Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi | |
---|---|
President of the Indian National Congress | |
In office 28 December 1985 – 21 May 1991 | |
Preceded by | Indira Gandhi |
Succeeded by | P. V. Narasimha Rao |
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
In office 17 August 1981 – 21 May 1991 | |
Preceded by | Sanjay Gandhi |
Succeeded by | Satish Sharma |
Constituency | Amethi |
Personal details | |
Born | Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 British India (present-day Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) |
Died | 21 May 1991 Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India | (aged 46)
Manner of death | Assassination |
Political party | Indian National Congress |
Spouse | |
Children | |
Parents |
|
Relatives | Nehru–Gandhi family |
Alma mater |
|
Awards | Bharat Ratna (1991) |
Monuments | Vir Bhumi |
Signature | |
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(1984–1989) Legislations
Treaties and accords
Missions and agencies
Controversies
Wars and attacks
Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video |
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Rajiv Gandhi
Gandhi was not related to the world-famous
After Sanjay died in a plane crash in 1980, Gandhi reluctantly entered politics at the behest of his mother. The following year he won his brother's Parliamentary seat of
On the morning of 31 October 1984, his mother (the then prime minister) was assassinated by her two
Gandhi remained
Early life and career
Rajiv Gandhi was born in
During Gandhi's final year at Doon, his mother and Albert D'Rozario, the scientific
During Gandhi's time at Cambridge, his mother and D'Rozario remained concerned about his well-being. D'Rozario, who along with his wife Sophy often hosted Gandhi at their Finchley home, took Gandhi to task for his inattention towards his studies.[15] Despite his support, Gandhi failed end-of-year exams and left Trinity in 1965 without a degree,[16] though he kept in touch with his former mentor in his retirement.[15] In 1966 he began a course in mechanical engineering at Imperial College London, but also failed to complete it. Gandhi really was not studious enough, as he went on to admit later.[17]
Gandhi returned to India in 1966, the year his mother became prime minister. He went to Delhi and became a member of the
Entry into politics
On 23 June 1980, Rajiv's younger brother
Participation in active politics
On 4 May 1981, Indira Gandhi presided over a meeting of the
Rajiv Gandhi's first political tour was to England, where he attended the wedding ceremony of
1984 anti-Sikh riots post Indira Gandhi's death
On 31 October 1984, the prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi's mother, Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, which led to violent riots against Sikhs.[30] At a Boat Club rally 19 days after the assassination, Gandhi said, "Some riots took place in the country following the murder of Indiraji. We know the people were very angry and for a few days it seemed that India had been shaken. But, when a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it does shake a little".[31] According to Verinder Grover, the statement made by Gandhi was a "virtual justification" of the riots.[30] Congress leader Mani Shankar Aiyar wrote, "Did it constitute an incitement to mass murder?" He also criticised Gandhi for his reluctance to bring the army from Meerut to handle the mob.[32]
Prime Minister of India
Rajiv Gandhi was in West Bengal on 31 October 1984 when his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards,
Indian politics got the youngest ever Prime minister in Rajiv Gandhi. This phenomenon attracted attention the world over. . . his winsome smile, charm and decency were his valuable personal assets. . . A senior opposition member, while talking to me, conceded that . . . he could not conceal his feeling that Rajiv Gandhi would be invincible for the opposition.
Soon after assuming office, Gandhi asked President Singh to dissolve Parliament and hold fresh elections, as the Lok Sabha had completed its five-year term. Gandhi officially became the president of the Congress party, which won a landslide victory with the largest majority in history of the Indian Parliament, giving Gandhi absolute control of government. He benefited from his youth and a general perception of being free of a background in corrupt politics.[36] Gandhi took his oath on 31 December 1984; at 40, he was the youngest prime minister of India.[37] Historian Meena Agarwal writes that even after taking the Prime Ministerial oath, he was a relatively unknown figure, "novice in politics" as he assumed the post after being an MP for three years.[38]
Prime Minister roles
Cabinet ministers
After his swearing-in as prime minister, Gandhi appointed his fourteen-member cabinet. He said he would monitor their performance and would "fire ministers who do not come to the mark".[
Dosco Mafia or Doon Cabinet
Gandhi, an alumnus of The Doon School, drew criticism from the media for appointing many old boys to his administration.[41] His inner circle was labelled a "Doon Cabinet"[42] or "Dosco Mafia",[43] and Washington Post reported, "The catch phrase around Delhi these days is that the 'Doon School runs India,' but that is too simple an analysis for a complex, chaotic country with so many competing spheres of influence."[44][45] Gandhi's reliance on Doon alumni for political advice later led Prime Minister Morarji Desai to remark, "If I had anything to do with this place, I'd close it down".[44]
Anti-defection law
Gandhi's first action as prime minister was passing the anti-defection law in January 1985. According to this law, an elected Member of Parliament or legislative assembly could not join an opposition party until the next election. Historian Manish Telikicherla Chary calls it a measure of curbing corruption and bribery of ministers by switching parties so they could gain majority.[46] Many such defections occurred during the 1980s as elected leaders of the Congress party joined opposition parties.[47]
1985 Congress Sandesh Yatra
Rajiv Gandhi had announced 'Sandesh Yatra' at the plenary session of AICC in Mumbai in 1985. The All India Congress Seva Dal ran it across the country.[48] Pradesh Congress Committees (PCCs) and party leaders made four simultaneous trips from Mumbai, Kashmir, Kanyakumari and the Northeast. The yatra, which lasted for more than three months, concluded at Delhi's Ramlila Maidan.
Mass connect programmes though Bharat Yatra
In 1990, Rajiv Gandhi undertook Bharat Yatra through different modes – padyatra, the second class carriage of an ordinary passenger train.[49] He chose Champaran as the starting point for his 'Bharat Yatra'. Rajiv Gandhi started the Sadbhavna Yatra from Charminar in Hyderabad on 19 October 1990.[50][51][52]
Shah Bano case
In 1985, the
Economic policy
In his election manifesto for the
Gandhi increased government support for science, technology and associated industries, and reduced import quotas, taxes and tariffs on technology-based industries, especially computers, airlines, defence and telecommunications. In 1986, he announced a
Foreign policy
According to
In 1986, by request of the president of Seychelles
On Thursday, 9 June 1988, at the fifteenth special session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at Headquarters, New York, Gandhi made vocal his views on a world free of nuclear weapons, to be realised through an, 'Action Plan for Ushering in a Nuclear-Weapon Free and Non-Violent World Order.'[68][69]
He said:
Alas, nuclear weapons are not the only weapons of mass destruction. New knowledge is being generated in the life sciences. Military applications of these developments could rapidly undermine the existing convention against the military use of biological weapons. The ambit of our concern must extend to all means of mass annihilation.
This was based on his prior historic speech before the Japanese National Diet on 29 November 1985, in which he said:
Let us remove the mental partitions which obstruct the ennobling vision of the human family linked together in peace and prosperity. The Buddha's message of compassion is the very condition of human survival in our age.[70][71][72]
The foiled bid of India recently to enter the Nuclear Suppliers Group, echoed his policy of non-proliferation to be linked to universal disarmament, which the World Nuclear Association refuses to recognise; non-proliferation being seen by India as essentially a weapon of the arms control regime, of the big nuclear powers as United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China.[73][74]
Pakistan
In February 1987, the Pakistani president
Sri Lanka
The
Gandhi signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in July 1987. The accord "envisaged a devolution of power to the Tamil-majority areas", dissolved the LTTE, and designated Tamil as an official language of Sri Lanka.[77] Gandhi said:
The Government of India believe that, despite some problems and delays, many of which were foreseen but unavoidable in the resolution of an issue of this magnitude and complexity, this Agreement represents the only way of safeguarding legitimate Tamil interests and ensuring a durable peace in Sri Lanka. Some have chosen to criticise the Agreement. None has shown a better way of meeting the legitimate aspirations of the Tamils in Sri Lanka, restoring peace in that country and of meeting our own security concern in the region. We have accepted a role which is difficult, but which is in our national interests to discharge. We shall not shrink our obligations and commitments. This is a national endeavour.[77]
Chanderasekar withdrew the IPKF in 1989.[75]
Assault by Sri Lankan guard
On 30 July 1987, a day after Gandhi went to Sri Lanka and signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, an honour guard named Vijitha Rohana hit him on his shoulder with his rifle; Gandhi's quick reflexes saved him from injury. The guard was then dragged off by his security personnel.[78][79] The guard said his intention was to kill Gandhi because of "the damage he had caused" to Sri Lanka. Wijemuni was imprisoned for 2+1⁄2 years for the assault.[78] Gandhi later said about the incident:
When I was inspecting the guard of honour and as I walked past one person, I saw through the corner of my eye some movement. I ducked down a little bit in a reflex action. By my ducking, he missed my head and the brunt of the blow came on my shoulder below the left ear.[79]
Regional issues
Punjab
Soon after assuming office, Gandhi released the leaders of the
In May 1988, Gandhi launched the Operation Black Thunder to clear the Golden Temple in Amritsar of arms and gunmen. Two groups called National Security Guard and Special Action Group were created; they surrounded the temple in a 10-day siege during which the extremists' weapons were confiscated. Congress leader Anand Sharma said, "Operation Black Thunder effectively demonstrated the will of Rajiv Gandhi's government to take firm action to bring peace to Punjab".[81]
Northeast India
Gandhi's prime-ministership marked an increase of insurgency in northeast India. Mizo National Front demanded independence for Mizoram. In 1987, Gandhi addressed this problem; Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were given the status of states that were earlier union territories.[82] Gandhi also ended the Assam Movement, which was launched by Assamese people to protest against the alleged illegal migration of Bangladeshi Muslims and immigration of other Bengalis to their state, which had reduced the Assamese to a minority there. He signed the Assam Accord on 15 August 1985. According to the accord, foreigners who came to the state between 1951 and 1961 were given full citizenship but those who arrived there between 1961 and 1971 did not get right to vote for the next ten years.[83]
Technology
Gandhi employed former
Bofors scandal, HDW scandal and 1989 elections defeat
Rajiv Gandhi's finance minister,
In an interview in July 2005, V. P. Singh explained that his fall out with Rajiv Gandhi was not due to the Bofors deal, but rather due to the HDW deal. Courtesy a contract signed with the German company
In his book, Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta, released in November 2013, former CBI director Dr. A P Mukherjee wrote that Gandhi wanted commission paid by defence suppliers to be used exclusively for meeting running expenses of the Congress party.[89] Mukherjee said Gandhi explained his position in a meeting between the two at the prime minister's residence on 19 June 1989.[90] In May 2015, Indian president Pranab Mukherjee said the scandal was a "media trial" as "no Indian court has as yet established it as a scandal".[91]
Opposition parties Lok Dal,
Posthumous reports
Allegations of black money
In November 1991,
Funding from Russian KGB secret police
In 1992, the Indian newspapers
Assassination
Rajiv Gandhi's last public meeting was on 21 May 1991, at
A state funeral was held for Gandhi on 24 May 1991; it was telecast live and was attended by dignitaries from over 60 countries.
Aftermath
The Supreme Court judgement, by Justice
In the
In August 2011, the president of India rejected the clemency pleas of Murugan and two others on death row—Suthendraraja, alias Santhan, and Perarivalan, alias Arivu.[116] The execution of the three convicts was scheduled for 9 September 2011. However, the Madras High Court intervened and stayed their executions for eight weeks based on their petitions. In 2010, Nalini had petitioned the Madras High Court seeking release because she had served more than 20 years in prison. She argued that even life convicts were released after 14 years. The state government rejected her request.[117][118][119] Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan have said they are political prisoners rather than ordinary criminals.[120][121][122] On 18 February 2014, the Supreme Court of India commuted the death sentences of Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan to life imprisonment, holding that the 11-year-long delay in deciding their mercy petition had a dehumanising effect on them.[123][124] On 19 February 2014 Tamil Nadu government decided to release all seven convicts in Rajiv Gandhi's assassination case, including A. G. Perarivalan and Nalini.[125] The Government of India challenged this decision before the Supreme Court, which referred the case to a Constitution Bench.[126]
The report of the Jain Commission created controversy when it accused the
Since his death, 21 May has been declared Anti-Terrorism Day in India.[129]
Institutions named after Gandhi
A
State honours
Decoration | Country | Date | Note | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bharat Ratna | India | 1991 | The highest civilian honour of India. |
In popular culture
A number of films have been made in India focusing on Rajiv Gandhi's life especially on his assassination. India's Rajiv is a 1991 Indian documentary television series by
Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on ABP News and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Rajiv Gandhi in the episodes "Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM and Shah Bano case", "Ayodhya dispute", "Rajiv Gandhi and Bofors scandal", and "Rise of LTTE and Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi" with Mohit Chauhan portraying the role of Gandhi.[139]
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A letter signed by Viktor Chebrikov, who replaced Andropov as the KGB head in 1982 noted: "the USSR KGB maintains contact with the son of the Premier Minister Rajiv Gandhi [of India] ... R Gandhi expresses deep gratitude for the benefits accruing to the Prime Minister's family from the commercial dealings of the firm he controls in co-operation with the Soviet foreign trade organisations. R Gandhi reports confidentially that a substantial portion of the funds obtained through this channel are used to support the party of R Gandhi."
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Cited sources
- Agarwal, Meena (2004). Rajiv Gandhi. Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 9788128809002.
- ISBN 9780143062059.
- ISBN 9788171888405.
Further reading
- Bhagwati, Jaimini. The Promise of India: How Prime Ministers Nehru to Modi Shaped the Nation (1947-2019) (Penguin Random House India, 2019), chapter 5.
- Blakeslee, David S. "Politics and public goods in developing countries: Evidence from the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi." Journal of Public Economics 163 (2018): 1–19. online
- Guha, Ramachandra. India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy (2007) pp 565–594. online
- Haskins, James. India under Indira and Rajiv Gandhi (1989) online
- Kaarthikenyan, D. R., and Radhavinod Raju. Rajiv Gandhi Assassination (Sterling Publishers, 2008).
- Kapur, Harish. "India's foreign policy under Rajiv Gandhi." The Round Table 76.304 (1987): 469–480. India's foreign policy under Rajiv Gandhi
- Kapur, Harish. Foreign policies of India's prime ministers (Lancer Publishers LLC, 2013) online.
- Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 117–130.
- Manor, James. "Rajiv Gandhi and post-election India: opportunities and risks." The World Today 41.3 (1985): 51–54. online
- Mehta, Ved. Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's kingdom (Yale UP, 1995) online scholarly history of politics.
- Nugent, Nicholas. Rajiv Gandhi : son of a dynasty (BBC Books, 1990) online
- Ramanujam, V., Dabhade, M.S. Rajiv Gandhi's Summit Diplomacy: A Study of the Beijing Summit, 1988 China Report (2019). No. 55(4). pp. 310–327
- Roberts, Michael. "Killing Rajiv Gandhi: Dhanu's sacrificial metamorphosis in death." South Asian History and Culture 1.1 (2009): 25–41. online
- Shourie, Arun. These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men and his regime (Delhi: South Asia Books, 1992).
- Weiner, Myron. "Rajiv Gandhi: A mid-term assessment." in India Briefing, 1987 (Routledge, 2019) pp. 1–23.
- Zaitcev A. — The activity of the Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty in Modern Indian English-language Historiography (from 1991 to the present) Genesis: Historical research (2022). – № 7. – pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2022.7.38347 EDN: EPEXHR URL: The activity of the Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty in Modern Indian English-language Historiography (from 1991 to the present)
External links
- Profile at PMO website
- Works by Rajiv Gandhi at Open Library
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Rajiv Gandhi at IMDb