Clan Douglas

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Douglas
Dùbhghlas
Duke of Douglas
Died21 July 1761[b]
Septs of Douglas
Cavers,[3] Douglass,[3] Drysdale,[3] Forest,[3] Forrest,[3] Glendinning,[3] Inglis,[3] Kirkpatrick,[3] Lockerby,[3] MacGuffie,[3] MacGuffock,[3]Morton,[3] Sandilands,[3]
Clan branches
Allied clans
Rival clans

Clan Douglas (Gaelic: Dùbhghlas) is an ancient clan or noble house from the Scottish Lowlands.

Taking their name from Douglas in Lanarkshire, their leaders gained vast territories throughout the Borders, Angus, Lothian, Moray, and also in France and Sweden. The family is one of the most ennobled in the United Kingdom and has held numerous titles.

The Douglases were one of Scotland's most powerful families,

Lord Lyon. The principal Douglas today is the Duke of Hamilton, but as his surname is "Douglas-Hamilton" rather than simply "Douglas" the laws of the Lyon Court prevent him from assuming the chiefship of the name
.

The original caput of the family was

Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés holds the remains of many of the Earls of Douglas and Angus.[6]

The Swedish branch is descended from Field Marshal Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, and has been one of Sweden's most prominent noble families since the 17th century.[7][8]

History

Origins

In modern texts, the family's surname is thought to derive from the village of Douglas, the name of which comes from the Gaelic elements dubh, meaning "dark, black"; and glas, meaning "stream" (in turn from

Old Gaelic dub and glais).[9] However, according to the 17th century historian Frederic van Bossen, the Douglas name means "gray hairs in the old language", and it was first given to a Lord Shulton, who lived in the 8th century. Frederic van Bossen states Lord Shulton was a descendant of Adrolena of Shaultow who was a descendant of the Princes of Caledonia.[10][11][12]

In 1179

Bishop of Glasgow to the monks of Kelso.[4] His grandson, also Sir William de Douglas had two sons who fought at the Battle of Largs in 1263 against the Norsemen.[4]

One old tradition is that the first chief of Douglas was Sholto Douglas who helped the king of Scotland win a battle in the year 767. This is not substantiated and likely to be pseudohistory.[5][13]

The true progenitor of Clan Douglas may have been "Theobaldus Flammatius" (Theobald the Fleming), who in 1147 received the lands near

Holydean.[5][13] The Douglas family names consisted of Arkenbald and Freskin, and were believed to be related to the Clan Murray, believed to be descended from a Flemish knight called Freskin.[14] It seems likely that he was the father of the first William Douglas.[5][13]

However the Flemish origin of the Douglases is disputed; it is claimed by some that the lands which were granted to Theobald the Fleming were not the lands from which the Douglas family later emerged.[13][15]

Wars of Scottish Independence

William Douglas the Hardy

During the

Sir William Douglas the Hardy, Lord of Douglas was governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed when the town and Berwick Castle were besieged by the English.[4] Douglas was captured and was released only after he had agreed to accept the claim of the Edward I of England to be overlord of Scotland.[4] He subsequently joined William Wallace in fighting for Scottish independence, but was captured and taken to England, where he died in 1298, a prisoner in the Tower of London.[4][5][13]

The "Good" Sir James Douglas or "Black Douglas"

Main article: James Douglas, Lord of Douglas

William Le Hardi's son,

James Douglas, "The Good Sir James" (c. 1286–1330), was the first to acquire the epithet "the Black". He shared in the early misfortunes of Robert the Bruce and in the defeats at Methven and Dalrigh
in 1306. But for both men these setbacks provided a valuable lesson in tactics: limitations in both resources and equipment meant that the Scots would always be at a disadvantage in conventional medieval warfare.

By the time the fighting flared up again in the spring of 1307 they had learned the value of guerrilla warfare – known at the time as "secret war" – using fast-moving, lightly equipped and agile forces to maximum effect against an enemy often dependent on static defensive positions.[6] Sir James Douglas recaptured Roxburgh Castle from the English in 1313. He was made a knight banneret, a high honor, and fought at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.[5][6][13]

John Barbour recounts that the English called Sir James "The Black Douglas"[16][17] for what they considered his dark deeds. According to Sir Walter Scott, he became the bogeyman of a Northern English lullaby "Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye. Hush ye, hush ye, do not fret ye. The Black Douglas shall not get ye."[18] Unsubstantiated theories point to his colouring and complexion, this is tenuous. Douglas appears only in English records as "The Black" – Scots chronicles almost always referred to him as "The Guid" or "The Good". Later Douglas lords took the by-name of their revered forebear in the same way that they attached the image of Bruce's heart to their coat of arms: to strike fear into the hearts of their enemies and to exhibit the prowess of their race.[5][6]

Crusader

Bothwell Castle, a seat of the Black Douglases from 1362 to 1455

King

John III Comyn.[4] In 1330 Douglas, en route to the East with a company of Scots men-at-arms, joined the forces of Alfonso XI of Castile, Edward III of England's cousin by his mother Queen Isabella [citation needed], to fight against the Moors of Granada at the siege of Teba.[4] Here Sir James was killed. Accounts vary of how he died but he is generally depicted either outnumbered or alone, fighting against overwhelming odds. The casket containing the heart of the Bruce was recovered and returned to Scotland, to be interred at Melrose Abbey.[4] Douglas' bones were boiled and returned to Scotland. Tradition claimed that his embalmed heart was lodged in the Douglas vaults at the Kirk of St Bride. Meanwhile, his bones are not in the stone vault lying under his effigy and they have yet to be located.[5][13]
By 1333 King Robert's 'bloody heart' was incorporated in the arms of Sir James' son, William, Lord of Douglas. It subsequently appeared, sometimes with a royal crown, in every branch of the Douglas family.

Sir Archibald Douglas, Guardian of the Realm

Main article: Archibald Douglas (died 1333)

The Scottish army that fought and lost the

Tyneman or loser when the moniker was intended for a later less fortunate but equally warlike Archibald. He was mentioned in Barbour's The Brus for his great victory during the Weardale campaign; leading the Scottish army further south into County Durham he devastated the lands and took much booty from Darlington and other nearby towns and villages.[6][13]

Sir James 'The Good' Douglas' son

Margaret Stewart, 3rd Countess of Angus was George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus, who was the progenitor of the Earls of Angus also known as the "Red Douglases".[5][13]

The prestige of the family was greatly increased when James Douglas's great nephew, James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas married Isabel, a daughter of King Robert II of Scotland. In 1388 at the Battle of Otterburn he was instrumental to the Scots' victory but was killed during the fighting.[4] Leaving no legitimate heir, his titles passed to the illegitimate son of his great-uncle.[5][13]

15th century

  • Arms of Sir James Douglas
    Arms of Sir James Douglas
  • Arms of Sir Archibald Douglas
    Arms of Sir Archibald Douglas
  • Arms of the Earl of Douglas
    Arms of the Earl of Douglas
  • Arms of the Duke of Douglas
    Arms of the Duke of Douglas
  • Arms of the Duke of Hamilton
    Arms of the Duke of Hamilton
  • Arms of the Earl of Morton
    Arms of the Earl of Morton
  • Arms of Douglas of Mar
    Arms of Douglas of Mar
  • Arms of Douglas of Mains
    Arms of Douglas of Mains
  • Arms of Douglas of Mar as Marquess and Duke of Queensberry
    Arms of Douglas of Mar as Marquess and Duke of Queensberry

Wars with England

Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas did much to consolidate the family's power and influence. He successfully defended Edinburgh Castle against Henry IV of England in 1400 but died the following year.[4][6][13]

His son, Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, married the daughter of Robert III of Scotland. The fourth Earl fought against King Henry IV of England at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, where he was taken prisoner.

In 1406, with the death of the king, the 4th Earl of Douglas became one of the council of regents to rule Scotland during the childhood of

lieutenant-general in Joan of Arc's French army, and received the title Duke of Touraine,[5][13] with remainder to his heirs-male, on 19 April 1424. The newly created French duke was defeated and slain at Battle of Verneuil on 17 August 1424, along with his second son, James, and son-in-law John Stewart, Earl of Buchan.[4][5][6]

Black Dinner

In 1440, the 16-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas, and his younger brother were invited to dine with the ten-year-old King James II of Scotland.[4] Later called the Black Dinner, the occasion was organised by the Lord Chancellor, Sir William Crichton, and James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas who inherited the young earl's wealth and titles.[19] While they ate, a black bull's head, a symbol of death, was brought in and placed before the Earl.[4] Over the protests of the young King James II, the two brothers were then dragged out to Castle Hill, given a mock trial and beheaded.[4] Clan Douglas then laid siege to Edinburgh Castle.[20] Perceiving the danger, Crichton surrendered the castle to the king and was rewarded with the title Lord Crichton.[20] It is still unclear exactly who else was ultimately responsible, though it is thought Livingston and Buchan were likely candidates.[5][6][13] However, it was James Douglas and his son who profited.

Clan conflicts

In 1448,

Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormond led a Scottish force to victory against an English army at the Battle of Sark.[13]

Sir Alexander Gordon was created

Earl of Huntly in 1449. At this time the king was at enmity with the Black Douglases. The Gordons stood on the king's side, and with their men involved in the south of the country, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray took the opportunity to sack the Gordon lands, setting Huntly Castle ablaze. However, the Gordons returned and quickly destroyed their enemies. Although the castle was burned to the ground, a grander castle was built in its place.[13]

The Douglases had a long feud with Clan Colville. Sir Richard Colville had killed the Laird of Auchinleck who was an ally of the Douglases. To avenge this murder the Douglases attacked the Colvilles in their castle, where many were killed. The Douglases levelled the Colvilles' castle and put their men to the sword. William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas personally executed Richard Colville.[13]

Murder of the Earl of Douglas by King James II

After fruitless feuding with the Douglases, the King invited

pole axe. The body was thrown from the window into a garden below, where it was later given burial. A stained glass window bearing the Douglas Arms now overlooks "Douglas Garden", the spot where the Earl is said to have fallen.[5][13]

Feud with the Royal Stewarts

In 1455, James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas (the Black Douglas) rebelled against the king but his forces were defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm by the king's forces who were commanded by George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus (the Red Douglas). This brought an end to the Black Douglases.[5] After the battle an act of parliament gave the Earl of Angus the lordship of Douglas with the original possessions of his ancestors in Douglasdale. The 9th Earl of Douglas was later defeated by the forces of King James III of Scotland at the Battle of Lochmaben Fair in 1484.[13][21][22]

16th-century conflicts

Henry VIII of England
.

In 1513, there was a strong Douglas contingent at the Battle of Flodden, where two of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus's sons were killed along with 200 men of the name of Douglas.[5][13]

In 1526, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus defeated Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch, chief of Clan Scott, at the Battle of Melrose, who was attempting to rescue the young James V of Scotland from Douglas.[23]

A dispute occurred in 1530, when Sir Robert Charteris, the 8th Laird and chief of

Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrig in what was said to have been one of the last great chivalric contests. It was fought with all the observance of a medieval tournament with heralds and the king himself watching from the castle walls. The joust was apparently fought with such fury that Charteris' sword was broken and the king had to send his men-at-arms to part the combatants.[13]

James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, Regent of Scotland

Battle of Pinkie Cleugh.[5][13]

James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, nephew of the 6th Earl of Angus, was a bitter enemy of Mary, Queen of Scots.[4] He was one of the murderers of the queen's secretary David Rizzio and was heavily implicated in the murder of her second husband Lord Darnley.[4] In 1572 he was elected regent for the still minor King James VI. In many respects Morton was an energetic and capable ruler, but he was brutal in crushing factions still loyal to Queen Mary. Regent Morton was finally forced to resign in March 1578, but retained much of his power. Ultimately, he was accused of complicity in the murder of Darnley and was executed in 1581.[4][5][6][13]

17th century and the Bishops' War

During the

Covenanter cavalry at the Battle of Philiphaugh where he barely escaped with his life.[4] Following Cromwell's victory, he was able to make peace and was fined £1,000.[4][6]

In 1660,

William Douglas, the brother of the second Marquess of Douglas became, through marriage, the Duke of Hamilton.[4] Eventually, the titles of Marquess of Douglas, Earl of Angus, and several others devolved to the Dukes of Hamilton and the heir of that house is always styled Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale.[4] The Douglas and Hamilton lines became Douglas-Hamilton and, under Scots law, are barred from inheriting the title of chief of Clan Douglas due to the hyphenated surname.[4] This similarly applies to the Douglas-Home family who joined their surnames in the nineteenth century.[13]

In 1689, James Douglas, Earl of Angus raised the Cameronian regiment (Earl of Angus's regiment). Although greatly outnumbered, the regiment managed to defeat a larger Jacobite force at the Battle of Dunkeld. The regiment was victorious under the command of Captain George Munro, 1st of Auchinbowie.[13][24]

18th century and the Jacobite risings

Archibald Douglas of Douglas at the sitting down and rising of the Scots' Parliament before the Acts of Union 1707 as shown in the Scottish Parliament Building visitor centre
Archibald Douglas of Douglas at the sitting down and rising of the Scots' Parliament before the Acts of Union 1707 as shown in the Scottish Parliament Building visitor centre

In 1703, the

Union of 1707.[6][13]

During the Jacobite risings of the 18th century the Douglases continued their support for the British Government. Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke of Douglas led the volunteer horse at

Bonnie Prince Charlie in the Jacobite rising of 1745. Douglas Castle was again burnt down in 1755, and the Duke commenced work on a new edifice designed by Robert Adam. Building work ceased on the Duke's death in 1761, and with it his Dukedom became extinct. The Marquisate of Douglas and Earldom of Angus devolved to James Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton, the senior male-line descendant of William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas, his great-great-great grandfather, by the way of his son, Lord William Douglas, 1st Earl of Selkirk, whom upon his marriage to Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, became William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton
, the adoption of the surname Hamilton being one of the conditions to inheriting the Dukedom. His descendants would later add Douglas back to the surname and become the Douglas-Hamilton branch.

20th century and the World Wars

Elizabeth II opening the Scottish Parliament, with Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton, traditionally carrying the Crown of Scotland (2011)

In 1895, Alfred Douglas-Hamilton inherited the Dukedom of Hamilton from his cousin William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton and became Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton. Alfred Douglas-Hamilton was the great-great-great grandson of James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton through a collateral line.[citation needed] During World War I, Hamilton Palace, the main family seat, was used as a hospital with his blessing. During World War II, his sons, Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton, George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk, Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton, and Lord David Douglas-Hamilton made history by all being squadron leaders or above at the outbreak of the war. Lord David Douglas-Hamilton was killed in action in 1944. The 14th Duke of Hamilton was the first man to fly over Mt. Everest. His son, Angus Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton was also in the Royal Air Force and achieved the rank of flight lieutenant during his service in the Cold War. He was the father of the current Duke, Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton. The current heir apparent to the Dukedom is the 16th Duke's son, Douglas Charles Douglas-Hamilton, Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale.

The Swedish branch

Coat of arms of the Swedish comital Douglas family; the escutcheon is the Scottish Douglas arms

The lineage of the Swedish branch of the Douglas of Dalkeith line begins with James Douglas, documented in 1353, died in 1420. His descendant Sir William Douglas of Whittingehame (which had come from the Earls of March by marriage to James Douglas of Dalkeith in 1372) became English ambassador to the royal Danish court at Copenhagen in 1603. His grandson, the Scottish-born Robert Douglas (1611–1662), transplanted this branch of the Scottish clan to Sweden when in 1627 he became an officer in the Thirty Years' War; In 1657 he became field marshal. He received the Swedish title of Baron in 1651 and the title of Count (the highest title awarded to non-royalty in Sweden) in 1654. He was enfeoffed with the county of Skänninge and introduced in 1654 to the class of counts of the Swedish nobility under No. 19. From 1655 he built Stjärnorp Castle in Östergötland, which is still an ancestral seat of the Swedish branch today, besides Ekensholm Castle and Rydboholm Castle. The escutcheon of the Swedish Douglas family's arms is the Scottish Douglas arms.[8]

Robert Douglas' descendants, the Swedish counts Douglas (the title is not primogenitary, but is held by all members of the line), are one of Sweden's most prominent noble families since the mid 17th century and has included numerous prominent individuals, such as Foreign Minister

Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria. Walburga Habsburg, Countess Douglas, the daughter of Austria-Hungary's last crown prince, is a member of this family by her marriage to Count Archibald Douglas.[26][27][8]

Through a marriage in 1848 to Countess Louise von Langenstein und Gondelsheim, an illegitimate daughter of Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden, the Swedish Count Carl Israel Wilhelm Douglas (1824–1898) came into possession of Langenstein Castle in Baden, near Lake Constance. Their children achieved important political offices in both Sweden and Germany: their son count Wilhelm Douglas was a member of the German Reichstag, his brother count Ludvig Douglas (1849–1916) was the Swedish foreign minister, and their grandson count Archibald Douglas (1883–1960) was chief of staff of the Swedish army. In 1906, the grandson Karl Robert took up his main residence at Langenstein Castle, which his descendants still live in today.

Chief

chief since the Lord Lyon King of Arms requires him to assume the single name Douglas. Note that the Duke of Hamilton is the Chief of Clan Hamilton. For a list of the historic chiefs of Clan Douglas see: Earl of Douglas until 1455 and Earl of Angus
for after 1455.

Douglas castles

The ruins of Tantallon Castle, a stronghold of the Douglases from 1374 to 1699.

Titles

Peerage of Scotland
  • Lord Aven and Innerdale
    (1643)
  • Duke of Hamilton, Marquess of Clydesdale, Earl of Arran, Lanark and Selkirk, Lord Aven, Machanshire, Polmont and Daer (Life Peerage, 1660)
  • Duke of Queensberry, Marquess of Dumfriesshire (1684)
  • Marquess of Douglas
    , Earl of Angus, Lord Abernerthy and Jedburgh Forest (1633)
  • Marquess of Queensberry, Earl of Drumlanrig and Sanquhar, Viscount Nith, Torthorwald and Ross, Lord Douglas of Kilmount, Middlebie and Dornock (1682)
  • Earl of Mar (c. 1114)
  • Earl of Wigtown (1341)
  • Earl of Douglas (1358)
  • Earl of Angus (1389)
  • Earl of Avondale
    (1437)
  • Earl of Morton (1458)
  • Earl of Queensberry
    , Viscount of Drumlanrig, Lord Douglas of Hawick and Tibbers (1633)
  • Earl of Lanark
    , Lord Machanshire and Polmont (1639)
  • Earl of Arran (1643)
  • Earl of Selkirk, Lord Daer and Shortcleugh (1646)
  • Lord Dechmont
    (1696)
  • Earl of March, Viscount of Peebles, Lord Douglas of Neidpath, Lyne and Munard (1697)
  • Earl of Solway
    , Viscount Tibbers, Lord Douglas of Lockerby, Dalveen and Thornhill (1706)
  • Viscount of Drumlanrig
    , Lord Douglas of Hawick and Tibbers (1628)
  • Viscount of Belhaven
    (1633)
Peerage of Great Britain
  • Duke of Dover
    , Marquess of Beverley, Baron Ripon (1708)
  • Baron Dutton
    (1711)
  • Baron Hamilton of Hameldon (1776)
  • Baron Douglas of Lochleven
    (1791)
Peerage of the United Kingdom

Tartans

Tartan image Notes
Douglas Tartan (modern). The Douglas tartan was worn by the former British Army Regiment,
The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) and is still worn by the Royal Gurkha Rifles. In its grey form, it is worn by the officers of all Scottish squadrons of the RAuxAF
as part of their mess uniform.
Douglas tartan, as published in 1842 in the Vestiarium Scoticum. Whether the Douglasses wore tartan in the sixteenth century, as the Vestiarium asserts, can be questioned.[28]

Eminent members of the Douglas family

Douglases have excelled in many fields, from politics to sports, science to the military, and more. Biographies held on Wikipedia can be found in the lists: 'Douglas (surname) and Douglass (surname)'.

Family tree

Partial family tree[29]

Popular culture

The Black Douglas
featured the "Black Dinner".

In the

Scotland the Brave, James Douglas is a fictional Scot born into Clan Douglas, who died his First Death in 1746 at the Battle of Culloden
.

The Black Dinner served as inspiration for the events of the Red Wedding depicted in A Storm of Swords, the third book of George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Material based on the Red Wedding was included in the episode "The Rains of Castamere" of the HBO drama Game of Thrones which aired on 2 June 2013 in the United States.[30]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Translated: Never backwards, in a sense that the Douglas clan is always marching forwards, never going backwards in battle; the often used translation "Never behind" is misleading, in French this would be translated as Jamais derrière. [1]
  2. chief since the Lord Lyon King of Arms
    requires him to assume the single name Douglas.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Clan Douglas Profile scotclans.com. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-1-899874-36-1
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 9780007551798
    .
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 384–385.
  5. ^
    ISBN 1-85217-066-2
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0
    .
  7. ^ Alexia Grosjean, "A century of Scottish Governorship in the Swedish Empire, 1574–1700", in A. Mackillop and Steve Murdoch, Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers, 1600–1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires (Brill, Leiden, 2003), pp. 53–78.
  8. ^ a b c "Grevliga ätten Douglas, No 19", in Sveriges ridderskaps och adels kalender 2013, Riddarhuset, 2013
  9. ^
  10. ^ Frederic van Bossen, The Royall Cedar, p.56
  11. ^ Derek Cunningham, The Lost Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's The Royal Cedar, p.78
  12. ^ Derek Cunningham, The Lost Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's The Royal Cedar, p.82
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Maxwell, Herbert (1902). A history of the house of Douglas from the earliest times down to the legislative union of England and Scotland. London: Freemantle.
  14. ^ The Kingdom of the Scots, p.329
  15. ^ Black, George F. The Surnames of Scotland
  16. ^ Barbour, John. The Bruce. I, lines 29, 381–406;XV, lines 537–38
  17. ^ Brown, Michael, The Black Douglases: War and Lordship in late medieval Scotland, Chap. 1. p19
  18. ^ Scott, Sir Walter Tales of a Grandfather Vol One, p.72
  19. ^ McGladdery, Christine (1990). James II. John Donald Publishers Ltd. p. 42.
  20. ^ a b Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). pp. 114 – 115.
  21. ^ "Drysdale/Douglas Family History".
  22. ^ "The Border Reivers". Langholm Online. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. ^ Bower, John. (1827). Description of the Abbeys of Melrose and Old Melrose with their Traditions (3rd ed.). pp. 87–90.
  24. ^ Inglis, Alexander. (1911). The Monros of Auchinbowie and Cognate Families. Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable.
  25. ^ Gustaf Elgenstierna, "Douglas", in Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1925–1936.
  26. ISBN 91-564-0966-4
    . p. 326
  27. ^ "Prinsessan har Europapolitik som sin passion". di.se. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  28. ^ Scotland's Forged Tartans, p.51.
  29. ^ G. Harvey Johnstone, The Heraldry of the Douglases, Edinburgh 1907.
  30. ^ Kirsten Acuna (5 June 2013). "Sunday's Unexpected 'Game of Thrones' Episode Is Based on Real Events". Business Insider. Retrieved 6 June 2013.

Sources

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan_Douglas&oldid=1226937188"