Oghuz Turks
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
Before 11th century: Turkestan
| |
Related ethnic groups | |
The Oghuz Turks (
The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the
They embraced
In the late 13th century after the fall of the Seljuks, the
Name and language
The name Oghuz is a
Linguistically, the Oghuz belong to the
Their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote that of all the Turkic languages, that of the Oghuz was the simplest. He also observed that long separation had led to clear differences between the western Oghuz and Kipchak language and that of the eastern Turks.[17]
Origins
According to historians and linguists, the
In early times, they practiced a
During the 2nd century BC, according to ancient
Yury Zuev (1960) links the Oghuz to the Western Turkic tribe 姑蘇 Gūsū < (MC *kuo-suo) in the 8th-century encyclopaedia Tongdian[33] (or erroneously Shǐsū 始蘇 in the 11th century Zizhi Tongjian[34]). Zuev also noted a parallel between two passages:
- one from the 8th-century Taibo Yinjing (太白陰經) "Venus's Secret Classic" by Li Quan (李筌) which mentioned the 三窟 ~ 三屈 "Three Qu" (< MC *k(h)ɨut̚) after the 十箭 Shí Jiàn "Ten Arrows" (OTrk 𐰆𐰣:𐰸 On Oq) and Jĭu Xìng "Nine Surnames" (OTrk 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰆𐰍𐰔 Toquz Oğuz);[35] and
- another from al-Maṣudi's Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems, which mentioned the three hordes of the Turkic Ġuz[36]
Based on those sources, Zuev proposes that in the 8th century the Oghuzes were located outsides of the Ten Arrows' jurisdiction, west of the
According to Ahmad ibn Fadlan, the Oghuz were nomads, but also had cultivated crops, and the economy was based on a semi-pastoralist lifestyle.[38]
Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos mentioned the Uzi and Mazari (Hungarians) as neighbours of the Pechenegs.[39]
By the time of the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) "Oghuz" was being applied generically to all inhabitants of the Göktürk Khaganate.[40] Within the khaganate, the Oghuz community gradually expanded, incorporating other tribes.[41] A number of subsequent tribal confederations bore the name Oghuz, often affixed to a numeral indicating the number of united tribes. These include references to the simple Oguz, Üch-Oghuz ("three Oghuz"), Altï Oghuz ("six Oghuz"), possibly the Otuz Oghuz ("thirty Oghuz"), Sekiz-Oghuz ("eight Oghuz"), and the Tokuz-Oghuz ("nine Oghuz"),[42] who originally occupied different areas in the vicinity of the Altai Mountains. Golden (2011) states Transoxanian Oghuz Turks who founded the Oghuz Yabgu State were not the same tribal confederation as the Toquz Oghuz from whom emerged the founders of Uyghur Khaganate. Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct[43] and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned: "the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq"[44] Even so, Golden notes the confusion in Latter Göktürks' and Uyghurs' inscriptions, where Oghuz apparently referred to Toquz Oghuz or another tribal grouping, who were also named Oghuz without a prefixed numeral; this confusion is also reflected in Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, who listed 12 Oghuz tribes, who were ruled by a "Toquz Khaqan" and some of whom were Toquz-Oghuz, on the border of Transoxiana and Khwarazm. At most, the Oghuz were possibly led by a core group of Toquz Oghuz clans or tribes.[45]
Noting that the mid-8th-century Tariat inscriptions, in Uyghur khagan Bayanchur's honor, mentioned the rebellious Igdir tribe who had revolted against him, Klyashtorny considers this as one piece of "direct evidence in favour of the existence of kindred relations between the Tokuz Oguzs of Mongolia, The Guzs of the Aral region, and modern Turkmens", besides the facts that Kashgari mentioned the Igdir as the 14th of 22 Oghuz tribes;[46] and that Igdirs constitute part of the Turkmen tribe Chowdur.[47] The Shine Usu inscription, also in Bayanchur's honor, mentioned the Nine-Oghuzes as "[his] people" and that he defeated the Eight-Oghuzes and their allies, the Nine Tatars, three times in 749.;[48] according to Klyashtorny[49] and Czeglédy,[50] eight tribes of the Nine-Oghuzes revolted against the leading Uyghur tribe and renamed themselves Eight-Oghuzes.
During the period of the
Physical appearance
Social units
The militarism that the Oghuz empires were very well known for was rooted in their centuries-long nomadic lifestyle. In general, they were a herding society which possessed certain military advantages that sedentary societies did not have, particularly mobility. Alliances by marriage and kinship, and systems of "social distance" based on family relationships were the connective tissues of their society.
In Oghuz traditions, "society was simply the result of the growth of individual families". But such a society also grew by alliances and the expansion of different groups, normally through marriages. The shelter of the Oghuz tribes was a tent-like dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or hand-woven textiles, which is called a yurt.
Their cuisine included
Social order was maintained by emphasizing "correctness in conduct as well as ritual and ceremony". Ceremonies brought together the scattered members of the society to celebrate birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Such ceremonies had the effect of minimizing social dangers and also of adjusting persons to each other under controlled emotional conditions.
Status within the family was based on age, gender, relationships by blood, or marriageability. Males, as well as females, were active in society, yet men were the backbones of leadership and organization. According to the Book of Dede Korkut, which demonstrates the culture of the Oghuz Turks, women were "expert horse riders, archers, and athletes". The elders were respected as repositories of both "secular and spiritual wisdom".
Homeland in Central Asia
In the 700s, the Oghuz Turks made a new home and domain for themselves in the area between the Caspian and Aral seas and the northwest part of Transoxania, along the Syr Darya river. They had moved westward from the Altay mountains passing through the
In his accredited 11th-century treatise titled Diwan Lughat al-Turk,
It was in this area that they later founded the Seljuk Empire, and it was from this area that they spread west into western Asia and eastern Europe during Turkic migrations from the 9th until the 12th century. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were also Oghuz Turks.
Poetry and literature
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020) |
Oghuz Turkish literature includes the famous
The Book of Dede Korkut is a valuable collection of epics and stories, bearing witness to the language, the way of life, religions, traditions, and social norms of the Oghuz Turks in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran (West Azerbaijan, Golestan) and parts of Central Asia including Turkmenistan.
Oghuz and Yörüks
Yörüks are an Oghuz ethnic group, some of whom are still semi-nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia and partly Balkan peninsula.[58][59] Their name derives from the verb from Chagatai language, yörü- "yörümek" (to walk), but Western Turkic yürü- (yürümek in infinitive), which means "to walk", with the word Yörük or Yürük designating "those who walk, walkers".[60][61][62]
The Yörük to this day appear as a distinct segment of the population of
List of Oghuz dynasties
- Oghuz Yabgu State
- Pechenegs
- Seljuks
- Zengid dynasty
- Anatolian beyliks
- Khwarazmian dynasty
- Ottomans
- Aq Qoyunlu
- Kara Koyunlu
- Safavid
- Afsharids
- Qajars
- Azerbaijani khanates
Traditional tribal organization
Mahmud al-Kashgari listed 22 Oghuz tribes in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Kashgari further wrote that "In origin they are 24 tribes, but the two Khalajiyya tribes are distinguished from them [the twenty-two] in certain respects[b] and so are not counted among them. This is the origin".[65][66]
Later, Charuklug from Kashgari's list would be omitted.
Bozoks (Gray Arrows)
- Gün Han
- Ay Han
- Yazır (disambiguation)
- Artuqids)
- Dodurga
- Yaparlı
- Yıldız Han
- Zengids)
- Qiziq
- Khwarazmian dynasty)
- Kargın
Üçoks (Three Arrows)
- Gök Han
- Dağ Han
- Diŋiz Han
- Iğdır[29]
- Büğdüz
- Yıva (Qara Qoyunlu and Oghuz Yabgu State)
- Kınık (founders of the Seljuk Empire)[71]
Tribe name | Middle Turkic[72]
|
Turkish language (Turkey) |
Azerbaijani language (Azerbaijan) |
Turkmen language (Turkmenistan) |
Meaning | Ongon | Tamgha
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kayı (tribe) | Kayığ (قَيِغْ) | Kayı | Qayı | Gaýy | strong | Gyrfalcon (sungur) |
|
Bayat (tribe) | Bayat (بَياتْ) | Bayat | Bayat | Baýat | rich | Eurasian eagle-owl (puhu) |
|
Alkaevli (tribe) | Alkabölük (اَلْقابُلُكْ) | Alkaevli | Ağevli | Agöýli | white housed | Common kestrel (küyenek) |
|
Karaevli (tribe) | Karabölük (قَرَبُلُكْ) | Karaevli | Qaraevli | Garaöýli | black housed | Lesser kestrel (küyenek sarı) |
|
Yazır (tribe) | Yazgır (ىَزْغِرْ) | Yazır | Yazır | Ýazyr | spread | Merlin (turumtay) |
|
Döğer | Tüger (تُوكَرْ) / (ثُكَرْ) | Döğer | Döğər | Tüwer | gatherer | ? (küçügen) |
|
Dodurga | Tutırka (تُوتِرْقا) | Dodurga | Dodurqa | Dodurga | country gainer | ? (kızıl karcığay) |
|
Yaparlı (tribe) | Yaparlı | Yaparlı | Ýaparly | nice-smelling | ? | ||
Afshar (tribe)
|
Afşar (اَفْشارْ) | Avşar, Afşar | Əfşar | Owşar | obedient, agile | Bonelli's eagle (cura laçın) |
|
Qiziq
|
Kızık | Qızıq | Gyzyk | forbidden | Northern goshawk (çakır) |
||
Beğdili | Begtili (بَكْتِلى) | Beğdili | Bəydili | Begdili | reputable | Great crested grebe (bahri) |
|
Karkın (tribe) | Karkın, Kargın | Karqın | Garkyn | black leather | Northern goshawk (çakır) |
||
Bayandur
|
Bayundur (بايُنْدُرْ) | Bayındır | Bayandur | Baýyndyr | wealthy soil | Peregrine falcon (laçın) |
|
Pecheneg
|
Beçenek (بَجَنَكْ) | Peçenek | Peçeneq | Beçene | one who makes | Eurasian Magpie (ala toğunak) |
|
Chowdur | Çuvaldar (جُوَلْدَرْ) | Çavuldur | Çavuldur | Çowdur | famous | ? (buğdayınık) |
|
Chepni (tribe) | Çepni (جَبْني) | Çepni | Çəpni | Çepni | one who attacks the enemy | Huma bird (humay) |
|
Salur (tribe) | Salgur (سَلْغُرْ) | Salur | Salur | Salyr | sword swinger | Golden eagle (bürgüt) |
|
Ayrums | Eymür (اَيْمُرْ) | Eymür | Eymur | Eýmir | being good | Eurasian hobby (isperi) |
|
Ulayuntluğ (tribe) | Ulayundluğ (اُوﻻيُنْدْلُغْ) | Ulayundluğ | Alayuntluq | Alaýöntli | with a pied horse | Red-footed falcon (yağalbay) |
|
Yüreğir (tribe) | Üregir (اُرَكِرْ) Yüregir (يُرَكِرْ) |
Yüreğir, Üreğir | Yürəgir | Üregir | order finder | ? biku |
|
İğdir (tribe) | İgdir (اِكْدِرْ) | İğdir | Iğdır | Igdir | being good | Northern goshawk (karcığay) |
|
Büğdüz (tribe) | Bügdüz (بُكْدُزْ) | Büğdüz | Bügdüz | Bügdüz | modest | Saker falcon (itelgi) |
|
Yıva
|
Iwa (اِڤـا) Yıwa (يِڤـا) |
Yıva | Yıva | Ywa | high ranked | Northern goshawk (tuygun) |
|
Kınık (tribe)
|
Kınık (قِنِقْ) | Kınık | Qınıq | Gynyk | saint | Northern goshawk (cura karcığay) |
List of Oghuz ethnic groups
- Azerbaijani people
- Qashqai people
- Gagauz people
- Turkish people
- Turkmen people
- Salar people
Other Oghuz sub-ethnic groups and tribes
Anatolia and Caucasus
- Anatolia
- Abdal of Turkey
- Yörüks
- Tahtacı
- Varsak
- Barak
- Karakeçili (Black Goat Turkomans)
- Atçeken
- Küresünni
- Chepni
- Caucasus
- Azerbaijanis in Armenia
- Azerbaijanis in Turkey
- Azerbaijanis in Georgia
- Terekeme people
- Qarapapaq
- Karadaghis
- Javanshir clan
- Trukhmen
- Turks in Abkhazia
- Meskhetian Turks
- Cyprus
- Cypriot Turks
Balkans
- Turks in Bosnia
- Bulgarian Turks
- Turks in Croatia
- Dodecanese Turks
- Kosovan Turks
- Macedonian Turks
- Turks in Serbia
- Turks in Montenegro
- Romanian Turks
- Turks of Western Thrace
- Cretan Turks
- Karamanlides
- Gajal
- Amuca tribe
Central Asia
- Iranian Azerbaijanis
- Shahsevan
- Qizilbash
- Padar tribe
- Khorasani Turks
- Iranian Turkmens
- Afghan Turkmens
- Qajars (tribe)
- Bichaghchi
- Turks in Afghanistan
Arab world
See also
- Algoz
- Turkic migration
- History of Turkic peoples
- Timeline of Turks (500-1300)
- Turkomans
Notes
References
- ^ Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3.
The ruler is usually identified as Sultan Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tava¯rı¯kh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril III.
- ^ a b c Barthold (1962)""The book of my grandfather Korkut" ("Kitab-i dedem Korkut") is an outstanding monument of the medieval Oghuz heroic epic. Three modern Turkic-speaking peoples – Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks – are ethnically and linguistically related to the medieval Oghuzes. For all these peoples, the epic legends deposited in the "Book of Korkut" represent an artistic reflection of their historical past."
- ^ The modern Turkish, Turkmen and Azerbaijani languages are all Oghuz languages.
- Alexander P. Kazhdan, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991).
- ^ a b Lewis, G. The Book of Dede Korkut. Penguin Books, 1974, p. 10.
- ^ Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 148.
- ^ Gökturksfrom whom they... ...like some Pechenegs and Torks, settled along Russia's steppe frontier after being forced out... Here an almost feudal 'Black Hat' principality grew up with its own military aristocracy being accepted by the Russian elite on equal terms...
- ^ Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 186.
- ^ Hupchick, D. The Balkans. Palgrave, 2002, p. 62.
- ^ Lewis, p. 9.
- ^ Selcuk Aksin Somel, (2003), Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, p. 217
- ^ "Monument "Oghuz Khan and Sons"". Arara Central Asia. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Colin Imber, (2002), The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, p. 95
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur; "The Genealogy of the Turkmens" (in Russian). Паровая тип. К.М. Федорова. 1897.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - Alexander P. Kazhdan, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991).
- ^ Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples (1992). p. 21-22
- ^ D. T. Potts, (2014), Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era, p. 177
- ^ Uchiyama et al. 2020: "Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia (e.g. Róna-Tas, Reference Róna-Tas1991, p. 35; Golden, Reference Golden1992, pp. 124–127; Menges, Reference Menges1995, pp. 16–19)."
- ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0.
- ^ Uchiyama et al. 2020: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia"
- ^ Lee & Kuang 2017: "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..."
- ^ Uchiyama et al. 2020:"To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe."
- ^ Findley 2005, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks’ ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants’ genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages."
- S2CID 166026934."Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole ‘were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations’.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian [Saka] and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role."
- ^ Lee & Kuang 2017: "Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations"
- ISBN 978-0-85045-996-8.
- ^ Bichurin, N. Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, pp. 56–57
- ^ Taskin V. S., transl., "Materials on history of Sünnu", 1968, vol. 1, p. 129
- ^ a b Bınbaş, İlker Evrım (2010). "Oguz Khan Narratives". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Shiji, c. 90 BC: 110.
- ^ Golden, Peter B., “Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz”, Turkic Languages, 16/2 (2012), pp. 155–199
- ^ Torday, L., Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. The Durham Academic Press, 1997, pp. 220–221.
- ^ Du You et al. Tongdian, vol. 199
- ^ Sima Guang et al. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 199
- ^ Li Quan, Taibo Yinjing "Vol. 1-3", Zhejiang University Library Copy. p. 99 of 102 or Shoushange congshu 守山閣叢書 version p. 51 of 222
- ^ Al-Masudi Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems vol. 1 p. 238-239. translated by Aloys Spreger
- ^ Zuev, Yu. "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms" (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 126, 133–134 (in Russian)
- OCLC 1111434007.
- ^ Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos. De Administrando Imperio. Chapter 37.
... iisque conterminos fuisse populos illos qui Mazari atque Uzi cognominantur ...
- ^ Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar (2007). TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi (PDF) (in Turkish). Vol. 33. pp. 325–330.
- ^ "Oguz". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1972) "The Migrations of the Oğuz" "The Migrations of the Oğuz"] in Archivum Ottomanicum 4, p. 48
- ^ Golden, Peter B. The Turkic Word of Mahmud al-Kashgari, p. 507-511
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 198
- ^ Golden (1992) p. 206-207
- ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part I p. 101-102
- ^ Klyashtorny, S.G. (1997) "The Oguzs of the Central Asia and The Guzs of the Aral Region" in International Journal of Eurasian Studies 2
- ^ "Moghon Shine Usu Inscription" text at Türik Bitig
- ^ Klyashtorny, S.G. (1997)
- ^ cited in Kamalov, A. (2003) "The Moghon Shine Usu Insription as the Earliest Uighur Historical Annals", Central Asiatic Journal. 47 (1). p. 83 of p. 77-90
- ISBN 0-8179-9182-4
- ^ Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 207-208 of 197–239
- ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part II. p. 363
- ISBN 9789231038761.,Golden, Peter (1992). An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples. Harrassowitz. pp. 212–213.
- ^ Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 208 of 197–239
- ^ C. E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994–1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 216.
- ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I", p. 270, 329, 333, 352, 353, 362
- ^ N. K. Singh, A. M. Khan, Encyclopaedia of the world Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Vol.4, Delhi 2001, p.1542
- ^ Grolier Incorporated, Academic American Encyclopedia, vol.20, 1989, p.34
- ^ Sir Gerard Clauson, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish, Oxford 1972, p.972
- ^ Turkish Language Association – TDK Online Dictionary. Yorouk Archived April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, yorouk Archived April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
- ^ "yuruk". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
- ^ Ptolemaida.net – History of Ptolemaida web page Archived 2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I". p. 101-102, 362–363
- ^ Minorsky, V. "Commentary on Hudud al-'Alam's "§24. Khorasian Marches" pp. 347–348
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (2015). "The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgharî" in Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology. 7. p. 513-516
- ^ "YEREL BILGILER" (PDF). Kizilagil.de. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ "Some Ottoman genealogies claim, perhaps fancifully, descent from Kayı.", Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History, pp. 50, 2005, Oxford University Press
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk, translation Besim Atalay, Turkish Language Association press:521, Ankara 1941, book: 1, page: 55-58
- ^ "YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi Araştırmaları" (PDF). p. 224.
- ^ "Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav Türkmen Ağızları Üzerine Birkaç Not" (PDF).
- ^ "Muharrem ÖÇALAN SAKARYA- İZMİT YÖRESİ YERLEŞİK TÜRKMENLERİ MANAV AĞIZLARINDA ÖTÜMSÜZ PATLAYICI ÜNSÜZ DEĞİŞMELERİ" (PDF).
- ^ Yalvar, Cihan (19 February 2021). "CİHAN YALVAR, ANADOLU'DA SON TÜRK İSKÂNI: İZNİK İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA KUMAN-KIPÇAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) İLE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KÖYLERİNDEKİ VARLIKLARI". Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları. 127 (250): 11–36.
- ^ "BİZANS'IN ANADOLU'YA YERLEŞTİRDİĞİ SON TÜRKLER". Archived from the original on 1 June 2022.
- ^ Yılmaz, Adil. "Geyikdere Köyü Mezarlığında Bulunan Orta Asya Tipindeki bir Taş Heykel".
- ^ "Manav Türkleri/Kırımın Gazetesi". 7 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023.
Sources
- Barthold, V., ed. (1962). The book of my grandfather Korkut. Moscow and Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences.
- Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". S2CID 13670282. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- Findley, Carter V. (2005). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-517726-8.
- Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române – Editura Istro. ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0.
- Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. 19 (2). ISSN 2210-5018. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- Li, Tao; et al. (June 2020). "Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics". Archaeological Research in Asia. 22 (100177). .
- PMID 37588355.
- ISSN 2210-5832. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
- Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). "Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2. PMID 37588381. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Further reading
- Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes, 1991, Rutgers University Press
- Nicole, D., Attila and the Huns, 1990, Osprey Publishing
- Lewis, G., The Book of Dede Korkut, "Introduction", 1974, Penguin Books
- Minahan, James B. One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Press, 2000. page 692
- Aydın, Mehmet. Bayat-Bayat boyu ve Oğuzların tarihi. Hatiboğlu Yayınevi, 1984. web page
External links
- Golden, Peter; Bosworth, C. Edmund (2002). "ḠOZZ". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2. pp. 184–187.
- ISSN 1873-9830.
- The Book of Dede Korkut (pdf format) at the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative
- Similarities between the epics of Dede Korkut and Alpamysh
- A page dedicated to Oguz Khan
- The Old Turkic Inscriptions.