Banská Bystrica
Banská Bystrica | |
---|---|
City | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 974 01[2] |
Area code | +421 48[2] |
Car plate | BB |
Website | eng.banskabystrica.sk |
Banská Bystrica (Slovak pronunciation:
Etymology
The Slovak name Banská Bystrica includes two roots: the adjective Banská from Slovak baňa – mine,[7] and the name of the local river Bystrica (from Slavic bystrica – swift stream).[8] The name of the town in Hungarian: "Besztercebánya" also comes from the Beszterce stream (from the Slavic name of the stream, Bystrica), and the suffix bánya is connected to the mines of the town.[9] The river lent its name to the town as early as 1255 when the Latin name Villa Nova Bystrice (meaning "New Town of Bystrica") was recorded[10] in the document in which King Béla IV of Hungary granted the town royal privileges.[11][12]
Several variations of Bystrica (Byztherze, Bystrice, Bystrzice etc.) were then regularly used without the adjective identifying it as a mining town until the late 16th century. Although the first written record of the name Byzterchebana dates from 1263, it was rarely used afterwards. Banská Bystrica became the official name of the town in 1920.
History
The earliest history of Banská Bystrica was connected to the exploitation of its abundant deposits of copper (and to a lesser extent of silver, gold, and iron). The tools used by prehistoric miners at the locality called
The present city was built upon a former Slavic settlement.[17] After the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin it was incorporated in the Zólyom county of the Kingdom of Hungary. The first known stone church was built by Saxon immigrants in the then still independent settlement of Sásová in the first half of the 13th century, when the area belong to the king.[6] According to Slovak archaeologists Banská Bystrica started as a permanent settlement in the 9th century. Other sources claim that due to the attack of Mongols, in 1243–44, the town ceased to exist.[dubious ] In 1255 King Béla IV granted Banská Bystrica extensive municipal privileges, in order to attract more skilled settlers.[6][18] Descendants of the German immigrants to this and other counties became later known as the Carpathian Germans. The city flourished as a regional mining center.[18][19] It built the Late Romanesque Church of the Virgin Mary in the second half of the 13th century. During the same period, Banská Bystrica obtained its own coat of arms inspired by the coat of arms of the ruling dynasty of the Árpáds, also used as the historical flag of the Kingdom of Hungary.[10][20] The local craftsmen were organized in fifty guilds, with the butchers' guild being the oldest.[15]
The affluent
The village of
After
During World War II, Banská Bystrica became the center of anti-Nazi opposition in Slovakia when the Slovak National Uprising, one of the largest[23] anti-Nazi resistance events in Europe, was launched from the city on 29 August 1944.[18] The insurgents were defeated on 27 October,[24] and Banská Bystrica was briefly occupied by the German forces before it was liberated by Soviet and Romanian troops on 26 March 1945.[15] After the war, Banská Bystrica became the administrative, economic, and cultural hub of central Slovakia. It has been a university town since the 1950s. Its largest Matej Bel University was founded in 1992.
Geography
Banská Bystrica lies at an altitude of 362 metres (1,188 ft)
Banská Bystrica is situated in the Hron River valley (
Banská Bystrica lies in the
Climate data for Banská Bystrica ( Sliač Airport ) 1991−2020, extremes 1961–2020
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
35.8 (96.4) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
34.5 (94.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.7 (33.3) |
4.6 (40.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
7.9 (46.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
−27.4 (−17.3) |
−26.2 (−15.2) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.7 (36.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−22.6 (−8.7) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.6 (1.80) |
41.7 (1.64) |
44.0 (1.73) |
44.5 (1.75) |
72.2 (2.84) |
81.2 (3.20) |
91.3 (3.59) |
64.4 (2.54) |
56.2 (2.21) |
62.9 (2.48) |
58.9 (2.32) |
52.0 (2.05) |
714.9 (28.15) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.6 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 96.1 |
Average snowy days | 11.8 | 9.6 | 5.8 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 9.3 | 42.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
84.2 | 77.2 | 70.6 | 64.3 | 65.4 | 67.1 | 66.9 | 68.8 | 74.5 | 80.2 | 83.9 | 85.8 | 74.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 64.1 | 93.7 | 151.2 | 200.9 | 241.0 | 247.1 | 270.7 | 255.6 | 172.0 | 113.4 | 62.1 | 52.0 | 1,923.8 |
Source: |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1720 | 2,646 | — |
1869 | 25,950 | +880.7% |
1918 | 10,776 | −58.5% |
1950 | 22,651 | +110.2% |
1970 | 44,749 | +97.6% |
1980 | 62,688 | +40.1% |
1991 | 83,698 | +33.5% |
2001 | 83,056 | −0.8% |
2011 | 80,003 | −3.7% |
2021 | 76,018 | −5.0% |
In 2013, the city had a total population of 79,368, making it the 6th-largest municipality in Slovakia in 2005.[4][5] The population density was 790 per square kilometer in 2005.[29]
The population was spread out, with 13.2% under the age of 15, 68.2% in the so-called productive age (15–54 years for women and 15–59 years for men), and 18.6% in the so-called post-productive age (over 54 years for women and over 59 years for men). For every 100 women there were 89.5 men. The population was slightly decreasing (by 423) in 2005, with the number of deaths (727) higher than the number of live births (673) and a negative migration rate.[4] The life expectancy at birth was 75.1 years (as of 2001), which is a figure close to the median life expectancy in the European Union.[5]
According to the 2001 census, the religious composition was 46.6% Roman Catholics, 30.2% people with no religious affiliation, and 13.9%
Historical populations by ethnicity[29] | |||
Year | Slovaks | Germans | Hungarians |
1715 | 1,899 | 873 | 279 |
1850 | 4,221 | 978 | 44 |
1910[33] | 4,388 | ? | 5,261 |
1919 | 8,265 | 406 | 1,565 |
2001 | 78,700 | 53 | 446 |
Economy
While Banská Bystrica's prosperity used to be derived from copper mining in the distant past, the most important sectors of the local economy are now tourism, timber, and mechanical industry.[5] Two of the largest employers in Slovakia, Slovenská pošta (the public postal service, ranked as the 3rd largest employer) and Lesy SR (the national forest service, ranked as 13th).[34] have their headquarters in Banská Bystrica. In the period 2007–2013, the city intends to work with Zvolen and other municipalities in the vicinity in order to jointly develop one of Slovakia's major metropolitan areas.[35] The municipal strategy of economic development envisages Banská Bystrica as a regional center of tourism, services, administration, and entrepreneurship.[35] The proclaimed three pillars of the future development are the natural and cultural heritage, information technologies, and infrastructure.[35]
GDP per capita in 2001 was €3,643, which was below Slovakia's average (€4,400).[5] GDP per capita for the Banská Bystrica Region (Banskobystrický kraj) in 2004 was PPS €10,148.70 (current euros), which was below Slovakia's average of PPS €12,196.20.[36] More recent data disaggregated to the level of districts or municipalities are not available, but all of Slovakia's regional seats have per-capita GDPs above their region averages. The unemployment rate in Banská Bystrica was 6.2% in December 2006,[37] below the country's average of 9.4% at that time.[38] The unemployment rate in the whole country has been decreasing since then, reaching 7.8% in November 2007.[39]
The city has a balanced budget of more than one billion Slovak korunas (almost €33 million, as of 2007[update]), with a small deficit of 37 million korunas.[40] More than one fifth of the budget was used for investment.[40] The highest revenue comes from the income tax of persons (437 million korunas in 2006).[40]
Places of interest
Most of the historical monuments are concentrated near its central, picturesque
Most buildings enclosing the square and in the nearby streets are well-preserved Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque noblemen's mansions and wealthy burghers' residences. The most interesting among them are the Benicky House[31] and the Thurzo House, the latter hosting a museum with a regional archaeological collection and remarkable Gothic frescos.[15] Most of the buildings in the center have been transformed into luxury stores, restaurants, and cafes.[32] SNP Square itself was completely reconstructed in 1994.[32]
The museum located at the Memorial of the
Banská Bystrica has also a large network of marked hiking trails all around the city. In wintertime, it attracts fans of
Town castle
The oldest part of Banská Bystrica is town
Culture
There are four theaters in Banská Bystrica. The State Opera (Slovak: Štátna opera v Banskej Bystrici) was founded in 1959.[43] It has given the opera world several divas, Edita Gruberová being the most famous one.[43] Every summer, the State Opera organizes a popular open-air festival at Zvolen Castle.[43] Štúdio tanca is a professional contemporary dance theater established in 1998.[44] A professional marionette theater, Bábkové divadlo na Rázcestí (Puppet Theater at the Fork in the Road) founded in 1960, organizes the only marionette festival in Slovakia.[45] Theatre from the Passage (Slovak: Divadlo z Pasáže) is Slovakia's only theater with a mentally disabled cast[46] whose mission is to help integrate mentally disabled people in society.
The oldest museum in the city is the Museum of Central Slovakia (Slovak: Stredoslovenské múzeum), founded in 1889.[47] Its historical exposition is located in the Thurzo House on SNP Square, while the natural history exposition is in the Tihányi Mansion in Radvaň. The Old Town Hall building at City Castle hosts the State Gallery (Slovak: Štátna Galéria) specialized in contemporary Slovak art.[48] The Museum of the Slovak National Uprising (Slovak: Múzeum Slovenského národného povstania) features a collection of 203,000 militaria, including an open-air exhibition of World War II heavy weapons.[49] Other noteworthy museums are the regional Literature and Music Museum (Slovak: Literárne a hudobné múzeum)[50] and Slovakia's only Postal Museum (Slovak: Poštové múzeum Slovenskej pošty).[51]
The town is the setting for the book St Peter's Umbrella by Kálmán Mikszáth, published in 1895. The book was part of a large increase in Hungarian writing at the time, which was symptomatic of the rise in Hungarian separatism against what was seen as the oppression of the German Habsburgs.[citation needed]
From 22 to 28 February 1959 the first festival of the Czechoslovak cinema was presented in Banská Bystrica. While it was planned by Český film as a showcase of the national film production it turned into a tribunal for those films that did not fit the ideological guidelines of the Communist Party. Several films were banned, among them: Tri prání directed by
There are four folklore ensembles for adults and three for children.[53] Their aim is to preserve and present Slovak folklore traditions, especially the traditional music. The oldest one is the award-winning Urpín Folklore Ensemble, founded in 1957.[54] Mladosť Folklore Ensemble is affiliated with University of Matej Bel.[55]
Government
The city is governed by a mayor (
- Staré mesto, Uhlisko, Prednádražie, Šalková, Senica, Majer (7 councilors)
- Kráľová, Iliaš, Kremnička, Rakytovce (4 councilors)
- Radvaň, Fončorda, Podlavice, Skubín (11 councilors)
- Sásová, Rudlová, Uľanka, Jakub, Kostiviarska (10 councilors)
Banská Bystrica is the capital of one of eight largely autonomous Regions of Slovakia.[57] It was the capital of an even larger region encompassing the whole of central Slovakia from 1960 until 1990, but the territory was subdivided in 1996 between the Banská Bystrica and Žilina regions, and a part of Trenčín region. Banská Bystrica is also the capital of a smaller district. The Banská Bystrica District (Slovak: okres Banská Bystrica) is entirely contained within the Banská Bystrica Region (Slovak: Banskobystrický kraj).
Several national public institutions have their headquarters in the city, the most prominent are the Tax Directorate of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak public postal service (Slovenská pošta).[5] The city also hosts a regional branch of National Bank of Slovakia.
Education
Banská Bystrica is the home of Matej Bel University (Slovak: Univerzita Mateja Bela) with 16,460 students, including 416 doctoral students.[58] Academy of Arts (Slovak: Akadémia umení) with 490 students is specialized in performing and fine arts.[59] A satellite campus of the Slovak Medical University is also located in the city.
There are 15 public primary schools, two private primary schools, and two religious primary schools.[60] Overall, they enroll 7,029 pupils.[60] The city's system of secondary education (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of five gymnasia with 3,280 students,[61] seven specialized high schools with 2,873 students,[62] and six vocational schools with 1,884 students.[63][64]
The largest library is the State Scientific Library with 2 million volumes.[65] The geological institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences has a branch in Banská Bystrica and the small Banská Bystrica Regional Astronomical Observatory is located on Urpín Mountain.
Transportation
Banská Bystrica has bus and train connections to the rest of the country, as well as to many other European cities.
The R1 expressway connects the city to Zvolen and to Slovakia's capital Bratislava. Other roads of state importance connect the city to Brezno (No. 66), to Ružomberok (No. 59) and to Turčianske Teplice (No. 14).
Banská Bystrica railway station is a junction between the Vrútky–Zvolen railway, which links Banská Bystrica with Žilina and Bratislava, and the Banská Bystrica–Červená Skala railway, which heads east towards Košice. Banská Bystrica mesto railway station is a smaller station located closer to the city centre, served by trains on the Vrútky-Zvolen line.
The international
Public transport in the city is managed by two different companies.[66] Dopravný podnik mesta Banská Bystrica is a public service run by the municipality. It operates trolleybuses and minibuses. The private company SAD Zvolen has a fleet of buses. In addition to regular lines, it also offers express and night lines. 30% of people use their private cars for journeys to work and the average commute time is 35 minutes.[5]
Sport
The
Twin towns – sister cities
Banská Bystrica is
- Alba, Italy (since 1967)
- Ascoli Piceno, Italy (since 1998)
- Budva, Montenegro (since 2001)
- Charleston, United States (since 2010)
- Dabas, Hungary (since 2000)
- Durham, England, United Kingdom (since 1967)
- Halberstadt, Germany (since 1998)
- Herzliya, Israel (since 1995)
- Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (since 1967)
- Kovačica, Serbia (since 2002)
- Larissa, Greece (since 1988)
- Mangalia, Romania (since 2006)
- Montana, Bulgaria (since 1995)
- Radom, Poland (since 2001)
- Salgótarján, Hungary (since 1967)
- Tarnobrzeg, Poland (since 1995)
- Tula, Russia (since 1967)
- Vršac, Serbia (since 2004)
- Zadar, Croatia (since 1995)
Other forms of cooperation
See also
References
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- ^ "Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ "State Scientific Library Banska Bystrica". State Scientific Library. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
- ^ "Sieť liniek MHD Banská Bystrica (Public transport network of Banská Bystrica)" (in Slovak). imhd.sk. 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ "Zrekonštruovaný štadión Dukly na Štiavničkách je už k dispozícii športovcom, kvalitou dosahuje medzinárodné štandardy :: Ministerstvo obrany SR". Mosr.sk. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Historia". Speedway SK. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Individual Czechoslovak Championship". Historia Sportu Zuzlowego. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Partnerské mestá" (in Slovak). Banská Bystrica. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
- ^ "Banská Bystrica sa pripravuje na pomoc ľuďom z Ukrajiny" (in Slovak). Banská Bystrica. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
Further reading
- Kto bol kto v histórii Banskej Bystrice, 1255–2000; zostavili Anna Klimová, Mária Némethová. [Banská Bystrica]: Štátna vedecká knižnica v Banskej Bystrici, 2002.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia"
- Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1628–1900 (parish A)
- Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1743–1920 (parish A)