West Makian language
West Makian | |
---|---|
Moi | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Western part of Makian island and much of Kayoa. |
Native speakers | (12,000 cited 1977)[1] |
West Papuan?
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mqs |
Glottolog | west2600 |
ELP | Moi (Maluku, Indonesia) |
West Makian (also known by the
West Makian has been strongly influenced by a neighboring
Phonology
Vowels
West Makian has 5 or 6 vowels: /a, e, ə, i, o/, and /u/,[1] with /ə/ not recorded by Watuseke.[5] Voorhoeve states that /ə/ is only found in Indonesian loans.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Open | a |
Consonants
Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪
|
(ɲ) | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪
|
c | k | |
voiced | b | d̪
|
ɟ | g | ||
Fricative | ɸ | h | ||||
Approximant | l̪
|
|||||
Trill | r̪
|
/ɲ/ is found almost exclusively in Indonesian loanwords. The only original Moi word with /ɲ/ is /miɲe/ - 'one.'
Consonant clusters are found almost entirely in the middle of words, with a few occurring word-initially during continuous speech. The majority of words have stress on the penultimate syllable, with a few having it on the syllable before or the last syllable. Stress is primarily phonemic.
There are two types of sentence intonation so far observed. One involves the tone rising sharply then sometimes falling again, a pattern used in emphatic imperatives and sometimes in questions. The other pattern is a sharp drop at the end of the sentence, used for declarative sentences and non-emphatic imperatives.
Vowel harmony
West Makian makes use of
In general, for an element CV (consonant-vowel) the pattern is as follows:
the form | precedes initial | example |
---|---|---|
Ca- | (C)a | fV- + abo = faabo fV- + dadi = fadadi |
Ce- | (C)e | tV- + bebe = tebebe |
Ce- | Ci | dV + pigir = de pigir |
Ci- | i | tV- + i = tii |
Co- | (C)o, (C)u | dV- + co = doco |
However, there are many exceptions. The stative verb gei ("to be dead") takes prefixes fa- (fagei, "to kill") and ma- (magei, "to die") instead of the expected fe- and me-. The directional verbs (naso "to go to", no "to come", etc.) and the verb am ("to eat") take only verbal prefixes of the form Ci (tiam "I eat", minaso "we go to", etc.). Stative verbs are identical to directionals in terms of verbal prefixes, with the exception of the 3rd person singular, which is i- for inanimates and ma- (no vowel harmony) for animates. Additionally, in the imperative, the 2nd singular (nV-) and 2nd plural (fV-) prefixes simply assimilate to the next vowel: the verb uba ("carry") produces nuuba ("you carry it!"), fuuba ("you all carry it!").
References
- ^ a b c d Voorhoeve, C. L. (1982). "The Makian languages and their neighbours". www.language-archives.org. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
- ^ Klamer, Marian; Ger Reesink; and Miriam van Staden. 2008. East Nusantara as a Linguistic Area. In Pieter Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics, 95-149. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7
- ^ Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2018). "Makian, West" (21 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23.
- ^ Watuseke, F. S. (1976). "West Makian, a Language of the North-Halmahera Group of the West-Irian Phylum" (PDF).
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7
- Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2018). "Makian, West" (21 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23.