Kedah Malay
| Kedah Malay | |
|---|---|
| بهاس ملايو قدح ภาษามลายูไทรบุรี | |
| Pelet Utagha Bahasa Melayu Kedah, Bahasa Melayu Utara | |
| Native to | |
Native speakers | 2.6 million (2004)[1] |
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin script, Arabic script, Thai script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | meo |
| Glottolog | keda1251 |
Dark Blue: Regions where Kedahan is currently spoken, Blue: Regions where Kedahan is historically spoken
Kedah Malay or Kedahan (
Satun. The usage of Kedah Malay was historically prevalent in southwestern Thailand before being superseded by the Thai language. Enclaves of Kedah Malay can be found in Kawthaung District in Myanmar; Ranong and Krabi in upper southern Thailand; Jaring Halus, Langkat and Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia and up north in Bangkok, central Thailand, where most of the Kedah Malay speakers are descendants of historical settlers from Kedah.[2]
Kedah Malay can be divided into several dialects, namely Kedah Persisiran (
Kelantan-Patani Malay than it is to Kedah Malay.[4]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Dorsal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | d
|
t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | k ɡ |
| Fricative | s | h | ||
| Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | ŋ |
| Trill | r
|
|||
| Semivowel | l
|
j | w |
Note(s):
- Word initially:
- /r/ is pronounced as the velar fricative [ɣ] in the syllable onset.[5]
- In certain loan words, /r/ is pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] such as in market [market] 'market'.
- /r/ is pronounced as the velar fricative [ɣ] in the syllable onset.[5]
- Word finally:
- Following /i/, velar nasal /ŋ/ is neutralised to /n/, so kucing /kut͡ʃiŋ/ 'cat' and kuning /kuniŋ/ 'yellow' are pronounced [kut͡ʃen] and [kunen] (even spelt accordingly in rare manuscript instances i.e. کوچين for the former[6]) though the final consonant is still underlyingly /ŋ/ as can be seen from the derived forms of these words such as kekuningan /kəkuniŋan/ 'yellowness' [kəkuniŋan] which still retains the [ŋ].[7]
- /s/ is neutralised to /h/, so kurus /kurus/ 'thin' is pronounced [kuroh].[7][8]
- After /a/, this /s/ is palatalised, so panas /panas/ 'hot' is pronounced [panaʲh].
- /r/ is realised as a pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] so lapar /lapar/ 'hungry' is pronounced [lapaʕ].[5]
Vowels
Monophthongs
Kedah Malay has eight monophthongs, unlike Standard Malay which has six with /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ not having phonemic status.[9][10]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Note(s):
- In open-ended final syllables and before a glottal stop (allophone of /k/ in the syllable coda) also in final syllables, /a/ is realised as [ɒ], so anak /anak/ 'son/daughter' and paksa /paksa/ 'to force' are pronounced [anɒʔ] and [paʔsɒ].
Diphthongs
Kedah Malay has four diphthongs /ai, au, oi, ui/ with /ui/ being a surplus diphthong that does not exist in Standard Malay.[11]
Comparison with Standard Malay
Below is a comparison between Kedah Malay and Standard Malay.[12]
| Sound | Position | Kedah Malay
correspondence |
Example
(Standard Malay ≙ Kedah Malay) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /il/ | Word-final syllable | /e/ | katil /katil/ 'bed' | ≙ | /kate/ |
| /el/ | /ɛ/ | comel /t͡ʃomel/ 'cute' | /t͡ʃomɛ/ | ||
| /oh/ | /o/ | bodoh /bodoh/ 'stupid' | /bodo/ | ||
| /o/ | Both syllables of two-syllable words | /ɔ/ | sotong /sotoŋ/ 'squid' | /sɔtɔŋ/ | |
| First syllable of certain two-syllable words | /u/ | boleh /boleh/ 'can' | /buleh/ | ||
| /i.a/ | Anywhere | /a/ | siapa /si.apa/ 'who' | /sapa/ | |
| /ɛ/ | biasa /bi.asa/ 'normal' | /bɛsa/ | |||
| /u.a/ | /o/ | laut /la.ut/ 'sea' | /lot/ | ||
| /ɔ/ | kuala /ku.ala/ 'estuary' | /kɔla/ | |||
Vocabulary
| Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| hang | awak/kamu/kau | 'you' (singular) |
| hangpā/ampa | kalian | 'you' (plural) |
| cek/aq | saya/aku | 'I' |
| cek | saya | 'I' (young to old) |
| cek | kamu | 'you' (old to young) |
| depa | mereka | 'they' |
| sépā (In a few certain areas) / kitorang | kami | 'we' (exclusive) |
| Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| siapa, sapa | siapa/siapakah | 'who' |
| apa, pa | apa/apakah | 'what' |
| bila | bila/bilakah | 'when' |
| cemana, lagu mana | bagaimana/bagaimanakah | 'how' |
| mana | mana | 'where' |
| pasai pa, awat, rokpa,
buat pa, sebab pa |
mengapa | 'how' |
| berapa, bapa | berapa | 'how much' |
| Kedah Malay | Standard Malay | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| camca | sudu | 'spoon' |
| habaq | cakap | 'talk' |
| mai | datang, mari | 'come' |
| mau | nak | 'want' |
| lorat | susah | 'difficult' |
| lā, lāni | sekarang | 'now' |
| lagu | macam | 'sort' |
| cabai | cili/lada | 'chilli' |
| hakap | tamak | 'greedy' |
| pi | pergi | 'go' |
| sat | sebentar, sekejap | 'one second' |
| mengkalā | bila, apabila | 'when' |
| ketegaq | degil, keras kepala | 'naughty' |
| geghék | basikal | 'bicycle' |
| mertun | tukul | 'hammer' |
| lempaq | baling | 'throw' |
| menghabat | memanjat | 'climb' |
| ligan | kejar | 'chase' |
| loq laq | tak senonoh | 'indecent' |
| ketit | gigit kecil | 'bite softly' |
| tokok | gigit | 'bite' |
| berlemuih | comot | 'messy' |
| cemuih | bosan | 'bored' |
References
Citations
- ^ Kedah Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Asmah Haji Omar 2017, p. 38.
- Malayan languagesfor a comparison between Kedah Persisiran and Penang dialects.
- ^ Mohd Noor Aswad 2019.
- ^ a b Shahidi A. H. 2009, pp. 309–311.
- The British Library. Retrieved Feb 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Ajid Che Kob 1997, pp. 40–42.
- ^ Shahidi A. H. 2009, pp. 310–311.
- ^ Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf et al. 2021, p. 78-80.
- ^ Shahidi A. H. 2009, pp. 305–308.
- ^ Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf et al. 2021, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf et al. 2021, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b Strife 2007.
- ^ Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan & Nurulafiqah Suhaimi 2012, p. 490.
Bibliography
- Fazal Mohamed Mohamed Sultan; Nurulafiqah Suhaimi (2012). "Kata Soal Dalam Dialek Kedah" [WH Questions in Kedah Dialect]. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies (in Malay). 12 (2): 475–493.
- Nurul Shahida Jamil; Maslida Yusof (2015). "Analisis Deiksis Dialek Kedah". GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies (in Malay). 15 (1): 163–187. .
- Shahidi A. H. (2009). "Alternasi Dalam Fonologi Subdialek Kedah Utara". Jurnal Bahasa (in Malay). 9 (2): 302–325.
- Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf; Stefanie Pillai; W. A. Wan Aslynn; Roshidah binti Hassan (2021). "Vowel Production in Standard Malay and Kedah Malay Spoken in Malaysia". Linguistics International Journal. 15 (1): 65–93.
- Asmah Haji Omar (2017). "Language in Kedah in Late 19th Century-Language Situation in a Malay State in Late 19th Century". Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics. 6 (2): 36–47. .
- Ajid Che Kob (1997). "Word Final Nasal in Malay Dialects". In Odé, Cecilia; Stokhof, Wim (eds.). Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Austronesian. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 35–43. ISBN 9789042002531.
- Mohd Noor Aswad (2 November 2019). "Getting to know the unique Baling dialect". New Straits Times. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- Strife, Fiq (2 November 2007). "Kamus Dialek Melayu-Kedah" [Kedah Malay Dialect Dictionary]. Dunia Melayu Kedah (in Malay). Retrieved 22 May 2021.
External links
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