C. N. R. Rao
C. N. R. Rao | |
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Website | www |
Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao,
A precocious child, Rao completed BSc from
Rao received most important scientific awards and honours including the
Early life and education
C.N.R. Rao was born in a
He obtained his bachelor's degree from
In 1953, he was granted a scholarship for PhD in
Career
After completion of his graduate studies, Rao returned to Bangalore in 1959 to take up a lecturing position, joining IISc and embarking on an independent research program. The facility at the time was so meagre that he described it, saying, "You would get string and sealing wax and that's about it."
Rao has been working as the National Research Professor holding the positions
Scientific contribution
Rao is one of the world's foremost
Rao was one of the earliest to synthesise two-dimensional oxide materials such as La2CuO4. He was one of the first to synthesise 123 cuprates, the first liquid nitrogen-temperature superconductor in 1987. He was also the first to synthesis Y junction carbon nanotubes in the mid-1990s.[9] His work has led to a systematic study of compositionally controlled metal-insulator transitions. Such studies have had a profound impact in application fields such as colossal magneto resistance and high temperature superconductivity. Oxide semiconductors have unusual promise. He has made immense contributions to nanomaterials over the last two decades, besides his work on hybrid materials.[26][27]
He shares co-authorship of more than 1750 research papers and has co-authored or edited more than 54 books.[6][24][28]
Awards and recognition
Fellowships and memberships of academic societies
- Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc, 1965)[1]
- Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (FNA, 1974)[29]
- Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS, 1982)[2]
- Founding Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS, 1983)[3]
- Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (Hon. FRSC, 1989)[4]
- Foreign Member of the Academia Europaea (MAE, 1997)[5]
- Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics (Hon.FInstP, 2007)[30]
- Member of many of the world's scientific associations, including the Pontifical Academy.
Honorary doctorates
He has received honorary degrees from universities around the world.
Major scientific awards
- 1967: Marlow Medal by the Faraday Society of England[34]
- 1968: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Chemical Science[34]
- 2000: Centenary Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London[34]
- 2000: Hughes Medal by the Royal Society[34]
- 2004: India Science Award[35]
- 2005: Robert Langer.[37]
- 2008: Abdus Salam Medal by The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)[38]
- 2009: Royal Medal by the Royal Society[34]
- 2010: August-Wilhelm-von-Hofmann Medal by the German Chemical Society[39]
- 2017: The Von Hippel Award by the Materials Research Society[40]
- 2021: International ENI award 2020 for research in renewable energy sources and energy storage, also called the Energy Frontier award[41]
Scientific awards
- 1961: DSc from Mysore University.
- 1973: Yedanapalli Medal and Prize[42]
- 1975: C. V. Raman Award in Physical Science by the University Grants Commission of India[42]
- 1980: S. N. Bose Medal by the Indian National Science Academy[43]
- 1981: Royal Society of Chemistry (London) Medal[44]
- 1981: Founding member of the World Cultural Council[45]
- 1989: Hevrovsky Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences[43]
- 1990: Meghnath Saha Medal of the Indian National Science Academy
- 1996: Einstein Gold Medal of UNESCO[34]
- 2004: Doctor of Science from University of Calcutta.[46]
- 2004: Somiya Award of the International Union of Materials Research.
- 2008: Nikkei Asia Prize for Science, Technology and Innovation, by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc., Japan.[47]
- 2008: Khwarizmi International Award 2008 for Innovation along with Ajayan Vinu[48]
- 2011: Ernesto Illy Trieste Science Prize for materials research[34]
- 2013: 2012 Award for International Scientific Cooperation from the Chinese Academy of Sciences[49]
- 2013: Elected honorary foreign member of Chinese Academy of Sciences[50]
- 2013: Distinguished Academician Award from IIT Patna[51]
- 2018: Platinum Medal from Indian Association of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology[52][53]
- 2019: The first Sheikh Saud International Prize for Materials Research from the Center for Advanced Materials of the United Arab Emirates[54]
- Foreign fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences[43]
Indian governmental honours
- 1974 – Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award.
- Padma Vibhushan in 1985
- Bharat Ratna in 2014[14][15]
Foreign honours
- Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (2002)[44]
- Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (2005)[44]
- Japan: Gold and Silver Star of the Order of the Rising Sun (2015)
- Russia: Order of Friendship (2009)[57]
Legacy
- Rao with his wife established the CNR Rao Education Foundation using the Dan David Prize money.[20] The foundation is based in Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research and offers Best Science Teacher Award to pre-university and high school science teachers.[58]
- Rao established the International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS) which offers the C N R Rao Prize Lecture in Advanced Materials since 2010.[59]
- The World Academy of Sciences instituted the TWAS-C.N.R. Rao Award for Scientific Research since 2006 for scientists in the least developed countries.[60]
- The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy has created the SASTRA-CNR Rao Award for Chemistry and Material Science in 2014.[61]
Personal life
Rao is married to Indumati Rao in 1960. They have two children, Sanjay and Suchitra. Sanjay works as a science populariser in schools around Bangalore.
Controversies
In 1987, Rao and his team published a series of four papers, of which three were in the
Rao has been subject of allegations on plagiarism.[67][68][69] Rao and Saluru Baba Krupanidhi at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, with their students Basant Chitara and L. S. Panchakarla, published a paper "Infrared photodetectors based on reduced graphene oxide and graphene nanoribbons" in the journal Advanced Materials in 2011.[70][71] After publication the journal editors found sentences copied verbatim in the introduction and methodology from a paper published in Applied Physics Letters in 2010.[72] According to Nature report, it was Basant Chitara, a PhD student at IISc, who wrote the text.[73] An apology was issued by the authors later in the same journal.[74] Rao said that he did read the manuscript and that it was an oversight on his part as he focused mainly on the results and discussion.[73]
Scientists such as Rahul Siddharthan (Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai), Y.B. Srinivas (Institute of Wood Science and Technology), and D.P. Sengupta (former professor at IISC), agreed that the plagiarised portion has no bearing on the findings,[75][76] yet Siddharthan opined that the reactions made by Rao and Krupanidhi were overboard. Rao and Krupanidhi publicly blamed Chitara, and denied the publication as not plagiarism.[75] Rao had commented, "This should not be really considered as plagiarism, but an instance of copying of a few sentences in the text." He even extended the blame to Krupanidhi asserting that he had no role in it as it was written by Krupanidhi without his knowledge.[77] His claims were not justified by the fact that he was the senior scientist and corresponding author in that publication.[70][75]
More allegations of instances of plagiarism in articles co-authored Rao have been reported.[78] Written with S. Venkataprasad Bhat and Krupanidhi, Rao's paper in 2010 about the effect of nanoparticles on solar cells in Applied Physics Express[79] contains texts that are very similar to those of a paper by Matheu et al. from Applied Physics Letters in 2008,[80] which it did not even cite.[75] Rao had stated, referring to the 2011 incident, that "[If] I have ever stolen an idea or a result (in) my entire life, (then) hang me."[81] But Rao's article contains similar study to and duplicated figures with that of Matheu et al.[75] An article in the Journal of Luminescence in 2011, written with Chitara, Nidhi Lal and Krupanidhi,[82] contains 20 unattributed lines which appear to be copied from articles by Itskos et al. in Nanotechnology (June 2009 issue) and Heliotis et al. in Advanced Materials (January 2006 issue). Another article in Nanotechnology, written also with Chitara and Krupanidhi,[83] uses six lines from the 1995 article by Huang et al. in Applied Physics Letters.[78]
Rao was given a Bharat Ratna by the Government of India in spite of the controversy and was active as a professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).[84] In December 2013, brother and sister Tanaya Thakur, a law student, and Aditya Thakur, a class XII student, filed a public interest litigation in Allahabad High Court, Lucknow Bench, to challenge Rao's Bharat Ratna. They asserted that "a scientist with proven cases of plagiarism shall not be presented the highest civilian award."[85] But the court ruled them out as "filing pleas for publicity."[86] There was another plea to revoke the award in 2015, but the Central Information Commission dismissed the petition.[87]
On 17 November 2013, at a press conference following the announcement of his Bharat Ratna, he called the Indian politicians "idiots" which caused a national outrage. He said, "Why the hell have these idiots [politicians] given so little to us despite what we have done? For the money that the government has given us we [scientists] have done much more."[88] In his defence Rao insisted that he merely talked about the "idiotic" way the politicians ignore investments for research funding in science.[89]
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Further reading
- C.N.R. Rao (2010). Climbing the Limitless Ladder: A Life in Chemistry. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore. ISBN 9814307866