Sasak language
Sasak | |
---|---|
ᬪᬵᬲᬵᬲᬓ᭄ᬱᬓ᭄ Base Sasak | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Lombok |
Ethnicity | Sasak |
Native speakers | 2.7 million (2010)[1] |
Balinese script,[2] Latin[3] | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | sas |
ISO 639-3 | sas |
Glottolog | sasa1249 |
ELP | Sasak |
Linguistic map of Lombok, based on 1981 data. Areas with Sasak speakers are shown in green, and Balinese speakers in red. |
The Sasak language (base Sasak
Some of its dialects, which correspond to regions of Lombok, have a low mutual intelligibility. Sasak has a system of speech levels in which different words are used depending on the social level of the addressee relative to the speaker, similar to neighbouring Javanese and Balinese.
Not widely read or written today, Sasak is used in traditional texts written on dried
Speakers
Sasak is spoken by the Sasak people on the island of Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, which is located between the island of Bali (on the west) and Sumbawa (on the east). Its speakers numbered about 2.7 million in 2010, roughly 85 percent of Lombok's population.[1] Sasak is used in families and villages, but has no formal status. The national language, Indonesian, is the language of education, government, literacy and inter-ethnic communication.[4] The Sasak are not the only ethnic group in Lombok; about 300,000 Balinese people live primarily in the western part of the island and near Mataram, the provincial capital of West Nusa Tenggara.[5] In urban areas with more ethnic diversity there is some language shift towards Indonesian, mainly in the forms of code-switching and mixing rather than an abandoning of Sasak.[4]
The Malayo-Sumbawan proposal, however, is rejected by
Phonology
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t
|
tɕ | k | ʔ |
voiced | b | d
|
dʑ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Rhotic | r
|
|||||
Approximant | l
|
j | w |
Eight vowels appear in Sasak dialects,[12] contrasting with each other differently by dialect.[12] They are represented in Latin orthography by ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩, with diacritics sometimes used to distinguish conflated sounds.[12][13] The usual Indonesian practice is to use ⟨e⟩ for the schwa, ⟨é⟩ for the close-mid front vowel, ⟨è⟩ for the open-mid front vowel, ⟨ó⟩ for the close-mid back vowel and ⟨ò⟩ for the open-mid back vowel.[13]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-Mid | e | ə | o |
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a |
Diphthongs
Sasak has the diphthongs (two vowels combined in the same syllable) /ae/, /ai/, /au/, /ia/, /uə/ and /oe/.[14]
Morphophonology
Sasak words have a single stress on the final syllable.
Grammar
Sasak has a flexible
Verbs, like those of other western Indonesian languages, are not conjugated for
Sasak has a variety of
Variations
Regional
Sasak has significant regional variations, including by
Speech levels
Sasak has a system of
All forms except low are known as alus ('smooth' or 'polite') in Sasak.[4] They are used in formal contexts and with social superiors, especially in situations involving mènak (the traditional upper caste, which makes up eight percent of the population).[4] The system is observed in regional varieties of the language. Although low-level terms have large regional variations, non-low forms are consistent in all varieties.[29] According to Indonesian languages specialist Bernd Nothofer, the system is borrowed from Balinese or Javanese.[10]
Literature
The Sasak have a tradition of writing on dried leaves of the
The lontar texts are still read today in performances known as pepaòsan.[31] Readings are made for a number of occasions, including funerals, weddings and circumcision ceremonies.[31] Rural Sasak read the lontar texts as part of a ritual to ensure the fertility of their farm animals.[31] Peter K. Austin described a pepaòsan which was performed as part of a circumcision ceremony in 2002,[32] with paper copies of lontar texts rather than palm leaves.[33]
Lombok's lontar texts are written in Sasak,
References
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f Austin 2012, p. 231.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Austin 2010, p. 36.
- ^ a b c Sasak language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f Austin 2010, p. 33.
- ^ Austin 2010, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Shibatani 2008, p. 869.
- ^ a b c d Adelaar 2005, p. 357.
- ^ Blust 2010, p. 81-82.
- ^ Smith 2017, p. 443, 456.
- ^ a b c d e f g Austin 2010, p. 35.
- ^ Archangeli, Tanashur & Yip (2020).
- ^ a b c d Seifart 2006, p. 294.
- ^ a b c d e Austin 2012, p. 232.
- ^ PHOIBLE 2014.
- ^ a b Austin 2004, p. 4.
- ^ a b Austin 2004, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Wouk 1999, p. 98.
- ^ Wouk 1999, p. 99.
- ^ a b Austin 2013, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Wouk 1999, p. 93.
- ^ a b Austin 2013, p. 33.
- ^ Austin 2013, p. 43.
- ^ Austin 2013, p. 43-44.
- ^ Austin 2004, p. 2-3.
- ^ Austin 2004, p. 6.
- ^ a b Austin 2004, p. 18.
- ^ Goddard 2005, p. 215.
- ^ Austin 2012, p. 231-232.
- ^ a b c Austin 2010, p. 34.
- ^ Austin 2010, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Austin 2010, p. 39.
- ^ Austin 2010, p. 42.
- ^ Austin 2010, p. 44.
Bibliography
- Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "Malayo-Sumbawan". Oceanic Linguistics. 44 (2): 356–388. S2CID 246237112.
- Archangeli, Diana; Tanashur, Panji; Yip, Jonathan (2020). "Sasak, Meno-Mené Dialect". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 50 (1): 93–108. S2CID 150248301.
- Austin, Peter K. (2004). Clitics in Sasak, Eastern Indonesia. Linguistics Association of Great Britain Annual Conference. Sheffield, United Kingdom.
- Austin, Peter K. (2010). "Reading the Lontars: Endangered Literature Practices of Lombok, Eastern Indonesia". Language Documentation and Description. 8: 27–48.
- Austin, Peter K. (2012). "Tense, Aspect, Mood and Evidentiality in Sasak, Eastern Indonesia". Language Documentation and Description. 11: 231–251.
- Austin, Peter K. (2013). "Too Many Nasal Verbs: Dialect Variation in the Voice System of Sasak". NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Languages in and Around Indonesia. 54: 29–46. hdl:10108/71804.
- S2CID 145459318.
- Donohue, Mark (2007). "The Papuan Language of Tambora". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (2): 520–537. S2CID 26310439.
- ISBN 978-0-19-927311-9.
- PHOIBLE (2014). "Sasak Sound Inventory (PH)". In Steven Moran; Daniel McCloy; Richard Wright (eds.). PHOIBLE Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Seifart, Frank (2006). "Orthography Development". In Jost Gippert; Nikolaus P. Himmelmann; Ulrike Mosel (eds.). Essentials of Language Documentation. ISBN 9783110197730.
- Shibatani, Masayoshi (2008). "Relativization in Sasak and Sumbawa, Eastern Indonesia" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 9 (4): 865–916.
- Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. S2CID 149377092.
- Wouk, Fay (1999). "Sasak Is Different: A Discourse Perspective on Voice". Oceanic Linguistics. 38 (1): 91–114. JSTOR 3623394.
External links
- Online Dictionary Sasak language - English
- David Goldsworthy's collection of Music of Indonesia and Malaysia archived with Paradisec includes open access recordings in Sasak.