Wadden Sea
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
Location | North Sea in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands |
Criteria | Natural: viii, ix, x |
Reference | 1314 |
Inscription | 2009 (33rd Session) |
Extensions | 2011, 2014 |
The Wadden Sea (
The Wadden Sea stretches from
Environment
The word wad is Frisian and Dutch for "mud flat" (
The landscape has been formed for a great part by
Towards the North Sea the islands are marked by dunes and wide sandy beaches, and towards the Wadden Sea a low, tidal coast. The impact of waves and currents carrying away sediments is slowly changing both land masses and coastlines. For example, the islands of Vlieland and Ameland have moved eastwards through the centuries, having lost land on one side and added it on the other.[9]
Fauna
The Wadden Sea is famous for its rich
Larger fish including
The Wadden Sea is an important habitat for both
Conservation
A number of human-introduced invasive species, including algae, plants, and smaller organisms, are causing negative effects on native species.[29]
Each of three countries has designated Ramsar sites in the region (see Wadden Sea National Parks).
Although the Wadden Sea is not yet listed as a transboundary Ramsar site, a great part of the Wadden Sea is protected in cooperation of all three countries. The governments of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have been working together since 1978 on the protection and conservation of the Wadden Sea. Co-operation covers management, monitoring and research, as well as political matters. Furthermore, in 1982, a Joint Declaration on the Protection of the Wadden Sea was agreed upon to co-ordinate activities and measures for the protection of the Wadden Sea. In 1997, a Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan was adopted.[30][31][32]
In 1986, the Wadden Sea Area was declared a
In June 2009, the Wadden Sea (comprising the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) was placed on the
Recreation
Many of the islands have been popular seaside resorts since the 19th century.
Mudflat hiking, i.e., walking on the sandy flats at low tide, has become popular in the Wadden Sea.[36]
It is also a popular region for pleasure boating.
Literature
The German part of the Wadden Sea was the setting for the 1903
Wadden Sea Region
The area bordering the Wadden Sea, including the
More recent are terms such as Waddenland, Wadden Sea area and Wadden Sea Region. The latter term is generally understood to include all coastal regions around the Wadden Sea that participate in the trilateral cooperation between Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The entire area is known for its rich cultural heritage, dating back to the Roman Iron Age and the Middle Ages, and largely coincides with the area internationally referred to as Frisia.[37] Between 2002 and 2023 stakeholder organizations and NGOs from the Wadden Sea Region cooperated in a platform or association called the Wadden Sea Forum (WSF).[38]
References
- ^ Wadden Sea World Heritage Site. Retrieved on 29 April 2010.
- ^ "Six new sites inscribed on World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Tusinder af omkomne: Se listen over historiens værste stormfloder". Fyens Stiftstidende. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ a b "Stormfloder i Vadehavet". Nationalpark Vadehavet. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ "cultural-landscape" (PDF). waddensea-forum.org. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ "Poster" (PDF). 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan (2011). "Wadden Sea". In P. Saundry; C. Cleveland (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
- ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
- ^ @NatGeoNL (18 December 2018). "Wandelende waddeneilanden: hoelang blijven 'onze' eilanden nog bij ons?" [Walking Wadden Islands: how long will 'our' islands stay with us?]. National Geographic (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-520-25932-4.
- ^ "Havørne sætter ny rekord i Danmark". DR. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ Alanna MitchelA., 2009. 6-Reading the vital signs: life force. pp.78. Halifax, Canada-The fate of the fish. Seasick: Ocean Change and the Extinction of Life on Earth. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
- .
- ^ "Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more" (PDF). archive-it.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2011.
- ^ Karsten Reise, A natural history of the Wadden Sea – Riddled by contingencies (presentation slides). Wadden Sea Station Sylt - AWI. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
- ISBN 9788787519748
- ^ "Vi gider ikke spise unikke danske østers". Politiken. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
- ^ MacKinnon B.J., 2013. The Nature of Nature. The Once and Future World: Nature as It Was, as It Is, as It Could Be. pp.100. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
- ^ a b Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen. "NZG Marine Mammal Database - Sightings of cetaceans in The Netherlands and the Southern North sea". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- ^ metatags generator. "Cetaceans". Archived from the original on 5 April 2014.
- .
- ^ Mead JG, Mitchell ED (1984). "Atlantic gray whales". In Jones ML, Swartz SL, Leatherwood S (eds.). The Gray Whale. London: Academic Press. pp. 33–53.
- ^ Szaro C.R., Johnston W.D., Wolff. J.W. et al. 1996. Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea. Biodiversity in Managed Landscapes: Theory and Practice. pp.539. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
- ^ Wolff W. J., 2000. The south-east North Sea: losses of vertebrate fauna during the past 2000 years. Biological Conservation 95: 209-21. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
- ^ Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen. "WHO HAS AN IDEA WHAT ANIMAL WE ARE LOOKING AT HERE?". Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ^ Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen (2007). "Foraging humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)in the Marsdiep area (Wadden Sea), May 2007 and a review of sightings and strandings in the southern North Sea, 2003-2007" (PDF) (Lutra 2007 50 (1): 31-42 ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ^ "Springende walvis gezien bij Texel" [Jumping whale seen at Texel]. www.zeezoogdieren.org. 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- ^ Wolff W.J., Dankers N., Dilemma' K.S., Reijnders P.J.H., Smit C.J., Chapter 17: Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea (Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands): recent changes and future projections. pp.342. DLO - Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
- ^ "20th Anniversary of the Wadden Sea Plan | Wadden Sea". waddensea-secretariat.org.
- ^ "Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Programme (TMAP) | Wadden Sea". waddensea-secretariat.org.
- ^ The Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation at waddensea-secretariat.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2010. Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ UNESCO MAB Biosphere reserves directory (last updated May 2012; retrieved 2016-07-19)
- Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.
- ^ "Hamburg's Wadden Sea National Park turned 30 | Wadden Sea". waddensea-secretariat.org.
- ^ "Tidal flat walking". Wadden Sea World Heritage. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- ^ Linde Egberts and Meindert Schroor (ed.), Waddenland Outstanding. History, Landscape and Cultural Heritage of the Wadden Sea Region, Amsterdam 2018.
- ^ "Wadden Sea Forum". Wadden Sea Forum e.V. 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
The Forum of the Wadden Sea Region, called Wadden Sea Forum (WSF) was an independent multi-stakeholder, multi-actor platform from Denmark, Germany and The Netherlands and contributed to an advanced and sustainable development.
External links
- Wadden Sea UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
- Vollmer, M.; Guldberg, M.; Maluck, M.; Marrewijk, D.; Schlicksbier, G. (2001). "Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region - Project Report" (PDF). Wadden Sea Ecosystem. 12.
- Knottnerus, Otto S. (2005). "History of human settlement, cultural change and interference with the marine environment".
- Secretariat of The Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea
- Visit Vesterhavet – tourist information for the Danish North Sea and Wadden Sea
- Official Tourist Information for the westernmost part of the German National Park
- The Wadden Sea at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- Wadden Sea World Heritage
- LancewadPlan: Integrated Landscape and Cultural Heritage Management and Development Plan for the Wadden Sea Region (A collection of studies on the cultural history of the Wadden Sea Region 2004–2007, internet archive)