ "Kannada". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  7. ^ "Kannada". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  8. ^ "Kanarese". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ "Census 2001: Talen per staat". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  10. ^ "The Karnataka Official Language Act" (PDF). Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
  11. ^ "Gangas of Talakad". Official website of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, India. Classicalkannada.org. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  12. ^ "Rastrakutas". Official website of the Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  13. ^ Zvelebil (1973), p.7 (Introductory, chart)
  14. ^ Garg (1992), p.67
  15. ^ a b "Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  16. ^ Kuiper (2011), p.74
  17. ^ "Telugu, Kannada get classical tag". The Times of India. 1 November 2008.
  18. ^ "IBNLive – CIIL to head Centre for classical Kannada study". Ibnlive.in.com. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  19. ^ Steever, S.B. (1998), p. 129
  20. ^ Zvelebil (1973), p.4 (Introductory)
  21. ^ a b c "Classical Kannada, Antiquity of Kannada". Centre for classical Kannada. Central Institute for Indian Languages. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  22. ^ Zvelebil in Kloss and McConnell (1978), p240
  23. ^ a b Iravatham Mahadevan. "Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD". Harvard University Press. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  24. ^ a b Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) (1985). The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 76. Mythic Society (Bangalore, India). pp. Pages_197–210.
  25. ^ B. K. Khadabadi, Prākr̥ta Bhāratī Akādamī (1997). Studies in Jainology, Prakrit literature, and languages: a collection of select 51 papers Volume 116 of Prakrit Bharti pushpa. Prakrit Bharati Academy,. pp. 444 pages.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  26. ^ Jha, Ganganatha (1976). Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Volume 32. Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha,. pp. see page 319.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  27. ^ Kulli, Jayavant S (1991). History of grammatical theories in Kannada. Internationial School of Dravidian Linguistics,. pp. 330 pages.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  28. ^ Kamath (2001), p. 5–6
  29. ^ (Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p490)
  30. ^ Pai and Narasimhachar in Bhat (1993), p103
  31. ^ The word Isila found in the Ashokan inscription (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka) meaning to shoot an arrow is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was a spoken language in the third century BC (Dr. D.L. Narasimhachar in Kamath 2001 , p5)
  32. ^ Suryanatha Kamath – Karnataka State Gazetteer – South Kanara (1973), Printed by the Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Govt. Press
  33. ^ Manohar Laxman Varadpande – History of Indian theatre, Volume 3 (1987), Abhinav Publications, New Delhi.
  34. ^ a b D. R. Bhandarkar – Lectures on the Ancient History of India on the Period From 650 To 320 B.C (1919), University of Calcutta.
  35. ^ Ramesh (1984), p10
  36. ^ Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2, Sahitya Akademi (1988), p1717, p 1474
  37. ^ A report on Halmidi inscription, Muralidhara Khajane (3 November 2003). "Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  38. ^ Kamath (2001), p10
  39. ^ Narasimhacharya (1988), p6
  40. ^ Rice (1921), p13
  41. Govinda Pai
    in Bhat (1993), p102
  42. ^ "Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  43. ^ "HALMIDI INSCRIPTION". Centre for classical Kannada. Central Institute for Indian Languages. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  44. ^ Sahitya Akademi (1988), p1717
  45. ^ Kamath (2001), p58
  46. ^ Azmathulla Shariff. "Badami: Chalukyans' magical transformation". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  47. ^ Gururaj Bhat in Kamath (2001), p97
  48. ^ a b Mukerjee, Shruba (21 August 2005). "Preserving voices from the past". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
  49. ^ The coins are preserved at the Archaeological Section, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai – Kundangar and Moraes in Moraes (1931), p382
  50. ^ The coin is preserved at the Indian Historical Research Institute, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai – Kundangar and Moraes in Moraes (1938), p 382
  51. ^ Dr Gopal, director, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History (6 February 2006). "5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi". Hindu, Monday, 6 February 2006. Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 18 October 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Kamath (2001), p12, p57
  53. ^ Govindaraya Prabhu, S. "Indian coins-Dynasties of South". Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage, 1 November 2001. Retrieved 27 November 2006.
  54. ^ Harihariah Oruganti-Vice-President, Madras Coin Society. "Vijayanagar Coins-Catalogue". Retrieved 27 November 2006.
  55. ^ This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada – Moraes (1931), p384
  56. ^ Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas are preserved at the Royal Asiatic Society, Mumbai, one with the Kannada inscription Saarvadhari and other with Nakara. Moraes (1931), p385
  57. ^ Kamath (2001), p67
  58. ^ a b Sastri (1955), p355
  59. ^ Kamath (2001), p90
  60. ^ Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature-I". Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  61. ^ Sastri (1955), p356
  62. ^ The seventeenth-century Kannada grammarian Bhattakalanka wrote about the Chudamani as a milestone in the literature of the Kannada language (Sastri (1955), p355)
  63. ^ Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature – I". Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  64. ^ Narasimhacharya (1988), pp 4–5
  65. ^ Rice, B.L. (1897), p497
  66. ^ 6th century Sanskrit poet Dandin praised Srivaradhadeva's writing as "having produced Saraswati from the tip of his tongue, just as Shiva produced the Ganges from the tip of his top knot (Rice E.P., 1921, p27)
  67. ^ Kamath (2001), p50, p67
  68. ^ The author and his work were praised by the latter-day poet Durgasimha of 1025 CE (Narasimhacharya 1988, p18.)
  69. ^ Sri K. Appadurai. "The place of Kannada and Tamil in India's national culture". Copyright INTAMM. 1997. Archived from the original on 15 April 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  70. ^ Sastri (1955), pp 361–2
  71. ^ Narasimhacharya (1988), p20
  72. ^ Sastri (1955), p361
  73. ^ Sastri (1955), p364
  74. ^ "Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom". (Sastri 1955, p309)
  75. ^ Takahashi, Takanobu. 1995. Tamil love poetry and poetics. Brill's Indological library, v. 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, p16,18
  76. ^ "The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry"-Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten
  77. ^ J. Bucher; Ferdinand Kittel (1899). A Kannaḍa-English school-dictionary: chiefly based on the labours of the Rev. Dr. F. Kittel. Basel Mission Book & Tract Depository.
  78. ^ Sastri (1955), pp 364–365
  79. ^ The writing exalts the grain Ragi above all other grains that form the staple foods of much of modern Karnataka (Sastri 1955, p365)
  80. ISBN 81-7017-382-5
    .
  81. ^ Iyer (2006), p93
  82. ^ Sastri (1955), p365
  83. ^ Report on the administration of Mysore – Page 90 Mysore – 1864 "There is no authentic record of the casting of the first Early Canarese printing. Canarese type, but a Canarese Grammar by Dr. Carey printed at Serampore in 1817 is extant. About the same time a translation of the Scriptures was printed
  84. ^ Missions in south India – Page 56 Joseph Mullens – 1854 "Among those of the former are tracts on Caste, on the Hindu gods ; Canarese Proverbs ; Henry and his Bearer ; the Pilgrim's Progress; Barth's Bible Stories; a Canarese hymn book"
  85. ^ Special Correspondent (20 September 2011). "The Hindu – Jnanpith for Kambar". Thehindu.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  86. ^ "Welcome to: Bhartiya Jnanpith". jnanpith.net. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  87. ^ K.N. Venkatasubba Rao (4 October 2006). "Kannada likely to get classical tag". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  88. ^ Rice, Edward. P (1921), "A History of Kanarese Literature", Oxford University Press, 1921: 14–15
  89. ^ "Kannada script Evolution". Official website of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, India. Classicalkannada.org. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  90. ^ Manjulakshi & Bhat. "Kannada Dialect Dictionaries and Dictionaries in Subregional Languages of Karnataka". Language in India, Volume 5 : 9 September 2005. Central Institute of Indian Languages, University of Mysore. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
  91. ^ Ferdinand Kittel. A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language. 1993. Asian Educational Services.
    ISBN 81-206-0056-8
  92. ^ Muralidhara Khajane (22 August 2012). "Today's Paper / NATIONAL : 100 years on, words never fail him". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  93. ^ Johnson Language (20 August 2012). "Language in India: Kannada, threatened at home". The Economist. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  94. ^ "Baraha – Free Indian Language Software". baraha.com.
  95. ^ "Pada Software – For Indic Scripts". pada.pro.
  96. ^ "QuillPad – Typing in Kannada has never been easier". Quillpad.in. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  97. ^ Studies in Indian History, Epigraphy, and Culture – By Govind Swamirao Gai, pp. 315
  98. ^ a b A Grammar of the Kannada Language. F. Kittel (1993), p. 3.
  99. ^ Ferdinand Kittel, pp. 30
  100. ^ Ferdinand Kittel, pp. 39

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kannada language.
Kannada edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


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